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bb2f9e9c PP |
1 | // Show ToC at a specific location for a GitHub rendering |
2 | ifdef::env-github[] | |
3 | :toc: macro | |
4 | endif::env-github[] | |
5 | ||
6 | ifndef::env-github[] | |
71aaa3f7 | 7 | :toc: left |
bb2f9e9c PP |
8 | endif::env-github[] |
9 | ||
10 | // This is to mimic what GitHub does so that anchors work in an offline | |
11 | // rendering too. | |
12 | :idprefix: | |
13 | :idseparator: - | |
71aaa3f7 | 14 | |
bb2f9e9c | 15 | // Other attributes |
71aaa3f7 PP |
16 | :py3: Python{nbsp}3 |
17 | ||
bb2f9e9c PP |
18 | = Normand |
19 | Philippe Proulx | |
20 | ||
df0f8552 PP |
21 | image::normand-logo.png[] |
22 | ||
71aaa3f7 PP |
23 | [.normal] |
24 | image:https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/normand.svg?label=Latest%20version[link="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/normand"] | |
25 | ||
26 | [.lead] | |
27 | _**Normand**_ is a text-to-binary processor with its own language. | |
28 | ||
29 | This package offers both a portable {py3} module and a command-line | |
30 | tool. | |
31 | ||
ee724c95 | 32 | WARNING: This version of Normand is 0.22, meaning both the Normand |
71aaa3f7 PP |
33 | language and the module/CLI interface aren't stable. |
34 | ||
bb2f9e9c PP |
35 | ifdef::env-github[] |
36 | // ToC location for a GitHub rendering | |
37 | toc::[] | |
38 | endif::env-github[] | |
39 | ||
71aaa3f7 PP |
40 | == Introduction |
41 | ||
42 | The purpose of Normand is to consume human-readable text representing | |
43 | bytes and to produce the corresponding binary data. | |
44 | ||
45 | .Simple bytes input. | |
46 | ==== | |
47 | Consider the following Normand input: | |
48 | ||
49 | ---- | |
50 | 4f 55 32 bb $167 fe %10100111 a9 $-32 | |
51 | ---- | |
52 | ||
53 | The generated nine bytes are: | |
54 | ||
55 | ---- | |
56 | 4f 55 32 bb a7 fe a7 a9 e0 | |
57 | ---- | |
58 | ==== | |
59 | ||
60 | As you can see in the last example, the fundamental unit of the Normand | |
61 | language is the _byte_. The order in which you list bytes will be the | |
62 | order of the generated data. | |
63 | ||
64 | The Normand language is more than simple lists of bytes, though. Its | |
65 | main features are: | |
66 | ||
67 | Comments, including a bunch of insignificant symbols which may improve readability:: | |
68 | + | |
69 | Input: | |
70 | + | |
71 | ---- | |
72 | ff bb %1101:0010 # This is a comment | |
73 | 78 29 af $192 # This too # 99 $-80 | |
74 | fe80::6257:18ff:fea3:4229 | |
75 | 60:57:18:a3:42:29 | |
76 | 10839636-5d65-4a68-8e6a-21608ddf7258 | |
77 | ---- | |
78 | + | |
79 | Output: | |
80 | + | |
81 | ---- | |
82 | ff bb d2 78 29 af c0 99 b0 fe 80 62 57 18 ff fe | |
83 | a3 42 29 60 57 18 a3 42 29 10 83 96 36 5d 65 4a | |
84 | 68 8e 6a 21 60 8d df 72 58 | |
85 | ---- | |
86 | ||
87 | Hexadecimal, decimal, and binary byte constants:: | |
88 | + | |
89 | Input: | |
90 | + | |
91 | ---- | |
92 | aa bb $247 $-89 %0011_0010 %11.01= 10/10 | |
93 | ---- | |
94 | + | |
95 | Output: | |
96 | + | |
97 | ---- | |
98 | aa bb f7 a7 32 da | |
99 | ---- | |
100 | ||
7a7b31e8 | 101 | Strings:: |
71aaa3f7 PP |
102 | + |
103 | Input: | |
104 | + | |
105 | ---- | |
106 | "hello world!" 00 | |
107 | u16le"stress\nverdict 🤣" | |
7a7b31e8 | 108 | s:latin3{hex(ICITTE)} |
71aaa3f7 PP |
109 | ---- |
110 | + | |
111 | Output: | |
112 | + | |
113 | ---- | |
114 | 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 21 00 73 00 74 ┆ hello world!•s•t | |
115 | 00 72 00 65 00 73 00 73 00 0a 00 76 00 65 00 72 ┆ •r•e•s•s•••v•e•r | |
7a7b31e8 PP |
116 | 00 64 00 69 00 63 00 74 00 20 00 3e d8 23 dd 30 ┆ •d•i•c•t• •>•#•0 |
117 | 78 32 66 ┆ x2f | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
118 | ---- |
119 | ||
120 | Labels: special variables holding the offset where they're defined:: | |
121 | + | |
122 | ---- | |
123 | <beg> b2 52 e3 bc 91 05 | |
124 | $100 $50 <chair> 33 9f fe | |
125 | 25 e9 89 8a <end> | |
126 | ---- | |
127 | ||
128 | Variables:: | |
129 | + | |
130 | ---- | |
131 | 5e 65 {tower = 47} c6 7f f2 c4 | |
132 | 44 {hurl = tower - 14} b5 {tower = hurl} 26 2d | |
133 | ---- | |
134 | + | |
135 | The value of a variable assignment is the evaluation of a valid {py3} | |
136 | expression which may include label and variable names. | |
137 | ||
269f6eb3 | 138 | Fixed-length number with a given length (8{nbsp}bits to 64{nbsp}bits) and byte order:: |
71aaa3f7 PP |
139 | + |
140 | Input: | |
141 | + | |
142 | ---- | |
143 | {strength = 4} | |
ee724c95 PP |
144 | !be 67 <lbl> 44 $178 [(end - lbl) * 8 + strength : 16] $99 <end> |
145 | !le [-1993 : 32] | |
56996d34 | 146 | [-3.141593 : 64be] |
71aaa3f7 PP |
147 | ---- |
148 | + | |
149 | Output: | |
150 | + | |
151 | ---- | |
56996d34 PP |
152 | 67 44 b2 00 2c 63 37 f8 ff ff c0 09 21 fb 82 c2 |
153 | bd 7f | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
154 | ---- |
155 | + | |
269f6eb3 | 156 | The encoded number is the evaluation of a valid {py3} expression which |
05f81895 PP |
157 | may include label and variable names. |
158 | ||
159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEB128[LEB128] integer:: | |
160 | + | |
161 | Input: | |
162 | + | |
163 | ---- | |
ee724c95 PP |
164 | aa bb cc [-1993 : sleb128] <meow> dd ee ff |
165 | [meow * 199 : uleb128] | |
05f81895 PP |
166 | ---- |
167 | + | |
168 | Output: | |
169 | + | |
170 | ---- | |
171 | aa bb cc b7 70 dd ee ff e3 07 | |
172 | ---- | |
173 | + | |
174 | The encoded integer is the evaluation of a valid {py3} expression which | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
175 | may include label and variable names. |
176 | ||
27d52a19 PP |
177 | Conditional:: |
178 | + | |
179 | Input: | |
180 | + | |
181 | ---- | |
182 | aa bb cc | |
183 | ||
184 | ( | |
185 | "foo" | |
186 | ||
187 | !if {ICITTE > 10} | |
188 | "bar" | |
12b5dbc0 PP |
189 | !else |
190 | "fight" | |
27d52a19 PP |
191 | !end |
192 | ) * 4 | |
193 | ---- | |
194 | + | |
195 | Output: | |
196 | + | |
197 | ---- | |
12b5dbc0 PP |
198 | aa bb cc 66 6f 6f 66 69 67 68 74 66 6f 6f 66 69 ┆ •••foofightfoofi |
199 | 67 68 74 66 6f 6f 62 61 72 66 6f 6f 62 61 72 ┆ ghtfoobarfoobar | |
27d52a19 PP |
200 | ---- |
201 | ||
71aaa3f7 PP |
202 | Repetition:: |
203 | + | |
204 | Input: | |
205 | + | |
206 | ---- | |
2adf4336 | 207 | aa bb * 5 cc <zoom> "yeah\0" * {zoom * 3} |
e57a18e1 PP |
208 | |
209 | !repeat 3 | |
210 | ff ee "juice" | |
211 | !end | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
212 | ---- |
213 | + | |
214 | Output: | |
215 | + | |
216 | ---- | |
2adf4336 PP |
217 | aa bb bb bb bb bb cc 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 ┆ •••••••yeah•yeah |
218 | 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 ┆ •yeah•yeah•yeah• | |
219 | 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 ┆ yeah•yeah•yeah•y | |
220 | 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 ┆ eah•yeah•yeah•ye | |
221 | 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 ┆ ah•yeah•yeah•yea | |
222 | 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 ┆ h•yeah•yeah•yeah | |
71aaa3f7 | 223 | 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 ┆ •yeah•yeah•yeah• |
e57a18e1 PP |
224 | ff ee 6a 75 69 63 65 ff ee 6a 75 69 63 65 ff ee ┆ ••juice••juice•• |
225 | 6a 75 69 63 65 ┆ juice | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
226 | ---- |
227 | ||
676f6189 PP |
228 | Alignment:: |
229 | + | |
230 | Input: | |
231 | + | |
232 | ---- | |
ee724c95 | 233 | !be |
676f6189 | 234 | |
ee724c95 PP |
235 | [199:32] |
236 | @64 [43:64] | |
237 | @16 [-123:16] | |
238 | @32~255 [5584:32] | |
676f6189 PP |
239 | ---- |
240 | + | |
241 | Output: | |
242 | + | |
243 | ---- | |
244 | 00 00 00 c7 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2b | |
245 | ff 85 ff ff 00 00 15 d0 | |
246 | ---- | |
71aaa3f7 | 247 | |
25ca454b PP |
248 | Filling:: |
249 | + | |
250 | Input: | |
251 | + | |
252 | ---- | |
ee724c95 PP |
253 | !le |
254 | [0xdeadbeef:32] | |
255 | [-1993:16] | |
256 | [9:16] | |
25ca454b | 257 | +0x40 |
ee724c95 | 258 | [ICITTE:8] |
25ca454b | 259 | "meow mix" |
fc21bb27 | 260 | +200~FFh |
ee724c95 | 261 | [ICITTE:8] |
25ca454b PP |
262 | ---- |
263 | + | |
264 | Output: | |
265 | + | |
266 | ---- | |
267 | ef be ad de 37 f8 09 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ ••••7••••••••••• | |
268 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
269 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
270 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
