[deliverable/linux.git] / Documentation / networking / pktgen.txt



                  HOWTO for the linux packet generator 
                  ------------------------------------

Enable CONFIG_NET_PKTGEN to compile and build pktgen either in-kernel
or as a module.  A module is preferred; modprobe pktgen if needed.  Once
running, pktgen creates a thread for each CPU with affinity to that CPU.
Monitoring and controlling is done via /proc.  It is easiest to select a
suitable sample script and configure that.

On a dual CPU:

ps aux | grep pkt
root       129  0.3  0.0     0    0 ?        SW    2003 523:20 [pktgen/0]
root       130  0.3  0.0     0    0 ?        SW    2003 509:50 [pktgen/1]


For monitoring and control pktgen creates:
	/proc/net/pktgen/pgctrl
	/proc/net/pktgen/kpktgend_X
        /proc/net/pktgen/ethX


Tuning NIC for max performance
==============================

The default NIC settings are (likely) not tuned for pktgen's artificial
overload type of benchmarking, as this could hurt the normal use-case.

Specifically increasing the TX ring buffer in the NIC:
 # ethtool -G ethX tx 1024

A larger TX ring can improve pktgen's performance, while it can hurt
in the general case, 1) because the TX ring buffer might get larger
than the CPU's L1/L2 cache, 2) because it allows more queueing in the
NIC HW layer (which is bad for bufferbloat).

One should hesitate to conclude that packets/descriptors in the HW
TX ring cause delay.  Drivers usually delay cleaning up the
ring-buffers for various performance reasons, and packets stalling
the TX ring might just be waiting for cleanup.

This cleanup issue is specifically the case for the driver ixgbe
(Intel 82599 chip).  This driver (ixgbe) combines TX+RX ring cleanups,
and the cleanup interval is affected by the ethtool --coalesce setting
of parameter "rx-usecs".

For ixgbe use e.g. "30" resulting in approx 33K interrupts/sec (1/30*10^6):
 # ethtool -C ethX rx-usecs 30


Viewing threads
===============
/proc/net/pktgen/kpktgend_0 
Name: kpktgend_0  max_before_softirq: 10000
Running: 
Stopped: eth1 
Result: OK: max_before_softirq=10000

Most important are the devices assigned to the thread.  Note that a
device can only belong to one thread.


Viewing devices
===============

The Params section holds configured information.  The Current section
holds running statistics.  The Result is printed after a run or after
interruption.  Example:

/proc/net/pktgen/eth1       

Params: count 10000000  min_pkt_size: 60  max_pkt_size: 60
     frags: 0  delay: 0  clone_skb: 1000000  ifname: eth1
     flows: 0 flowlen: 0
     dst_min: 10.10.11.2  dst_max: 
     src_min:   src_max: 
     src_mac: 00:00:00:00:00:00  dst_mac: 00:04:23:AC:FD:82
     udp_src_min: 9  udp_src_max: 9  udp_dst_min: 9  udp_dst_max: 9
     src_mac_count: 0  dst_mac_count: 0 
     Flags: 
Current:
     pkts-sofar: 10000000  errors: 39664
     started: 1103053986245187us  stopped: 1103053999346329us idle: 880401us
     seq_num: 10000011  cur_dst_mac_offset: 0  cur_src_mac_offset: 0
     cur_saddr: 0x10a0a0a  cur_daddr: 0x20b0a0a
     cur_udp_dst: 9  cur_udp_src: 9
     flows: 0
Result: OK: 13101142(c12220741+d880401) usec, 10000000 (60byte,0frags)
  763292pps 390Mb/sec (390805504bps) errors: 39664

Configuring threads and devices
================================
This is done via the /proc interface, and most easily done via pgset
as defined in the sample scripts.