271 | 40 6d 65 6f 77 20 6d 69 78 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ┆ @meow mix••••••• | |
272 | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
273 | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
274 | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
275 | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
276 | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
277 | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
278 | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
279 | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff c8 ┆ ••••••••• | |
280 | ---- | |
281 | ||
cd33dfe6 PP |
282 | Transformation:: |
283 | + | |
284 | Input: | |
285 | + | |
286 | ---- | |
ee724c95 | 287 | "end of file @ " [end:8] |
cd33dfe6 PP |
288 | |
289 | !transform gzip | |
290 | "this part will be gzipped" | |
291 | !end | |
292 | ||
293 | <end> | |
294 | ---- | |
295 | + | |
296 | Output: | |
297 | + | |
298 | ---- | |
299 | 65 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 66 69 6c 65 20 40 20 3c 1f ┆ end of file @ <• | |
300 | 8b 08 00 7b 7b 26 65 02 ff 2b c9 c8 2c 56 28 48 ┆ •••{{&e••+••,V(H | |
301 | 2c 2a 51 28 cf cc c9 51 48 4a 55 48 af ca 2c 28 ┆ ,*Q(•••QHJUH••,( | |
302 | 48 4d 01 00 d4 cc 5b 8a 19 00 00 00 ┆ HM••••[••••• | |
303 | ---- | |
304 | ||
71aaa3f7 PP |
305 | Multilevel grouping:: |
306 | + | |
307 | Input: | |
308 | + | |
309 | ---- | |
310 | ff ((aa bb "zoom" cc) * 5) * 3 $-34 * 4 | |
311 | ---- | |
312 | + | |
313 | Output: | |
314 | + | |
315 | ---- | |
316 | ff aa bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc aa bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc aa ┆ •••zoom•••zoom•• | |
317 | bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc aa bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc aa bb 7a ┆ •zoom•••zoom•••z | |
318 | 6f 6f 6d cc aa bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc aa bb 7a 6f 6f ┆ oom•••zoom•••zoo | |
319 | 6d cc aa bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc aa bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc ┆ m•••zoom•••zoom• | |
320 | aa bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc aa bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc aa bb ┆ ••zoom•••zoom••• | |
321 | 7a 6f 6f 6d cc aa bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc aa bb 7a 6f ┆ zoom•••zoom•••zo | |
322 | 6f 6d cc aa bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc de de de de ┆ om•••zoom••••• | |
323 | ---- | |
324 | ||
320644e2 PP |
325 | Macros:: |
326 | + | |
327 | Input: | |
328 | + | |
329 | ---- | |
330 | !macro hello(world) | |
331 | "hello" | |
332 | !if world " world" !end | |
333 | !end | |
334 | ||
335 | !repeat 17 | |
336 | ff ff ff ff | |
337 | m:hello({ICITTE > 15 and ICITTE < 60}) | |
338 | !end | |
339 | ---- | |
340 | + | |
341 | Output: | |
342 | + | |
343 | ---- | |
344 | ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c ┆ ••••hello••••hel | |
345 | 6c 6f ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c ┆ lo••••hello worl | |
346 | 64 ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 ┆ d••••hello world | |
347 | ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 ff ┆ ••••hello world• | |
348 | ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c ┆ •••hello••••hell | |
349 | 6f ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f ff ff ff ff 68 65 ┆ o••••hello••••he | |
350 | 6c 6c 6f ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f ff ff ff ff ┆ llo••••hello•••• | |
351 | 68 65 6c 6c 6f ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f ff ff ┆ hello••••hello•• | |
352 | ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f ┆ ••hello••••hello | |
353 | ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c ┆ ••••hello••••hel | |
354 | 6c 6f ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f ┆ lo••••hello | |
355 | ---- | |
356 | ||
71aaa3f7 PP |
357 | Precise error reporting:: |
358 | + | |
359 | ---- | |
360 | /tmp/meow.normand:10:24 - Expecting a bit (`0` or `1`). | |
361 | ---- | |
362 | + | |
363 | ---- | |
364 | /tmp/meow.normand:32:6 - Unexpected character `k`. | |
365 | ---- | |
366 | + | |
367 | ---- | |
320644e2 | 368 | /tmp/meow.normand:24:19 - Illegal (unknown or unreachable) variable/label name `meow` in expression `(meow - 45) // 8`; the legal names are {`ICITTE`, `mix`, `zoom`}. |
71aaa3f7 PP |
369 | ---- |
370 | + | |
371 | ---- | |
f5dcb24c PP |
372 | /tmp/meow.normand:32:19 - While expanding the macro `meow`: |
373 | /tmp/meow.normand:35:5 - While expanding the macro `zzz`: | |
320644e2 | 374 | /tmp/meow.normand:18:9 - Value 315 is outside the 8-bit range when evaluating expression `end - ICITTE`. |
71aaa3f7 PP |
375 | ---- |
376 | ||
377 | You can use Normand to track data source files in your favorite VCS | |
378 | instead of raw binary files. The binary files that Normand generates can | |
379 | be used to test file format decoding, including malformatted data, for | |
380 | example, as well as for education. | |
381 | ||
382 | See <<learn-normand>> to explore all the Normand features. | |
383 | ||
384 | == Install Normand | |
385 | ||
386 | Normand requires Python ≥ 3.4. | |
387 | ||
388 | To install Normand: | |
389 | ||
390 | ---- | |
391 | $ python3 -m pip install --user normand | |
392 | ---- | |
393 | ||
394 | See | |
395 | https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/tutorials/installing-packages/#installing-to-the-user-site[Installing to the User Site] | |
396 | to learn more about a user site installation. | |
397 | ||
398 | [NOTE] | |
399 | ==== | |
400 | Normand has a single module file, `normand.py`, which you can copy as is | |
af3cf417 | 401 | to your project to use it (both the <<python3-api,`normand.parse()`>> |
71aaa3f7 PP |
402 | function and the <<command-line-tool,command-line tool>>). |
403 | ||
404 | `normand.py` has _no external dependencies_, but if you're using | |
405 | Python{nbsp}3.4, you'll need a local copy of the standard `typing` | |
406 | module. | |
407 | ==== | |
408 | ||
43937a34 PP |
409 | == Design goals |
410 | ||
411 | The design goals of Normand are: | |
412 | ||
413 | Portability:: | |
414 | We're making sure `normand.py` works with Python{nbsp}≥{nbsp}3.4 and | |
415 | doesn't have any external dependencies so that you may just copy the | |
416 | module as is to your own project. | |
417 | ||
418 | Ease of use:: | |
419 | The most basic Normand input is a sequence of hexadecimal constants | |
420 | (for example, `4e6f726d616e64`) which produce exactly what you'd | |
421 | expect. | |
422 | + | |
423 | Most Normand features map to programming language concepts you already | |
424 | know and understand: constant integers, literal strings, variables, | |
425 | conditionals, repetitions/loops, and the rest. | |
426 | ||
427 | Concise and readable input:: | |
428 | We could have chosen XML or YAML as the input format, but having a | |
429 | DSL here makes a Normand input compact and easy to read, two | |
430 | important traits when using Normand to write tests, for example. | |
431 | + | |
432 | Compare the following Normand input and some hypothetical XML | |
433 | equivalent, for example: | |
434 | + | |
435 | .Actual normand input. | |
436 | ---- | |
437 | ff dd 01 ab $192 $-128 %1101:0011 | |
438 | ||
ee724c95 | 439 | [end:8] |
43937a34 PP |
440 | |
441 | {iter = 1} | |
442 | ||
443 | !if {not something} | |
444 | # five times because xyz | |
445 | !repeat 5 | |
ee724c95 | 446 | "hello world " [iter:8] |
43937a34 PP |
447 | {iter = iter + 1} |
448 | !end | |
449 | !end | |
450 | ||
451 | <end> | |
452 | ---- | |
453 | + | |
454 | .Hypothetical Normand XML input. | |
455 | [source,xml] | |
456 | ---- | |
457 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> | |
458 | <group> | |
459 | <byte base="x" val="ff" /> | |
460 | <byte base="x" val="dd" /> | |
461 | <byte base="x" val="1" /> | |
462 | <byte base="x" val="ab" /> | |
463 | <byte base="d" val="192" /> | |
464 | <byte base="d" val="-128" /> | |
465 | <byte base="b" val="11010011" /> | |
466 | <fixed-len-num expr="end" len="8" /> | |
467 | <var-assign name="iter" expr="1" /> | |
468 | <cond expr="not something"> | |
469 | <!-- five times because xyz --> | |
470 | <repeat expr="5"> | |
471 | <str>hello world </str> | |
472 | <fixed-len-num expr="iter" len="8" /> | |
473 | <var-assign name="iter" expr="iter + 1" /> | |
474 | </repeat> | |
475 | </cond> | |
476 | <label name="end" /> | |
477 | </group> | |
478 | ---- | |
479 | ||
71aaa3f7 PP |
480 | == Learn Normand |
481 | ||
482 | A Normand text input is a sequence of items which represent a sequence | |