Examples:

 pgset "clone_skb 1"     sets the number of copies of the same packet
 pgset "clone_skb 0"     use single SKB for all transmits
 pgset "burst 8"         uses xmit_more API to queue 8 copies of the same
                         packet and update HW tx queue tail pointer once.
                         "burst 1" is the default
 pgset "pkt_size 9014"   sets packet size to 9014
 pgset "frags 5"         packet will consist of 5 fragments
 pgset "count 200000"    sets number of packets to send, set to zero
                         for continuous sends until explicitly stopped.

 pgset "delay 5000"      adds delay to hard_start_xmit(). nanoseconds

 pgset "dst 10.0.0.1"    sets IP destination address
                         (BEWARE! This generator is very aggressive!)

 pgset "dst_min 10.0.0.1"            Same as dst
 pgset "dst_max 10.0.0.254"          Set the maximum destination IP.
 pgset "src_min 10.0.0.1"            Set the minimum (or only) source IP.
 pgset "src_max 10.0.0.254"          Set the maximum source IP.
 pgset "dst6 fec0::1"     IPV6 destination address
 pgset "src6 fec0::2"     IPV6 source address
 pgset "dstmac 00:00:00:00:00:00"    sets MAC destination address
 pgset "srcmac 00:00:00:00:00:00"    sets MAC source address

 pgset "queue_map_min 0" Sets the min value of tx queue interval
 pgset "queue_map_max 7" Sets the max value of tx queue interval, for multiqueue devices
                         To select queue 1 of a given device,
                         use queue_map_min=1 and queue_map_max=1

 pgset "src_mac_count 1" Sets the number of MACs we'll range through.  
                         The 'minimum' MAC is what you set with srcmac.

 pgset "dst_mac_count 1" Sets the number of MACs we'll range through.
                         The 'minimum' MAC is what you set with dstmac.

 pgset "flag [name]"     Set a flag to determine behaviour.  Current flags
                         are: IPSRC_RND # IP source is random (between min/max)
                              IPDST_RND # IP destination is random
                              UDPSRC_RND, UDPDST_RND,
                              MACSRC_RND, MACDST_RND
                              TXSIZE_RND, IPV6,
                              MPLS_RND, VID_RND, SVID_RND
                              FLOW_SEQ,
                              QUEUE_MAP_RND # queue map random
                              QUEUE_MAP_CPU # queue map mirrors smp_processor_id()
                              UDPCSUM,
                              IPSEC # IPsec encapsulation (needs CONFIG_XFRM)
                              NODE_ALLOC # node specific memory allocation

 pgset spi SPI_VALUE     Set specific SA used to transform packet.

 pgset "udp_src_min 9"   set UDP source port min, If < udp_src_max, then
                         cycle through the port range.

 pgset "udp_src_max 9"   set UDP source port max.
 pgset "udp_dst_min 9"   set UDP destination port min, If < udp_dst_max, then
                         cycle through the port range.
 pgset "udp_dst_max 9"   set UDP destination port max.

 pgset "mpls 0001000a,0002000a,0000000a" set MPLS labels (in this example
                                         outer label=16,middle label=32,
					 inner label=0 (IPv4 NULL)) Note that
					 there must be no spaces between the
					 arguments. Leading zeros are required.
					 Do not set the bottom of stack bit,
					 that's done automatically. If you do
					 set the bottom of stack bit, that
					 indicates that you want to randomly
					 generate that address and the flag
					 MPLS_RND will be turned on. You
					 can have any mix of random and fixed
					 labels in the label stack.

 pgset "mpls 0"		  turn off mpls (or any invalid argument works too!)

 pgset "vlan_id 77"       set VLAN ID 0-4095
 pgset "vlan_p 3"         set priority bit 0-7 (default 0)
 pgset "vlan_cfi 0"       set canonical format identifier 0-1 (default 0)

 pgset "svlan_id 22"      set SVLAN ID 0-4095
 pgset "svlan_p 3"        set priority bit 0-7 (default 0)
 pgset "svlan_cfi 0"      set canonical format identifier 0-1 (default 0)

 pgset "vlan_id 9999"     > 4095 remove vlan and svlan tags
 pgset "svlan 9999"       > 4095 remove svlan tag


 pgset "tos XX"           set former IPv4 TOS field (e.g. "tos 28" for AF11 no ECN, default 00)
 pgset "traffic_class XX" set former IPv6 TRAFFIC CLASS (e.g. "traffic_class B8" for EF no ECN, default 00)

 pgset stop    	          aborts injection. Also, ^C aborts generator.

 pgset "rate 300M"        set rate to 300 Mb/s
 pgset "ratep 1000000"    set rate to 1Mpps

Sample scripts
==============

A collection of small tutorial scripts for pktgen is in the
samples/pktgen directory:

pktgen.conf-1-1                  # 1 CPU 1 dev 
pktgen.conf-1-2                  # 1 CPU 2 dev
pktgen.conf-2-1                  # 2 CPU's 1 dev 
pktgen.conf-2-2                  # 2 CPU's 2 dev
pktgen.conf-1-1-rdos             # 1 CPU 1 dev w. route DoS 
pktgen.conf-1-1-ip6              # 1 CPU 1 dev ipv6
pktgen.conf-1-1-ip6-rdos         # 1 CPU 1 dev ipv6  w. route DoS
pktgen.conf-1-1-flows            # 1 CPU 1 dev multiple flows.