483 | of raw bytes. | |
484 | ||
485 | [[state]] During the processing of items to data, Normand relies on a | |
486 | current state: | |
487 | ||
488 | [%header%autowidth] | |
489 | |=== | |
af3cf417 | 490 | |State variable |Description |Initial value: <<python3-api,{py3} API>> |Initial value: <<command-line-tool,CLI>> |
71aaa3f7 PP |
491 | |
492 | |[[cur-offset]] Current offset | |
493 | | | |
05f81895 | 494 | The current offset has an effect on the value of <<label,labels>> and of |
269f6eb3 | 495 | the special `ICITTE` name in <<fixed-length-number,fixed-length |
7a7b31e8 | 496 | number>>, <<leb-128-integer,LEB128 integer>>, <<string,string>>, |
f63f4a5d | 497 | <<filling,filling>>, <<variable-assignment,variable assignment>>, |
27d52a19 | 498 | <<conditional-block,conditional block>>, <<repetition-block,repetition |
320644e2 PP |
499 | block>>, <<macro-expansion,macro expansion>>, and |
500 | <<post-item-repetition,post-item repetition>> expression evaluation. | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
501 | |
502 | Each generated byte increments the current offset. | |
503 | ||
504 | A <<current-offset-setting,current offset setting>> may change the | |
676f6189 PP |
505 | current offset without generating data. |
506 | ||
507 | An <<current-offset-alignment,current offset alignment>> generates | |
508 | padding bytes to make the current offset satisfy a given alignment. | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
509 | |`init_offset` parameter of the `parse()` function. |
510 | |`--offset` option. | |
511 | ||
512 | |[[cur-bo]] Current byte order | |
513 | | | |
56996d34 | 514 | The current byte order can have an effect on the encoding of |
269f6eb3 | 515 | <<fixed-length-number,fixed-length numbers>>. |
71aaa3f7 PP |
516 | |
517 | A <<current-byte-order-setting,current byte order setting>> may change | |
518 | the current byte order. | |
519 | |`init_byte_order` parameter of the `parse()` function. | |
520 | |`--byte-order` option. | |
521 | ||
522 | |<<label,Labels>> | |
523 | |Mapping of label names to integral values. | |
524 | |`init_labels` parameter of the `parse()` function. | |
525 | |One or more `--label` options. | |
526 | ||
527 | |<<variable-assignment,Variables>> | |
27d52a19 | 528 | |Mapping of variable names to integral or floating point number values. |
71aaa3f7 | 529 | |`init_variables` parameter of the `parse()` function. |
7a7b31e8 | 530 | |One or more `--var` or `--var-str` options. |
71aaa3f7 PP |
531 | |=== |
532 | ||
533 | The available items are: | |
534 | ||
6dd69a2a PP |
535 | * A <<byte-constant,constant integer>> representing one or more |
536 | constant bytes. | |
71aaa3f7 | 537 | |
7a7b31e8 PP |
538 | * A <<literal-string,literal string>> representing a constant sequence |
539 | of bytes encoding UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32, or Latin-1 to Latin-10 data. | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
540 | |
541 | * A <<current-byte-order-setting,current byte order setting>> (big or | |
542 | little endian). | |
543 | ||
269f6eb3 | 544 | * A <<fixed-length-number,fixed-length number>> (integer or |
56996d34 PP |
545 | floating point), possibly using the <<cur-bo,current byte order>>, and |
546 | of which the value is the result of a {py3} expression. | |
05f81895 PP |
547 | |
548 | * An <<leb128-integer,LEB128 integer>> of which the value is the result | |
549 | of a {py3} expression. | |
71aaa3f7 | 550 | |
7a7b31e8 PP |
551 | * A <<string,string>> representing a sequence of bytes encoding UTF-8, |
552 | UTF-16, UTF-32, or Latin-1 to Latin-10 data, and of which the value is | |
553 | the result of a {py3} expression. | |
554 | ||
71aaa3f7 PP |
555 | * A <<current-offset-setting,current offset setting>>. |
556 | ||
676f6189 PP |
557 | * A <<current-offset-alignment,current offset alignment>>. |
558 | ||
25ca454b PP |
559 | * A <<filling,filling>>. |
560 | ||
71aaa3f7 PP |
561 | * A <<label,label>>, that is, a named constant holding the current |
562 | offset. | |
563 | + | |
564 | This is similar to an assembly label. | |
565 | ||
566 | * A <<variable-assignment,variable assignment>> associating a name to | |
567 | the integral result of an evaluated {py3} expression. | |
568 | ||
569 | * A <<group,group>>, that is, a scoped sequence of items. | |
570 | ||
27d52a19 PP |
571 | * A <<conditional-block,conditional block>>. |
572 | ||
e57a18e1 PP |
573 | * A <<repetition-block,repetition block>>. |
574 | ||
cd33dfe6 PP |
575 | * A <<transformation-block,transformation block>>. |
576 | ||
320644e2 PP |
577 | * A <<macro-definition-block,macro definition block>>. |
578 | ||
579 | * A <<macro-expansion,macro expansion>>. | |
580 | ||
e57a18e1 PP |
581 | Moreover, you can repeat many items above a constant or variable number |
582 | of times with the ``pass:[*]`` operator _after_ the item to repeat. This | |
583 | is called a <<post-item-repetition,post-item repetition>>. | |
71aaa3f7 | 584 | |
ba11fb1d | 585 | A Normand comment may exist pretty much anywhere between tokens. |
71aaa3f7 PP |
586 | |
587 | A comment is anything between two ``pass:[#]`` characters on the same | |
ba11fb1d PP |
588 | line, or from ``pass:[#]`` until the end of the line. Whitespaces are |
589 | also considered comments. The following symbols are also considered | |
590 | comments around and between items, as well as between hexadecimal | |
591 | nibbles and binary bits of <<byte-constant,byte constants>>: | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
592 | |
593 | ---- | |
ee724c95 | 594 | & , - . / : ; = ? \ _ | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
595 | ---- |
596 | ||
597 | The latter serve to improve readability so that you may write, for | |
598 | example, a MAC address or a UUID as is. | |
599 | ||
fc21bb27 PP |
600 | [[const-int]] Many items require a _constant integer_, possibly |
601 | negative, in which case it may start with `-` for a negative integer. A | |
602 | positive constant integer is any of: | |
603 | ||
604 | Decimal:: | |
605 | One or mode digits (`0` to `9`). | |
606 | ||
607 | Hexadecimal:: | |
608 | One of: | |
609 | + | |
610 | * The `0x` or `0X` prefix followed with one or more hexadecimal digits | |
611 | (`0` to `9`, `a` to `f`, or `A` to `F`). | |
612 | * One or more hexadecimal digits followed with the `h` or `H` suffix. | |
613 | ||
614 | Octal:: | |
615 | One of: | |
616 | + | |
617 | * The `0o` or `0O` prefix followed with one or more octal digits | |
618 | (`0` to `7`). | |
619 | * One or more octal digits followed with the `o`, `O`, `q`, or `Q` | |
620 | suffix. | |
621 | ||
622 | Binary:: | |
623 | One of: | |
624 | + | |
625 | * The `0b` or `0B` prefix followed with one or more bits (`0` or `1`). | |
626 | * One or more bits followed with the `b` or `B` suffix. | |
627 | ||
ee724c95 PP |
628 | In general, anything between `pass:[{]` and `}` is a {py3} expression. |
629 | ||
71aaa3f7 PP |
630 | You can test the examples of this section with the `normand` |
631 | <<command-line-tool,command-line tool>> as such: | |
632 | ||
633 | ---- | |
634 | $ normand file | hexdump -C | |
635 | ---- | |
636 | ||
637 | where `file` is the name of a file containing the Normand input. | |
638 | ||
639 | === Byte constant | |
640 | ||
6dd69a2a | 641 | A _byte constant_ represents one or more constant bytes. |
71aaa3f7 PP |
642 | |
643 | A byte constant is: | |
644 | ||
645 | Hexadecimal form:: | |
6dd69a2a | 646 | Two consecutive hexadecimal digits representing a single byte. |
71aaa3f7 PP |
647 | |
648 | Decimal form:: | |
6dd69a2a | 649 | One or more digits after the `$` prefix representing a single byte. |
71aaa3f7 | 650 | |
6dd69a2a PP |
651 | Binary form:: {empty} |
652 | + | |
653 | -- | |
654 | . __**N**__ `%` prefixes (at least one). | |
655 | + | |
656 | The number of `%` characters is the number of subsequent expected bytes. | |
657 | ||
658 | . __**N**__{nbsp}×{nbsp}8 bits (`0` or `1`). | |
659 | -- | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
660 | |
661 | ==== | |
662 | Input: | |
663 | ||
664 | ---- | |
ee724c95 | 665 | ab cd (3d 8F) CC |
71aaa3f7 PP |
666 | ---- |
667 | ||
668 | Output: | |
669 | ||
670 | ---- | |
671 | ab cd 3d 8f cc | |
672 | ---- | |
673 | ==== | |
674 | ||
675 | ==== | |
676 | Input: | |
677 | ||
678 | ---- | |
679 | $192 %1100/0011 $ -77 | |
680 | ---- | |
681 | ||
682 | Output: | |
683 | ||
684 | ---- | |
685 | c0 c3 b3 | |
686 | ---- | |
687 | ==== | |
688 | ||
689 | ==== | |
690 | Input: | |
691 | ||
692 | ---- | |
693 | 58f64689-6316-4d55-8a1a-04cada366172 | |