Run in shell: ./pktgen.conf-X-Y
This does all the setup including sending.


Interrupt affinity
===================
Note that when adding devices to a specific CPU it is a good idea to
also assign /proc/irq/XX/smp_affinity so that the TX interrupts are bound
to the same CPU.  This reduces cache bouncing when freeing skbs.

Enable IPsec
============
Default IPsec transformation with ESP encapsulation plus transport mode
can be enabled by simply setting:

pgset "flag IPSEC"
pgset "flows 1"

To avoid breaking existing testbed scripts for using AH type and tunnel mode,
you can use "pgset spi SPI_VALUE" to specify which transformation mode
to employ.


Current commands and configuration options
==========================================

** Pgcontrol commands:

start
stop

** Thread commands:

add_device
rem_device_all
max_before_softirq


** Device commands:

count
clone_skb
debug

frags
delay

src_mac_count
dst_mac_count

pkt_size 
min_pkt_size
max_pkt_size

mpls

udp_src_min
udp_src_max

udp_dst_min
udp_dst_max

flag
  IPSRC_RND
  IPDST_RND
  UDPSRC_RND
  UDPDST_RND
  MACSRC_RND
  MACDST_RND
  TXSIZE_RND
  IPV6
  MPLS_RND
  VID_RND
  SVID_RND
  FLOW_SEQ
  QUEUE_MAP_RND
  QUEUE_MAP_CPU
  UDPCSUM
  IPSEC
  NODE_ALLOC

dst_min
dst_max

src_min
src_max

dst_mac
src_mac

clear_counters

dst6
src6

flows
flowlen

rate
ratep

References:
ftp://robur.slu.se/pub/Linux/net-development/pktgen-testing/
ftp://robur.slu.se/pub/Linux/net-development/pktgen-testing/examples/

Paper from Linux-Kongress in Erlangen 2004.
ftp://robur.slu.se/pub/Linux/net-development/pktgen-testing/pktgen_paper.pdf

Thanks to:
Grant Grundler for testing on IA-64 and parisc, Harald Welte,  Lennert Buytenhek
Stephen Hemminger, Andi Kleen, Dave Miller and many others.


Good luck with the linux net-development.
Commit	Line	Data
1da177e4 LT	1
	2
	3	HOWTO for the linux packet generator
	4	------------------------------------
	5
4e081e0c BH	6	Enable CONFIG_NET_PKTGEN to compile and build pktgen either in-kernel
4e081e0c BH	7	or as a module. A module is preferred; modprobe pktgen if needed. Once
ca5b542c BH	8	running, pktgen creates a thread for each CPU with affinity to that CPU.
	9	Monitoring and controlling is done via /proc. It is easiest to select a
	10	suitable sample script and configure that.
1da177e4 LT	11
	12	On a dual CPU:
	13
	14	ps aux \| grep pkt
	15	root 129 0.3 0.0 0 0 ? SW 2003 523:20 [pktgen/0]
	16	root 130 0.3 0.0 0 0 ? SW 2003 509:50 [pktgen/1]
	17
	18
2fe0ae78	19	For monitoring and control pktgen creates:
1da177e4 LT	20	/proc/net/pktgen/pgctrl
	21	/proc/net/pktgen/kpktgend_X
	22	/proc/net/pktgen/ethX
	23
	24
9ceb87fc JDB	25	Tuning NIC for max performance
	26	==============================
	27
ca5b542c	28	The default NIC settings are (likely) not tuned for pktgen's artificial
9ceb87fc JDB	29	overload type of benchmarking, as this could hurt the normal use-case.
	30
	31	Specifically increasing the TX ring buffer in the NIC:
	32	# ethtool -G ethX tx 1024
	33
	34	A larger TX ring can improve pktgen's performance, while it can hurt
	35	in the general case, 1) because the TX ring buffer might get larger
ca5b542c	36	than the CPU's L1/L2 cache, 2) because it allows more queueing in the
9ceb87fc JDB	37	NIC HW layer (which is bad for bufferbloat).
9ceb87fc JDB	38
ca5b542c	39	One should hesitate to conclude that packets/descriptors in the HW
9ceb87fc	40	TX ring cause delay. Drivers usually delay cleaning up the
ca5b542c BH	41	ring-buffers for various performance reasons, and packets stalling
ca5b542c BH	42	the TX ring might just be waiting for cleanup.
9ceb87fc	43
ca5b542c BH	44	This cleanup issue is specifically the case for the driver ixgbe
ca5b542c BH	45	(Intel 82599 chip). This driver (ixgbe) combines TX+RX ring cleanups,
9ceb87fc JDB	46	and the cleanup interval is affected by the ethtool --coalesce setting
	47	of parameter "rx-usecs".
	48
ca5b542c	49	For ixgbe use e.g. "30" resulting in approx 33K interrupts/sec (1/30*10^6):
9ceb87fc JDB	50	# ethtool -C ethX rx-usecs 30
	51
	52
1da177e4 LT	53	Viewing threads
	54	===============
	55	/proc/net/pktgen/kpktgend_0
	56	Name: kpktgend_0 max_before_softirq: 10000
	57	Running:
	58	Stopped: eth1
	59	Result: OK: max_before_softirq=10000
	60
ca5b542c BH	61	Most important are the devices assigned to the thread. Note that a
ca5b542c BH	62	device can only belong to one thread.
1da177e4 LT	63
	64
	65	Viewing devices
	66	===============
	67
ca5b542c BH	68	The Params section holds configured information. The Current section
	69	holds running statistics. The Result is printed after a run or after
	70	interruption. Example:
1da177e4 LT	71
	72	/proc/net/pktgen/eth1
	73
	74	Params: count 10000000 min_pkt_size: 60 max_pkt_size: 60
	75	frags: 0 delay: 0 clone_skb: 1000000 ifname: eth1
	76	flows: 0 flowlen: 0
	77	dst_min: 10.10.11.2 dst_max:
	78	src_min: src_max:
	79	src_mac: 00:00:00:00:00:00 dst_mac: 00:04:23:AC:FD:82
	80	udp_src_min: 9 udp_src_max: 9 udp_dst_min: 9 udp_dst_max: 9
	81	src_mac_count: 0 dst_mac_count: 0
	82	Flags:
	83	Current:
	84	pkts-sofar: 10000000 errors: 39664
	85	started: 1103053986245187us stopped: 1103053999346329us idle: 880401us
	86	seq_num: 10000011 cur_dst_mac_offset: 0 cur_src_mac_offset: 0
	87	cur_saddr: 0x10a0a0a cur_daddr: 0x20b0a0a
	88	cur_udp_dst: 9 cur_udp_src: 9
	89	flows: 0
	90	Result: OK: 13101142(c12220741+d880401) usec, 10000000 (60byte,0frags)
	91	763292pps 390Mb/sec (390805504bps) errors: 39664
	92
5d3f083d ML	93	Configuring threads and devices
5d3f083d ML	94	================================