694 | fe80::6257:18ff:fea3:4229 | |
695 | ---- | |
696 | ||
697 | Output: | |
698 | ||
699 | ---- | |
700 | 58 f6 46 89 63 16 4d 55 8a 1a 04 ca da 36 61 72 ┆ X•F•c•MU•••••6ar | |
701 | fe 80 62 57 18 ff fe a3 42 29 ┆ ••bW••••B) | |
702 | ---- | |
703 | ==== | |
704 | ||
705 | ==== | |
706 | Input: | |
707 | ||
708 | ---- | |
709 | %01110011 %01100001 %01101100 %01110101 %01110100 | |
6dd69a2a | 710 | %%%1101:0010 11111111 #A#11 #B#00 #C#011 #D#1 |
71aaa3f7 PP |
711 | ---- |
712 | ||
713 | Output: | |
714 | ||
715 | ---- | |
6dd69a2a | 716 | 73 61 6c 75 74 d2 ff c7 ┆ salut••• |
71aaa3f7 PP |
717 | ---- |
718 | ==== | |
719 | ||
720 | === Literal string | |
721 | ||
7a7b31e8 PP |
722 | A _literal string_ represents the encoded bytes of a literal string |
723 | using the UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32, or Latin-1 to Latin-10 encoding. | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
724 | |
725 | The string to encode isn't implicitly null-terminated: use `\0` at the | |
726 | end of the string to add a null character. | |
727 | ||
728 | A literal string is: | |
729 | ||
7a7b31e8 PP |
730 | . **Optional**: one of the following encodings instead of the default |
731 | UTF-8: | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
732 | + |
733 | -- | |
734 | [horizontal] | |
7a7b31e8 PP |
735 | `s:u8`:: |
736 | `u8`:: | |
737 | UTF-8. | |
738 | ||
739 | `s:u16be`:: | |
740 | `u16be`:: | |
741 | UTF-16BE. | |
742 | ||
743 | `s:u16le`:: | |
744 | `u16le`:: | |
745 | UTF-16LE. | |
746 | ||
747 | `s:u32be`:: | |
748 | `u32be`:: | |
749 | UTF-32BE. | |
750 | ||
751 | `s:u32le`:: | |
752 | `u32le`:: | |
753 | UTF-32LE. | |
754 | ||
755 | `s:latin1`:: | |
756 | ISO/IEC 8859-1. | |
757 | ||
758 | `s:latin2`:: | |
759 | ISO/IEC 8859-2. | |
760 | ||
761 | `s:latin3`:: | |
762 | ISO/IEC 8859-3. | |
763 | ||
764 | `s:latin4`:: | |
765 | ISO/IEC 8859-4. | |
766 | ||
767 | `s:latin5`:: | |
768 | ISO/IEC 8859-9. | |
769 | ||
770 | `s:latin6`:: | |
771 | ISO/IEC 8859-10. | |
772 | ||
773 | `s:latin7`:: | |
774 | ISO/IEC 8859-13. | |
775 | ||
776 | `s:latin8`:: | |
777 | ISO/IEC 8859-14. | |
778 | ||
779 | `s:latin9`:: | |
780 | ISO/IEC 8859-15. | |
781 | ||
782 | `s:latin10`:: | |
783 | ISO/IEC 8859-16. | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
784 | -- |
785 | ||
786 | . The ``pass:["]`` prefix. | |
787 | ||
788 | . A sequence of zero or more characters, possibly containing escape | |
789 | sequences. | |
790 | + | |
791 | An escape sequence is the ``\`` character followed by one of: | |
792 | + | |
793 | -- | |
794 | [horizontal] | |
795 | `0`:: Null (U+0000) | |
796 | `a`:: Alert (U+0007) | |
797 | `b`:: Backspace (U+0008) | |
798 | `e`:: Escape (U+001B) | |
799 | `f`:: Form feed (U+000C) | |
800 | `n`:: End of line (U+000A) | |
801 | `r`:: Carriage return (U+000D) | |
802 | `t`:: Character tabulation (U+0009) | |
803 | `v`:: Line tabulation (U+000B) | |
804 | ``\``:: Reverse solidus (U+005C) | |
805 | ``pass:["]``:: Quotation mark (U+0022) | |
806 | -- | |
807 | ||
808 | . The ``pass:["]`` suffix. | |
809 | ||
810 | ==== | |
811 | Input: | |
812 | ||
813 | ---- | |
814 | "coucou tout le monde!" | |
815 | ---- | |
816 | ||
817 | Output: | |
818 | ||
819 | ---- | |
820 | 63 6f 75 63 6f 75 20 74 6f 75 74 20 6c 65 20 6d ┆ coucou tout le m | |
821 | 6f 6e 64 65 21 ┆ onde! | |
822 | ---- | |
823 | ==== | |
824 | ||
825 | ==== | |
826 | Input: | |
827 | ||
828 | ---- | |
829 | u16le"I am not young enough to know everything." | |
830 | ---- | |
831 | ||
832 | Output: | |
833 | ||
834 | ---- | |
835 | 49 00 20 00 61 00 6d 00 20 00 6e 00 6f 00 74 00 ┆ I• •a•m• •n•o•t• | |
836 | 20 00 79 00 6f 00 75 00 6e 00 67 00 20 00 65 00 ┆ •y•o•u•n•g• •e• | |
837 | 6e 00 6f 00 75 00 67 00 68 00 20 00 74 00 6f 00 ┆ n•o•u•g•h• •t•o• | |
838 | 20 00 6b 00 6e 00 6f 00 77 00 20 00 65 00 76 00 ┆ •k•n•o•w• •e•v• | |
839 | 65 00 72 00 79 00 74 00 68 00 69 00 6e 00 67 00 ┆ e•r•y•t•h•i•n•g• | |
840 | 2e 00 ┆ .• | |
841 | ---- | |
842 | ==== | |
843 | ||
844 | ==== | |
845 | Input: | |
846 | ||
847 | ---- | |
7a7b31e8 | 848 | s:u32be "\"illusion is the first\nof all pleasures\" 🦉" |
71aaa3f7 PP |
849 | ---- |
850 | ||
851 | Output: | |
852 | ||
853 | ---- | |
854 | 00 00 00 22 00 00 00 69 00 00 00 6c 00 00 00 6c ┆ •••"•••i•••l•••l | |
855 | 00 00 00 75 00 00 00 73 00 00 00 69 00 00 00 6f ┆ •••u•••s•••i•••o | |
856 | 00 00 00 6e 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 69 00 00 00 73 ┆ •••n••• •••i•••s | |
857 | 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 74 00 00 00 68 00 00 00 65 ┆ ••• •••t•••h•••e | |
858 | 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 66 00 00 00 69 00 00 00 72 ┆ ••• •••f•••i•••r | |
859 | 00 00 00 73 00 00 00 74 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 6f ┆ •••s•••t•••••••o | |
860 | 00 00 00 66 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 61 00 00 00 6c ┆ •••f••• •••a•••l | |
861 | 00 00 00 6c 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 70 00 00 00 6c ┆ •••l••• •••p•••l | |
862 | 00 00 00 65 00 00 00 61 00 00 00 73 00 00 00 75 ┆ •••e•••a•••s•••u | |
863 | 00 00 00 72 00 00 00 65 00 00 00 73 00 00 00 22 ┆ •••r•••e•••s•••" | |
864 | 00 00 00 20 00 01 f9 89 ┆ ••• •••• | |
865 | ---- | |
866 | ==== | |
867 | ||
7a7b31e8 PP |
868 | ==== |
869 | Input: | |
870 | ||
871 | ---- | |
872 | s:latin1 "Paul Piché" | |
873 | ---- | |
874 | ||
875 | Output: | |
876 | ||
877 | ---- | |
878 | 50 61 75 6c 20 50 69 63 68 e9 ┆ Paul Pich• | |
879 | ---- | |
880 | ==== | |
881 | ||
71aaa3f7 PP |
882 | === Current byte order setting |
883 | ||
884 | This special item sets the <<cur-bo,_current byte order_>>. | |
885 | ||
886 | The two accepted forms are: | |
887 | ||
888 | [horizontal] | |
ee724c95 PP |
889 | `!be`:: Set the current byte order to big endian. |
890 | `!le`:: Set the current byte order to little endian. | |
71aaa3f7 | 891 | |
269f6eb3 | 892 | === Fixed-length number |
71aaa3f7 | 893 | |
269f6eb3 PP |
894 | A _fixed-length number_ represents a fixed number of bytes encoding |
895 | either: | |
896 | ||
897 | * An unsigned or signed integer (two's complement). | |
898 | + | |
899 | The available lengths are 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, and 64. | |
900 | ||
901 | * A floating point number | |
b87a3aa2 | 902 | (https://standards.ieee.org/standard/754-2008.html[IEEE{nbsp}754-2008]). |
269f6eb3 PP |
903 | + |
904 | The available length are 32 (_binary32_) and 64 (_binary64_). | |
71aaa3f7 | 905 | |
56996d34 PP |
906 | The value is the result of evaluating a {py3} expression. |
907 | ||
908 | The byte order to use to encode the value is either directly specified | |
909 | or is the <<cur-bo,current byte order>>. | |
269f6eb3 PP |
910 | |
911 | A fixed-length number is: | |
71aaa3f7 | 912 | |
ee724c95 | 913 | . The `[` prefix. |
71aaa3f7 PP |
914 | |
915 | . A valid {py3} expression. | |
05f81895 | 916 | + |
269f6eb3 | 917 | For a fixed-length number at some source location{nbsp}__**L**__, this |
05f81895 PP |
918 | expression may contain the name of any accessible <<label,label>> (not |
919 | within a nested group), including the name of a label defined | |
6740649d PP |
920 | after{nbsp}__**L**__ (except within a |
921 | <<transformation-block,transformation block>>), as well as the name of | |
922 | any <<variable-assignment,variable>> known at{nbsp}__**L**__. | |
05f81895 | 923 | + |
269f6eb3 PP |
924 | The value of the special name `ICITTE` (`int` type) in this expression |
925 | is the <<cur-offset,current offset>> (before encoding the number). | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
926 | |
927 | . The `:` character. | |
928 | ||
269f6eb3 PP |
929 | . An encoding length in bits amongst: |
930 | + | |
931 | -- | |
27d52a19 | 932 | The expression evaluates to an `int` or `bool` value:: |
269f6eb3 | 933 | `8`, `16`, `24`, `32`, `40`, `48`, `56`, and `64`. |
27d52a19 PP |
934 | + |
935 | NOTE: Normand automatically converts a `bool` value to `int`. | |
269f6eb3 PP |
936 | |
937 | The expression evaluates to a `float` value:: | |
938 | `32` and `64`. | |
939 | -- | |
71aaa3f7 | 940 | |
56996d34 PP |
941 | . **Optional**: a suffix of the previous encoding length, without |
942 | any whitespace, amongst: | |
943 | + | |
944 | -- | |
945 | [horizontal] | |
946 | `be`:: Encode in big endian. | |
947 | `le`:: Encode in little endian. | |
948 | -- | |
949 | + | |
950 | Without this suffix, the encoding byte order is the <<cur-bo,current | |
951 | byte order>> which must be defined if the encoding length is greater | |