7c95a9d9 BH	95	This is done via the /proc interface, and most easily done via pgset
7c95a9d9 BH	96	as defined in the sample scripts.
1da177e4 LT	97
	98	Examples:
	99
	100	pgset "clone_skb 1" sets the number of copies of the same packet
	101	pgset "clone_skb 0" use single SKB for all transmits
38b2cf29 AS	102	pgset "burst 8" uses xmit_more API to queue 8 copies of the same
	103	packet and update HW tx queue tail pointer once.
	104	"burst 1" is the default
1da177e4 LT	105	pgset "pkt_size 9014" sets packet size to 9014
	106	pgset "frags 5" packet will consist of 5 fragments
	107	pgset "count 200000" sets number of packets to send, set to zero
d0f19d82	108	for continuous sends until explicitly stopped.
1da177e4 LT	109
	110	pgset "delay 5000" adds delay to hard_start_xmit(). nanoseconds
	111
	112	pgset "dst 10.0.0.1" sets IP destination address
	113	(BEWARE! This generator is very aggressive!)
	114
	115	pgset "dst_min 10.0.0.1" Same as dst
	116	pgset "dst_max 10.0.0.254" Set the maximum destination IP.
	117	pgset "src_min 10.0.0.1" Set the minimum (or only) source IP.
	118	pgset "src_max 10.0.0.254" Set the maximum source IP.
	119	pgset "dst6 fec0::1" IPV6 destination address
	120	pgset "src6 fec0::2" IPV6 source address
	121	pgset "dstmac 00:00:00:00:00:00" sets MAC destination address
	122	pgset "srcmac 00:00:00:00:00:00" sets MAC source address
	123
896a7cf8 ED	124	pgset "queue_map_min 0" Sets the min value of tx queue interval
	125	pgset "queue_map_max 7" Sets the max value of tx queue interval, for multiqueue devices
	126	To select queue 1 of a given device,
	127	use queue_map_min=1 and queue_map_max=1
	128
1da177e4 LT	129	pgset "src_mac_count 1" Sets the number of MACs we'll range through.
	130	The 'minimum' MAC is what you set with srcmac.
	131
	132	pgset "dst_mac_count 1" Sets the number of MACs we'll range through.
	133	The 'minimum' MAC is what you set with dstmac.
	134
	135	pgset "flag [name]" Set a flag to determine behaviour. Current flags
72f8e06f MK	136	are: IPSRC_RND # IP source is random (between min/max)
	137	IPDST_RND # IP destination is random
	138	UDPSRC_RND, UDPDST_RND,
	139	MACSRC_RND, MACDST_RND
	140	TXSIZE_RND, IPV6,
f0e82fd0	141	MPLS_RND, VID_RND, SVID_RND
72f8e06f	142	FLOW_SEQ,
896a7cf8 ED	143	QUEUE_MAP_RND # queue map random
896a7cf8 ED	144	QUEUE_MAP_CPU # queue map mirrors smp_processor_id()
72f8e06f MK	145	UDPCSUM,
	146	IPSEC # IPsec encapsulation (needs CONFIG_XFRM)
	147	NODE_ALLOC # node specific memory allocation
896a7cf8	148
e5f79d11	149	pgset spi SPI_VALUE Set specific SA used to transform packet.
1da177e4 LT	150
	151	pgset "udp_src_min 9" set UDP source port min, If < udp_src_max, then
	152	cycle through the port range.
	153
	154	pgset "udp_src_max 9" set UDP source port max.
	155	pgset "udp_dst_min 9" set UDP destination port min, If < udp_dst_max, then
	156	cycle through the port range.
	157	pgset "udp_dst_max 9" set UDP destination port max.
	158
ca6549af SW	159	pgset "mpls 0001000a,0002000a,0000000a" set MPLS labels (in this example
	160	outer label=16,middle label=32,
	161	inner label=0 (IPv4 NULL)) Note that
	162	there must be no spaces between the
	163	arguments. Leading zeros are required.
	164	Do not set the bottom of stack bit,
fa00e7e1	165	that's done automatically. If you do
ca6549af SW	166	set the bottom of stack bit, that
	167	indicates that you want to randomly
	168	generate that address and the flag
	169	MPLS_RND will be turned on. You
	170	can have any mix of random and fixed
	171	labels in the label stack.
	172
	173	pgset "mpls 0" turn off mpls (or any invalid argument works too!)
	174
f0e82fd0 FF	175	pgset "vlan_id 77" set VLAN ID 0-4095
	176	pgset "vlan_p 3" set priority bit 0-7 (default 0)
	177	pgset "vlan_cfi 0" set canonical format identifier 0-1 (default 0)
	178
	179	pgset "svlan_id 22" set SVLAN ID 0-4095