952 | than eight. | |
953 | ||
ee724c95 | 954 | . The `]` suffix. |
71aaa3f7 PP |
955 | |
956 | ==== | |
957 | Input: | |
958 | ||
959 | ---- | |
56996d34 PP |
960 | [345:16le] |
961 | [-0xabcd:32be] | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
962 | ---- |
963 | ||
964 | Output: | |
965 | ||
966 | ---- | |
967 | 59 01 ff ff 54 33 | |
968 | ---- | |
969 | ==== | |
970 | ||
971 | ==== | |
972 | Input: | |
973 | ||
974 | ---- | |
ee724c95 | 975 | !be |
71aaa3f7 PP |
976 | |
977 | # String length in bits | |
ee724c95 | 978 | [8 * (str_end - str_beg) : 16] |
71aaa3f7 PP |
979 | |
980 | # String | |
981 | <str_beg> | |
982 | "hello world!" | |
983 | <str_end> | |
984 | ---- | |
985 | ||
986 | Output: | |
987 | ||
988 | ---- | |
989 | 00 60 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 21 ┆ •`hello world! | |
990 | ---- | |
991 | ==== | |
992 | ||
993 | ==== | |
994 | Input: | |
995 | ||
996 | ---- | |
ee724c95 | 997 | [20 - ICITTE : 8] * 10 |
71aaa3f7 PP |
998 | ---- |
999 | ||
1000 | Output: | |
1001 | ||
1002 | ---- | |
1003 | 14 13 12 11 10 0f 0e 0d 0c 0b | |
1004 | ---- | |
1005 | ==== | |
1006 | ||
269f6eb3 PP |
1007 | ==== |
1008 | Input: | |
1009 | ||
1010 | ---- | |
56996d34 | 1011 | [2 * 0.0529 : 32le] |
269f6eb3 PP |
1012 | ---- |
1013 | ||
1014 | Output: | |
1015 | ||
1016 | ---- | |
1017 | ac ad d8 3d | |
1018 | ---- | |
1019 | ==== | |
1020 | ||
05f81895 PP |
1021 | === LEB128 integer |
1022 | ||
1023 | An _LEB128 integer_ represents a variable number of bytes encoding an | |
1024 | unsigned or signed integer which is the result of evaluating a {py3} | |
1025 | expression following the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEB128[LEB128] | |
1026 | format. | |
1027 | ||
1028 | An LEB128 integer is: | |
1029 | ||
ee724c95 | 1030 | . The `[` prefix. |
05f81895 | 1031 | |
27d52a19 PP |
1032 | . A valid {py3} expression of which the evaluation result type |
1033 | is `int` or `bool` (automatically converted to `int`). | |
05f81895 PP |
1034 | + |
1035 | For an LEB128 integer at some source location{nbsp}__**L**__, this | |
1036 | expression may contain: | |
1037 | + | |
1038 | -- | |
fc21bb27 PP |
1039 | * The name of any <<label,label>> defined before{nbsp}__**L**__ |
1040 | which isn't within a nested group. | |
320644e2 PP |
1041 | * The name of any <<variable-assignment,variable>> known |
1042 | at{nbsp}__**L**__. | |
05f81895 PP |
1043 | -- |
1044 | + | |
269f6eb3 PP |
1045 | The value of the special name `ICITTE` (`int` type) in this expression |
1046 | is the <<cur-offset,current offset>> (before encoding the integer). | |
05f81895 PP |
1047 | |
1048 | . The `:` character. | |
1049 | ||
1050 | . One of: | |
1051 | + | |
1052 | -- | |
1053 | [horizontal] | |
1054 | `uleb128`:: Use the unsigned LEB128 format. | |
1055 | `sleb128`:: Use the signed LEB128 format. | |
1056 | -- | |
1057 | ||
ee724c95 | 1058 | . The `]` suffix. |
05f81895 PP |
1059 | |
1060 | ==== | |
1061 | Input: | |
1062 | ||
1063 | ---- | |
ee724c95 | 1064 | [624485 : uleb128] |
05f81895 PP |
1065 | ---- |
1066 | ||
1067 | Output: | |
1068 | ||
1069 | ---- | |
1070 | e5 8e 26 | |
1071 | ---- | |
1072 | ==== | |
1073 | ||
1074 | ==== | |
1075 | Input: | |
1076 | ||
1077 | ---- | |
1078 | aa bb cc dd | |
1079 | <meow> | |
1080 | ee ff | |
ee724c95 | 1081 | [-981238311 + (meow * -23) : sleb128] |
05f81895 PP |
1082 | "hello" |
1083 | ---- | |
1084 | ||
c2b79cf6 PP |
1085 | Output: |
1086 | ||
05f81895 PP |
1087 | ---- |
1088 | aa bb cc dd ee ff fd fa 8d ac 7c 68 65 6c 6c 6f ┆ ••••••••••|hello | |
1089 | ---- | |
1090 | ==== | |
1091 | ||
7a7b31e8 PP |
1092 | === String |
1093 | ||
1094 | A _string_ represents a variable number of bytes encoding a string which | |
1095 | is the result of evaluating a {py3} expression using the UTF-8, UTF-16, | |
1096 | UTF-32, or Latin-1 to Latin-10 encoding. | |
1097 | ||
1098 | A string has two possible forms: | |
1099 | ||
1100 | Encoding prefix form:: {empty} | |
1101 | + | |
1102 | . An encoding amongst: | |
1103 | + | |
1104 | -- | |
1105 | [horizontal] | |
1106 | `s:u8`:: | |
1107 | `u8`:: | |
1108 | UTF-8. | |
1109 | ||
1110 | `s:u16be`:: | |
1111 | `u16be`:: | |
1112 | UTF-16BE. | |
1113 | ||
1114 | `s:u16le`:: | |
1115 | `u16le`:: | |
1116 | UTF-16LE. | |
1117 | ||
1118 | `s:u32be`:: | |
1119 | `u32be`:: | |
1120 | UTF-32BE. | |
1121 | ||
1122 | `s:u32le`:: | |
1123 | `u32le`:: | |
1124 | UTF-32LE. | |
1125 | ||
1126 | `s:latin1`:: | |
1127 | ISO/IEC 8859-1. | |
1128 | ||
1129 | `s:latin2`:: | |
1130 | ISO/IEC 8859-2. | |
1131 | ||
1132 | `s:latin3`:: | |
1133 | ISO/IEC 8859-3. | |
1134 | ||
1135 | `s:latin4`:: | |
1136 | ISO/IEC 8859-4. | |
1137 | ||
1138 | `s:latin5`:: | |
1139 | ISO/IEC 8859-9. | |
1140 | ||
1141 | `s:latin6`:: | |
1142 | ISO/IEC 8859-10. | |
1143 | ||
1144 | `s:latin7`:: | |
1145 | ISO/IEC 8859-13. | |
1146 | ||
1147 | `s:latin8`:: | |
1148 | ISO/IEC 8859-14. | |
1149 | ||
1150 | `s:latin9`:: | |
1151 | ISO/IEC 8859-15. | |
1152 | ||
1153 | `s:latin10`:: | |
1154 | ISO/IEC 8859-16. | |
1155 | -- | |
1156 | ||
1157 | . The ``pass:[{]`` prefix. | |
1158 | ||
1159 | . A valid {py3} expression of which the evaluation result type | |
1160 | is `bool`, `int`, `float`, or `str` (the first three automatically | |
1161 | converted to `str`). | |
1162 | + | |
1163 | For a string at some source location{nbsp}__**L**__, this expression may | |
1164 | contain: | |
1165 | + | |
1166 | -- | |
1167 | * The name of any <<label,label>> defined before{nbsp}__**L**__ | |
1168 | which isn't within a nested group. | |
1169 | * The name of any <<variable-assignment,variable>> known | |
1170 | at{nbsp}__**L**__. | |
1171 | -- | |
1172 | + | |
1173 | The value of the special name `ICITTE` (`int` type) in this expression | |
1174 | is the <<cur-offset,current offset>> (before encoding the string). | |
1175 | ||
1176 | . The `}` suffix. | |
1177 | ||
1178 | Encoding suffix form:: {empty} | |
1179 | + | |
ee724c95 | 1180 | . The `[` prefix. |
7a7b31e8 PP |
1181 | |
1182 | . A valid {py3} expression of which the evaluation result type | |
1183 | is `bool`, `int`, `float`, or `str` (the first three automatically | |
1184 | converted to `str`). | |
1185 | + | |
1186 | For a string at some source location{nbsp}__**L**__, this expression may | |
1187 | contain: | |
1188 | + | |
1189 | -- | |
1190 | * The name of any <<label,label>> defined before{nbsp}__**L**__ | |
1191 | which isn't within a nested group. | |
1192 | * The name of any <<variable-assignment,variable>> known | |
1193 | at{nbsp}__**L**__. | |
1194 | -- | |
1195 | + | |
1196 | The value of the special name `ICITTE` (`int` type) in this expression | |
1197 | is the <<cur-offset,current offset>> (before encoding the string). | |
1198 | ||
1199 | . The `:` character. | |
1200 | ||
1201 | . A string encoding amongst: | |
1202 | + | |
1203 | -- | |
1204 | [horizontal] | |
1205 | `s:u8`:: | |
1206 | UTF-8. | |
1207 | ||
1208 | `s:u16be`:: | |
1209 | UTF-16BE. | |
1210 | ||
1211 | `s:u16le`:: | |
1212 | UTF-16LE. | |
1213 | ||
1214 | `s:u32be`:: | |
1215 | UTF-32BE. | |
1216 | ||
1217 | `s:u32le`:: | |
1218 | UTF-32LE. | |
1219 | ||
1220 | `s:latin1`:: | |
1221 | ISO/IEC 8859-1. | |
1222 | ||
1223 | `s:latin2`:: | |
1224 | ISO/IEC 8859-2. | |
1225 | ||
1226 | `s:latin3`:: | |
1227 | ISO/IEC 8859-3. | |
1228 | ||
1229 | `s:latin4`:: | |
1230 | ISO/IEC 8859-4. | |
1231 | ||
1232 | `s:latin5`:: | |
1233 | ISO/IEC 8859-9. | |
1234 | ||
1235 | `s:latin6`:: | |
1236 | ISO/IEC 8859-10. | |
1237 | ||
1238 | `s:latin7`:: | |
1239 | ISO/IEC 8859-13. | |
1240 | ||
1241 | `s:latin8`:: | |
1242 | ISO/IEC 8859-14. | |
1243 | ||
1244 | `s:latin9`:: | |
1245 | ISO/IEC 8859-15. | |
1246 | ||
1247 | `s:latin10`:: | |
1248 | ISO/IEC 8859-16. | |
1249 | -- | |
1250 | ||
ee724c95 | 1251 | . The `]` suffix. |
7a7b31e8 PP |
1252 | |
1253 | ==== | |
1254 | Input: | |
1255 | ||
1256 | ---- | |
1257 | {iter = 1} | |
1258 | ||
1259 | !repeat 10 | |
ee724c95 | 1260 | u8{iter} " " |
7a7b31e8 PP |
1261 | {iter = iter + 1} |
1262 | !end | |
1263 | ---- | |
1264 | ||
1265 | Output: | |
1266 | ||
1267 | ---- | |
1268 | 31 20 32 20 33 20 34 20 35 20 36 20 37 20 38 20 ┆ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | |
1269 | 39 20 31 30 20 ┆ 9 10 | |
1270 | ---- | |
1271 | ==== | |
1272 | ||
1273 | ==== | |
1274 | Input: | |
1275 | ||
1276 | ---- | |
1277 | {meow = 'salut jérémie'} | |
ee724c95 | 1278 | [meow.upper() : s:latin1] |
7a7b31e8 PP |
1279 | ---- |
1280 | ||
1281 | Output: | |
1282 | ||
1283 | ---- | |
1284 | 53 41 4c 55 54 20 4a c9 52 c9 4d 49 45 ┆ SALUT J•R•MIE | |
1285 | ---- | |
1286 | ==== | |
1287 | ||
71aaa3f7 PP |
1288 | === Current offset setting |
1289 | ||
1290 | This special item sets the <<cur-offset,_current offset_>>. | |
1291 | ||
1292 | A current offset setting is: | |
1293 | ||
1294 | . The `<` prefix. | |
1295 | ||
fc21bb27 PP |
1296 | . A <<const-int,positive constant integer>> which is the new current |
1297 | offset. | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
1298 | |
1299 | . The `>` suffix. | |
1300 | ||
1301 | ==== | |
1302 | Input: | |
1303 | ||
1304 | ---- | |
ee724c95 PP |
1305 | [ICITTE : 8] * 8 |
1306 | <0x61> [ICITTE : 8] * 8 | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
1307 | ---- |
1308 | ||
1309 | Output: | |
1310 | ||
1311 | ---- | |
1312 | 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 ┆ ••••••••abcdefgh | |
1313 | ---- | |
1314 | ==== | |
1315 | ||
1316 | ==== | |
1317 | Input: | |
1318 | ||
1319 | ---- | |
1320 | aa bb cc dd <meow> ee ff | |
1321 | <12> 11 22 33 <mix> 44 55 | |
ee724c95 | 1322 | [meow : 8] [mix : 8] |
71aaa3f7 PP |
1323 | ---- |
1324 | ||
1325 | Output: | |
1326 | ||
1327 | ---- | |
1328 | aa bb cc dd ee ff 11 22 33 44 55 04 0f ┆ •••••••"3DU•• | |
1329 | ---- | |
1330 | ==== | |
1331 | ||
676f6189 PP |
1332 | === Current offset alignment |
1333 | ||
00deb9fa | 1334 | A _current offset alignment_ represents zero or more padding bytes to |
676f6189 PP |
1335 | make the <<cur-offset,current offset>> meet a given |
1336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structure_alignment[alignment] value. | |
1337 | ||
1338 | More specifically, for an alignment value of{nbsp}__**N**__{nbsp}bits, | |
1339 | a current offset alignment represents the required padding bytes until | |
1340 | the current offset is a multiple of __**N**__{nbsp}/{nbsp}8. | |
1341 | ||
1342 | A current offset alignment is: | |
1343 | ||
1344 | . The `@` prefix. | |
1345 | ||
fc21bb27 PP |
1346 | . A <<const-int,positive constant integer>> which is the alignment value |
1347 | in _bits_. | |
676f6189 PP |
1348 | + |
1349 | This value must be greater than zero and a multiple of{nbsp}8. | |
1350 | ||
1351 | . **Optional**: | |
1352 | + | |
1353 | -- | |
1354 | . The ``pass:[~]`` prefix. | |
fc21bb27 PP |
1355 | . A <<const-int,positive constant integer>> which is the value of the |
1356 | byte to use as padding to align the <<cur-offset,current offset>>. | |
676f6189 PP |
1357 | -- |
1358 | + | |
1359 | Without this section, the padding byte value is zero. | |
1360 | ||
1361 | ==== | |
1362 | Input: | |
1363 | ||
1364 | ---- | |
1365 | 11 22 (@32 aa bb cc) * 3 | |
1366 | ---- | |
1367 | ||
1368 | Output: | |
1369 | ||
1370 | ---- | |
1371 | 11 22 00 00 aa bb cc 00 aa bb cc 00 aa bb cc | |
1372 | ---- | |
1373 | ==== | |
1374 | ||
1375 | ==== | |
1376 | Input: | |
1377 | ||
1378 | ---- | |
ee724c95 | 1379 | !le |
676f6189 | 1380 | 77 88 |
ee724c95 | 1381 | @32~0xcc [-893.5:32] |
676f6189 PP |
1382 | @128~0x55 "meow" |
1383 | ---- | |
1384 | ||
1385 | Output: | |
1386 | ||
1387 | ---- | |
1388 | 77 88 cc cc 00 60 5f c4 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 ┆ w••••`_•UUUUUUUU | |
1389 | 6d 65 6f 77 ┆ meow | |
1390 | ---- | |
1391 | ==== | |
1392 | ||
1393 | ==== | |
1394 | Input: | |
1395 | ||
1396 | ---- | |
1397 | aa bb cc <29> @64~255 "zoom" | |
1398 | ---- | |
1399 | ||
1400 | Output: | |
1401 | ||
1402 | ---- | |
1403 | aa bb cc ff ff ff 7a 6f 6f 6d ┆ ••••••zoom | |
1404 | ---- | |
1405 | ==== | |
1406 | ||
25ca454b PP |
1407 | === Filling |
1408 | ||
1409 | A _filling_ represents zero or more padding bytes to make the | |
1410 | <<cur-offset,current offset>> reach a given value. | |
1411 | ||
1412 | A filling is: | |
1413 | ||
1414 | . The ``pass:[+]`` prefix. | |
1415 | ||
1416 | . One of: | |
1417 | ||
fc21bb27 PP |
1418 | ** A <<const-int,positive constant integer>> which is the current offset |
1419 | target. | |
25ca454b PP |
1420 | |
1421 | ** The ``pass:[{]`` prefix, a valid {py3} expression of which the | |
1422 | evaluation result type is `int` or `bool` (automatically converted to | |
ee724c95 | 1423 | `int`), and the `}` suffix. |
25ca454b PP |
1424 | + |
1425 | For a filling at some source location{nbsp}__**L**__, this expression | |
1426 | may contain: | |
1427 | + | |
1428 | -- | |
1429 | * The name of any <<label,label>> defined before{nbsp}__**L**__ | |
1430 | which isn't within a nested group. | |
1431 | * The name of any <<variable-assignment,variable>> known | |
1432 | at{nbsp}__**L**__. | |
1433 | -- | |
1434 | + | |
1435 | The value of the special name `ICITTE` (`int` type) in this expression | |
1436 | is the <<cur-offset,current offset>> (before handling the items to | |
1437 | repeat). | |
1438 | ||
1439 | ** A valid {py3} name. | |
1440 | + | |
1441 | For the name `__NAME__`, this is equivalent to the | |
ee724c95 | 1442 | `pass:[{]__NAME__}` form above. |
25ca454b PP |
1443 | |
1444 | + | |
1445 | This value must be greater than or equal to the current offset where | |
1446 | it's used. | |
1447 | ||
1448 | . **Optional**: | |
1449 | + | |
1450 | -- | |
1451 | . The ``pass:[~]`` prefix. | |
fc21bb27 PP |
1452 | . A <<const-int,positive constant integer>> which is the value of the |
1453 | byte to use as padding to reach the current offset target. | |
25ca454b PP |
1454 | -- |
1455 | + | |
1456 | Without this section, the padding byte value is zero. | |
1457 | ||
1458 | ==== | |
1459 | Input: | |
1460 | ||
1461 | ---- | |
1462 | aa bb cc dd | |
1463 | +0x40 | |
1464 | "hello world" | |
1465 | ---- | |
1466 | ||
1467 | Output: | |
1468 | ||
1469 | ---- | |
1470 | aa bb cc dd 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1471 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1472 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1473 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1474 | 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 ┆ hello world | |
1475 | ---- | |
1476 | ==== | |
1477 | ||
1478 | ==== | |
1479 | Input: | |
1480 | ||
1481 | ---- | |
1482 | !macro part(iter, fill) | |
ee724c95 | 1483 | <0> "particular security " [ord('0') + iter : 8] +fill~0x80 |
25ca454b PP |
1484 | !end |
1485 | ||
1486 | {iter = 1} | |
1487 | ||
1488 | !repeat 5 | |
1489 | m:part(iter, {32 + 4 * iter}) | |
1490 | {iter = iter + 1} | |
1491 | !end | |
1492 | ---- | |
1493 | ||
1494 | Output: | |
1495 | ||
1496 | ---- | |
1497 | 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 73 65 63 75 72 ┆ particular secur | |
1498 | 69 74 79 20 31 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 ┆ ity 1••••••••••• | |
1499 | 80 80 80 80 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 73 ┆ ••••particular s | |
1500 | 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 20 32 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 ┆ ecurity 2••••••• | |
1501 | 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 70 61 72 74 ┆ ••••••••••••part | |
1502 | 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 73 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 20 ┆ icular security | |
1503 | 33 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 ┆ 3••••••••••••••• | |
1504 | 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c ┆ ••••••••particul | |
1505 | 61 72 20 73 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 20 34 80 80 80 ┆ ar security 4••• | |
1506 | 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1507 | 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c ┆ ••••••••particul | |
1508 | 61 72 20 73 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 20 35 80 80 80 ┆ ar security 5••• | |
1509 | 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1510 | 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 ┆ •••••••••••• | |
1511 | ---- | |
1512 | ==== | |
1513 | ||
71aaa3f7 PP |
1514 | === Label |
1515 | ||
1516 | A _label_ associates a name to the <<cur-offset,current offset>>. | |
1517 | ||
1518 | All the labels of a whole Normand input must have unique names. | |
1519 | ||
05f81895 | 1520 | A label must not share the name of a <<variable-assignment,variable>> |
71aaa3f7 PP |
1521 | name. |
1522 | ||
71aaa3f7 PP |
1523 | A label is: |
1524 | ||
1525 | . The `<` prefix. | |
1526 | ||
27d52a19 | 1527 | . A valid {py3} name which is not `ICITTE`. |
71aaa3f7 PP |
1528 | |
1529 | . The `>` suffix. | |
1530 | ||
1531 | === Variable assignment | |
1532 | ||
1533 | A _variable assignment_ associates a name to the integral result of an | |
1534 | evaluated {py3} expression. | |
1535 | ||