	180	pgset "svlan_p 3" set priority bit 0-7 (default 0)
	181	pgset "svlan_cfi 0" set canonical format identifier 0-1 (default 0)
	182
	183	pgset "vlan_id 9999" > 4095 remove vlan and svlan tags
	184	pgset "svlan 9999" > 4095 remove svlan tag
	185
	186
	187	pgset "tos XX" set former IPv4 TOS field (e.g. "tos 28" for AF11 no ECN, default 00)
	188	pgset "traffic_class XX" set former IPv6 TRAFFIC CLASS (e.g. "traffic_class B8" for EF no ECN, default 00)
	189
1da177e4 LT	190	pgset stop aborts injection. Also, ^C aborts generator.
1da177e4 LT	191
43d28b65 DT	192	pgset "rate 300M" set rate to 300 Mb/s
43d28b65 DT	193	pgset "ratep 1000000" set rate to 1Mpps
1da177e4	194
7c95a9d9 BH	195	Sample scripts
7c95a9d9 BH	196	==============
1da177e4	197
7c95a9d9 BH	198	A collection of small tutorial scripts for pktgen is in the
7c95a9d9 BH	199	samples/pktgen directory:
1da177e4 LT	200
	201	pktgen.conf-1-1 # 1 CPU 1 dev
	202	pktgen.conf-1-2 # 1 CPU 2 dev
	203	pktgen.conf-2-1 # 2 CPU's 1 dev
	204	pktgen.conf-2-2 # 2 CPU's 2 dev
	205	pktgen.conf-1-1-rdos # 1 CPU 1 dev w. route DoS
	206	pktgen.conf-1-1-ip6 # 1 CPU 1 dev ipv6
	207	pktgen.conf-1-1-ip6-rdos # 1 CPU 1 dev ipv6 w. route DoS
	208	pktgen.conf-1-1-flows # 1 CPU 1 dev multiple flows.
	209
ca5b542c BH	210	Run in shell: ./pktgen.conf-X-Y
ca5b542c BH	211	This does all the setup including sending.
1da177e4 LT	212
	213
	214	Interrupt affinity
	215	===================
ca5b542c BH	216	Note that when adding devices to a specific CPU it is a good idea to
	217	also assign /proc/irq/XX/smp_affinity so that the TX interrupts are bound
	218	to the same CPU. This reduces cache bouncing when freeing skbs.
1da177e4	219
e5f79d11 FD	220	Enable IPsec
e5f79d11 FD	221	============
ca5b542c BH	222	Default IPsec transformation with ESP encapsulation plus transport mode
ca5b542c BH	223	can be enabled by simply setting:
e5f79d11 FD	224
	225	pgset "flag IPSEC"
	226	pgset "flows 1"
	227
	228	To avoid breaking existing testbed scripts for using AH type and tunnel mode,
ca5b542c	229	you can use "pgset spi SPI_VALUE" to specify which transformation mode
e5f79d11 FD	230	to employ.
e5f79d11 FD	231
1da177e4 LT	232
	233	Current commands and configuration options
	234	==========================================
	235
	236	** Pgcontrol commands:
	237
	238	start
	239	stop
	240
	241	** Thread commands:
	242
	243	add_device
	244	rem_device_all
	245	max_before_softirq
	246
	247
	248	** Device commands:
	249
	250	count
	251	clone_skb
	252	debug
	253
	254	frags
	255	delay
	256
	257	src_mac_count
	258	dst_mac_count
	259
	260	pkt_size
	261	min_pkt_size
	262	max_pkt_size
	263
ca6549af SW	264	mpls
ca6549af SW	265
1da177e4 LT	266	udp_src_min
	267	udp_src_max
	268
	269	udp_dst_min
	270	udp_dst_max
	271
	272	flag
	273	IPSRC_RND
1da177e4 LT	274	IPDST_RND
	275	UDPSRC_RND
	276	UDPDST_RND
	277	MACSRC_RND
	278	MACDST_RND
72f8e06f MK	279	TXSIZE_RND
	280	IPV6
	281	MPLS_RND
	282	VID_RND
	283	SVID_RND
	284	FLOW_SEQ
	285	QUEUE_MAP_RND
	286	QUEUE_MAP_CPU
	287	UDPCSUM
e5f79d11	288	IPSEC
72f8e06f	289	NODE_ALLOC
1da177e4 LT	290
	291	dst_min
	292	dst_max
	293
	294	src_min
	295	src_max
	296
	297	dst_mac
	298	src_mac
	299
	300	clear_counters
	301
	302	dst6
	303	src6
	304
	305	flows
	306	flowlen
	307
43d28b65 DT	308	rate
	309	ratep
	310
1da177e4 LT	311	References:
	312	ftp://robur.slu.se/pub/Linux/net-development/pktgen-testing/
	313	ftp://robur.slu.se/pub/Linux/net-development/pktgen-testing/examples/
	314
	315	Paper from Linux-Kongress in Erlangen 2004.
	316	ftp://robur.slu.se/pub/Linux/net-development/pktgen-testing/pktgen_paper.pdf
	317
	318	Thanks to:
	319	Grant Grundler for testing on IA-64 and parisc, Harald Welte, Lennert Buytenhek
	320	Stephen Hemminger, Andi Kleen, Dave Miller and many others.
	321
	322
ca6549af	323	Good luck with the linux net-development.