05f81895 | 1536 | A variable assignment is: |
71aaa3f7 PP |
1537 | |
1538 | . The ``pass:[{]`` prefix. | |
1539 | ||
27d52a19 | 1540 | . A valid {py3} name which is not `ICITTE`. |
71aaa3f7 PP |
1541 | |
1542 | . The `=` character. | |
1543 | ||
7a7b31e8 PP |
1544 | . A valid {py3} expression of which the evaluation result type is `int`, |
1545 | `float`, or `bool` (automatically converted to `int`), or `str`. | |
05f81895 PP |
1546 | + |
1547 | For a variable assignment at some source location{nbsp}__**L**__, this | |
320644e2 PP |
1548 | expression may contain: |
1549 | + | |
1550 | -- | |
1551 | * The name of any <<label,label>> defined before{nbsp}__**L**__ | |
1552 | which isn't within a nested group. | |
1553 | * The name of any <<variable-assignment,variable>> known | |
1554 | at{nbsp}__**L**__. | |
1555 | -- | |
05f81895 | 1556 | + |
269f6eb3 PP |
1557 | The value of the special name `ICITTE` (`int` type) in this expression |
1558 | is the <<cur-offset,current offset>>. | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
1559 | |
1560 | . The `}` suffix. | |
1561 | ||
1562 | ==== | |
1563 | Input: | |
1564 | ||
1565 | ---- | |
ee724c95 PP |
1566 | {mix = 101} !le |
1567 | {meow = 42} 11 22 [meow:8] 33 {meow = ICITTE + 17} | |
1568 | "yooo" [meow + mix : 16] | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
1569 | ---- |
1570 | ||
1571 | Output: | |
1572 | ||
1573 | ---- | |
1574 | 11 22 2a 33 79 6f 6f 6f 7a 00 ┆ •"*3yoooz• | |
1575 | ---- | |
1576 | ==== | |
1577 | ||
1578 | === Group | |
1579 | ||
1580 | A _group_ is a scoped sequence of items. | |
1581 | ||
1582 | The <<label,labels>> within a group aren't visible outside of it. | |
1583 | ||
e57a18e1 PP |
1584 | The main purpose of a group is to <<post-item-repetition,repeat>> more |
1585 | than a single item and to isolate labels. | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
1586 | |
1587 | A group is: | |
1588 | ||
261c5ecf | 1589 | . The `(`, `!group`, or `!g` opening. |
71aaa3f7 | 1590 | |
cd33dfe6 | 1591 | . Zero or more items except, recursively, a macro definition block. |
71aaa3f7 | 1592 | |
261c5ecf PP |
1593 | . Depending on the group opening: |
1594 | + | |
1595 | -- | |
1596 | `(`:: | |
1597 | The `)` closing. | |
1598 | ||
1599 | `!group`:: | |
1600 | `!g`:: | |
1601 | The `!end` closing. | |
1602 | -- | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
1603 | |
1604 | ==== | |
1605 | Input: | |
1606 | ||
1607 | ---- | |
1608 | ((aa bb cc) dd () ee) "leclerc" | |
1609 | ---- | |
1610 | ||
1611 | Output: | |
1612 | ||
1613 | ---- | |
1614 | aa bb cc dd ee 6c 65 63 6c 65 72 63 ┆ •••••leclerc | |
1615 | ---- | |
1616 | ==== | |
1617 | ||
1618 | ==== | |
1619 | Input: | |
1620 | ||
1621 | ---- | |
261c5ecf PP |
1622 | !group |
1623 | (aa bb cc) * 3 dd ee | |
1624 | !end * 5 | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
1625 | ---- |
1626 | ||
1627 | Output: | |
1628 | ||
1629 | ---- | |
1630 | aa bb cc aa bb cc aa bb cc dd ee aa bb cc aa bb | |
1631 | cc aa bb cc dd ee aa bb cc aa bb cc aa bb cc dd | |
1632 | ee aa bb cc aa bb cc aa bb cc dd ee aa bb cc aa | |
1633 | bb cc aa bb cc dd ee | |
1634 | ---- | |
1635 | ==== | |
1636 | ||
1637 | ==== | |
1638 | Input: | |
1639 | ||
1640 | ---- | |
ee724c95 | 1641 | !be |
71aaa3f7 PP |
1642 | ( |
1643 | <str_beg> u16le"sébastien diaz" <str_end> | |
ee724c95 PP |
1644 | [ICITTE - str_beg : 8] |
1645 | [(end - str_beg) * 5 : 24] | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
1646 | ) * 3 |
1647 | <end> | |
1648 | ---- | |
1649 | ||
1650 | Output: | |
1651 | ||
1652 | ---- | |
1653 | 73 00 e9 00 62 00 61 00 73 00 74 00 69 00 65 00 ┆ s•••b•a•s•t•i•e• | |
1654 | 6e 00 20 00 64 00 69 00 61 00 7a 00 1c 00 01 e0 ┆ n• •d•i•a•z••••• | |
1655 | 73 00 e9 00 62 00 61 00 73 00 74 00 69 00 65 00 ┆ s•••b•a•s•t•i•e• | |
1656 | 6e 00 20 00 64 00 69 00 61 00 7a 00 1c 00 01 40 ┆ n• •d•i•a•z••••@ | |
1657 | 73 00 e9 00 62 00 61 00 73 00 74 00 69 00 65 00 ┆ s•••b•a•s•t•i•e• | |
1658 | 6e 00 20 00 64 00 69 00 61 00 7a 00 1c 00 00 a0 ┆ n• •d•i•a•z••••• | |
1659 | ---- | |
1660 | ==== | |
1661 | ||
27d52a19 PP |
1662 | === Conditional block |
1663 | ||
12b5dbc0 PP |
1664 | A _conditional block_ represents either the bytes of zero or more items |
1665 | if some expression is true, or the bytes of zero or more other items if | |
1666 | it's false. | |
27d52a19 PP |
1667 | |
1668 | A conditional block is: | |
1669 | ||
261c5ecf | 1670 | . The `!if` opening. |
27d52a19 PP |
1671 | |
1672 | . One of: | |
1673 | ||
1674 | ** The ``pass:[{]`` prefix, a valid {py3} expression of which the | |
1675 | evaluation result type is `int` or `bool` (automatically converted to | |
ee724c95 | 1676 | `int`), and the `}` suffix. |
27d52a19 | 1677 | + |
320644e2 PP |
1678 | For a conditional block at some source location{nbsp}__**L**__, this |
1679 | expression may contain: | |
27d52a19 PP |
1680 | + |
1681 | -- | |
1682 | * The name of any <<label,label>> defined before{nbsp}__**L**__ | |
1683 | which isn't within a nested group. | |
1684 | * The name of any <<variable-assignment,variable>> known | |
320644e2 | 1685 | at{nbsp}__**L**__. |
27d52a19 PP |
1686 | -- |
1687 | + | |
1688 | The value of the special name `ICITTE` (`int` type) in this expression | |
1689 | is the <<cur-offset,current offset>> (before handling the contained | |
1690 | items). | |
1691 | ||
1692 | ** A valid {py3} name. | |
1693 | + | |
1694 | For the name `__NAME__`, this is equivalent to the | |
ee724c95 | 1695 | `pass:[{]__NAME__}` form above. |
27d52a19 | 1696 | |
cd33dfe6 PP |
1697 | . Zero or more items to be handled when the condition is true |
1698 | except, recursively, a macro definition block. | |
12b5dbc0 PP |
1699 | |
1700 | . **Optional**: | |
1701 | ||
1702 | .. The `!else` opening. | |
cd33dfe6 PP |
1703 | .. Zero or more items to be handled when the condition is false |
1704 | except, recursively, a macro definition block | |
27d52a19 | 1705 | |
261c5ecf | 1706 | . The `!end` closing. |
27d52a19 PP |
1707 | |
1708 | ==== | |
1709 | Input: | |
1710 | ||
1711 | ---- | |
1712 | {at = 1} | |
1713 | {rep_count = 9} | |
1714 | ||
1715 | !repeat rep_count | |
1716 | "meow " | |
1717 | ||
1718 | !if {ICITTE > 25} | |
1719 | "mix" | |
12b5dbc0 PP |
1720 | !else |
1721 | "zoom" | |
27d52a19 PP |
1722 | !end |
1723 | ||
12b5dbc0 PP |
1724 | !if {at < rep_count} 20 !end |
1725 | ||
27d52a19 PP |
1726 | {at = at + 1} |
1727 | !end | |
1728 | ---- | |
1729 | ||
1730 | Output: | |
1731 | ||
1732 | ---- | |
12b5dbc0 PP |
1733 | 6d 65 6f 77 20 7a 6f 6f 6d 20 6d 65 6f 77 20 7a ┆ meow zoom meow z |
1734 | 6f 6f 6d 20 6d 65 6f 77 20 7a 6f 6f 6d 20 6d 65 ┆ oom meow zoom me | |
1735 | 6f 77 20 6d 69 78 20 6d 65 6f 77 20 6d 69 78 20 ┆ ow mix meow mix | |
1736 | 6d 65 6f 77 20 6d 69 78 20 6d 65 6f 77 20 6d 69 ┆ meow mix meow mi | |
27d52a19 | 1737 | 78 20 6d 65 6f 77 20 6d 69 78 20 6d 65 6f 77 20 ┆ x meow mix meow |
12b5dbc0 | 1738 | 6d 69 78 ┆ mix |
27d52a19 PP |
1739 | ---- |
1740 | ==== | |
1741 | ||
1742 | ==== | |
1743 | Input: | |
1744 | ||
1745 | ---- | |
1746 | <str_beg> | |
1747 | u16le"meow mix!" | |
1748 | <str_end> | |
1749 | ||
1750 | !if {str_end - str_beg > 10} | |
1751 | " BIG" | |
1752 | !end | |
1753 | ---- | |
1754 | ||
1755 | Output: | |
1756 | ||
1757 | ---- | |
1758 | 6d 00 65 00 6f 00 77 00 20 00 6d 00 69 00 78 00 ┆ m•e•o•w• •m•i•x• | |
1759 | 21 00 20 42 49 47 ┆ !• BIG | |
1760 | ---- | |
1761 | ==== | |
1762 | ||
e57a18e1 | 1763 | === Repetition block |
71aaa3f7 | 1764 | |
e57a18e1 PP |
1765 | A _repetition block_ represents the bytes of one or more items repeated |
1766 | a given number of times. | |
676f6189 | 1767 | |
e57a18e1 | 1768 | A repetition block is: |
71aaa3f7 | 1769 | |
261c5ecf | 1770 | . The `!repeat` or `!r` opening. |
71aaa3f7 | 1771 | |
2adf4336 PP |
1772 | . One of: |
1773 | ||
fc21bb27 PP |
1774 | ** A <<const-int,positive constant integer>> which is the number of |
1775 | times to repeat the previous item. | |
2adf4336 | 1776 | |
27d52a19 PP |
1777 | ** The ``pass:[{]`` prefix, a valid {py3} expression of which the |
1778 | evaluation result type is `int` or `bool` (automatically converted to | |
ee724c95 | 1779 | `int`), and the `}` suffix. |
05f81895 | 1780 | + |
320644e2 PP |
1781 | For a repetition block at some source location{nbsp}__**L**__, this |
1782 | expression may contain: | |
05f81895 PP |
1783 | + |
1784 | -- | |
27d52a19 PP |
1785 | * The name of any <<label,label>> defined before{nbsp}__**L**__ |
1786 | which isn't within a nested group. | |
05f81895 | 1787 | * The name of any <<variable-assignment,variable>> known |
320644e2 | 1788 | at{nbsp}__**L**__. |
05f81895 PP |
1789 | -- |
1790 | + | |
e57a18e1 PP |
1791 | The value of the special name `ICITTE` (`int` type) in this expression |
1792 | is the <<cur-offset,current offset>> (before handling the items to | |
1793 | repeat). | |
1794 | ||
1795 | ** A valid {py3} name. | |
1796 | + | |
1797 | For the name `__NAME__`, this is equivalent to the | |
ee724c95 | 1798 | `pass:[{]__NAME__}` form above. |
e57a18e1 | 1799 | |
cd33dfe6 | 1800 | . Zero or more items except, recursively, a macro definition block. |
e57a18e1 | 1801 | |
261c5ecf | 1802 | . The `!end` closing. |
e57a18e1 PP |
1803 | |
1804 | You may also use a <<post-item-repetition,post-item repetition>> after | |
1805 | some items. The form ``!repeat{nbsp}__X__{nbsp}__ITEMS__{nbsp}!end`` | |
1806 | is equivalent to ``(__ITEMS__){nbsp}pass:[*]{nbsp}__X__``. | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
1807 | |
1808 | ==== | |
1809 | Input: | |
1810 | ||
1811 | ---- | |
fc21bb27 | 1812 | !repeat 0o400 |
ee724c95 | 1813 | [end - ICITTE - 1 : 8] |
e57a18e1 PP |
1814 | !end |
1815 | ||
1816 | <end> | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
1817 | ---- |
1818 | ||
1819 | Output: | |
1820 | ||
1821 | ---- | |
1822 | ff fe fd fc fb fa f9 f8 f7 f6 f5 f4 f3 f2 f1 f0 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1823 | ef ee ed ec eb ea e9 e8 e7 e6 e5 e4 e3 e2 e1 e0 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1824 | df de dd dc db da d9 d8 d7 d6 d5 d4 d3 d2 d1 d0 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1825 | cf ce cd cc cb ca c9 c8 c7 c6 c5 c4 c3 c2 c1 c0 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1826 | bf be bd bc bb ba b9 b8 b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1827 | af ae ad ac ab aa a9 a8 a7 a6 a5 a4 a3 a2 a1 a0 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1828 | 9f 9e 9d 9c 9b 9a 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1829 | 8f 8e 8d 8c 8b 8a 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1830 | 7f 7e 7d 7c 7b 7a 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 ┆ •~}|{zyxwvutsrqp | |
1831 | 6f 6e 6d 6c 6b 6a 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 ┆ onmlkjihgfedcba` | |
1832 | 5f 5e 5d 5c 5b 5a 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 ┆ _^]\[ZYXWVUTSRQP | |
1833 | 4f 4e 4d 4c 4b 4a 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 ┆ ONMLKJIHGFEDCBA@ | |
1834 | 3f 3e 3d 3c 3b 3a 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 ┆ ?>=<;:9876543210 | |
1835 | 2f 2e 2d 2c 2b 2a 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 ┆ /.-,+*)('&%$#"! | |
1836 | 1f 1e 1d 1c 1b 1a 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1837 | 0f 0e 0d 0c 0b 0a 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1838 | ---- | |
1839 | ==== | |
1840 | ||
2adf4336 PP |
1841 | ==== |
1842 | Input: | |
1843 | ||
1844 | ---- | |
1845 | {times = 1} | |
e57a18e1 | 1846 | |
2adf4336 | 1847 | aa bb cc dd |
e57a18e1 PP |
1848 | |
1849 | !repeat 3 | |
2adf4336 | 1850 | <here> |
e57a18e1 PP |
1851 | |
1852 | !repeat {here + 1} | |
1853 | ee ff | |
1854 | !end | |
1855 | ||
1856 | 11 22 !repeat times 33 !end | |
1857 | ||
2adf4336 | 1858 | {times = times + 1} |
e57a18e1 PP |
1859 | !end |
1860 | ||
2adf4336 PP |
1861 | "coucou!" |
1862 | ---- | |
1863 | ||
1864 | Output: | |
1865 | ||
1866 | ---- | |
1867 | aa bb cc dd ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff 11 22 ┆ •••••••••••••••" | |
1868 | 33 ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ 3••••••••••••••• | |
1869 | ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1870 | ff ee ff ee ff 11 22 33 33 ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ ••••••"33••••••• | |
1871 | ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1872 | ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1873 | ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1874 | ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1875 | ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1876 | ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
1877 | ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff 11 22 33 ┆ ••••••••••••••"3 | |
1878 | 33 33 63 6f 75 63 6f 75 21 ┆ 33coucou! | |
1879 | ---- | |
1880 | ==== | |
1881 | ||
cd33dfe6 PP |
1882 | === Transformation block |
1883 | ||
1884 | A _transformation block_ represents the bytes of one or more items | |
1885 | transformed into other bytes by a function. | |
1886 | ||
1887 | As of this version, Normand only offers a predetermined set of | |
1888 | transformation functions. | |
1889 | ||
1890 | An encoded block is: | |
1891 | ||
1892 | . The `!transform` or `!t` opening. | |
1893 | ||
1894 | . A transformation function name amongst: | |
1895 | + | |
1896 | -- | |
1897 | [horizontal] | |
1898 | `base64`:: | |
1899 | `b64`:: | |
1900 | Standard https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648.html#section-4[Base64]. | |
1901 | ||
1902 | `base64u`:: | |
1903 | `b64u`:: | |
1904 | URL-safe Base64, using `-` instead of `pass:[+]` and `_` instead of | |
1905 | `/`. | |
1906 | ||
1907 | `base32`:: | |
1908 | `b32`:: | |
1909 | Standard https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648.html#section-6[Base32]. | |
1910 | ||
1911 | `base16`:: | |
1912 | `b16`:: | |
1913 | Standard https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648.html#section-8[Base16]. | |
1914 | ||
1915 | `ascii85`:: | |
1916 | `a85`:: | |
1917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascii85[Ascii85] without padding. | |
1918 | ||
1919 | `ascii85p`:: | |
1920 | `a85p`:: | |
1921 | Ascii85 with padding. | |
1922 | ||
1923 | `base85`:: | |
1924 | `b85`:: | |
1925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascii85[Base85] (like Git-style binary | |
1926 | diffs) without padding. | |
1927 | ||
1928 | `base85p`:: | |
1929 | `b85p`:: | |
1930 | Base85 with padding. | |
1931 | ||
1932 | `quopri`:: | |
1933 | `qp`:: | |
1934 | MIME | |
1935 | https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2045#section-6.7[quoted-printable] | |
1936 | without quoted whitespaces. | |
1937 | ||
1938 | `quoprit`:: | |
1939 | `qpt`:: | |
1940 | MIME quoted-printable with quoted whitespaces. | |
1941 | ||
1942 | `gzip`:: | |
1943 | `gz`:: | |
1944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gzip[gzip]. | |
1945 | ||
1946 | `bzip2`:: | |
1947 | `bz2`:: | |
1948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bzip2[bzip2]. | |
1949 | -- | |
1950 | ||
1951 | . Zero or more items except, recursively, a macro definition block. | |
1952 | + | |
1953 | Any {py3} expression within any of those items may not refer to a future | |
1954 | <<label,label>>. | |
1955 | + | |
1956 | The value of the special name `ICITTE` in any {py3} expression within | |
1957 | any of those items is the <<cur-offset,current offset>> _before_ Normand | |
1958 | applies the transformation function. Therefore, labels defined within | |
1959 | those items also have the current offset value _before_ Normand applies | |
1960 | the transformation function. | |
1961 | ||
1962 | . The `!end` closing. | |
1963 | ||
1964 | The <<cur-offset,current offset>> after having handled the last item of | |
1965 | a transformation block is the value of the current offset before | |
1966 | handling the first item plus the size of the generated (transformed) | |
1967 | bytes. In other words, <<current-offset-setting,current offset | |
1968 | settings>> within the items of the block have no impact outside said | |
1969 | block. | |
1970 | ||
1971 | ==== | |
1972 | Input: | |
1973 | ||
1974 | ---- | |
1975 | aa bb cc dd | |
1976 | ||
ee724c95 | 1977 | "size of compressed section: " [end - start : 8] |
cd33dfe6 PP |
1978 | |
1979 | <start> | |
1980 | ||
1981 | !transform bzip2 | |
1982 | "this will be compressed!" | |
1983 | 89*100 00*5000 | |
1984 | !end | |
1985 | ||
1986 | <end> | |
1987 | ||
1988 | "yes!" | |
1989 | ---- | |
1990 | ||
1991 | Output: | |
1992 | ||
1993 | ---- | |
1994 | aa bb cc dd 73 69 7a 65 20 6f 66 20 63 6f 6d 70 ┆ ••••size of comp | |
1995 | 72 65 73 73 65 64 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 3a 20 ┆ ressed section: | |
1996 | 52 42 5a 68 39 31 41 59 26 53 59 68 e1 8c fc 00 ┆ RBZh91AY&SYh•••• | |
1997 | 00 33 d1 e0 c0 00 60 00 5e 66 dc 80 00 20 00 80 ┆ •3••••`•^f••• •• | |
1998 | 00 08 20 00 31 40 d3 43 23 26 20 ca 87 a9 a1 e8 ┆ •• •1@•C#& ••••• | |
1999 | 18 29 44 80 9c 80 49 bf cc b3 e8 45 ed e2 76 ad ┆ •)D•••I••••E••v• | |
2000 | 0f 12 8b 8a d6 cd 40 04 7e 2e e4 8a 70 a1 20 d1 ┆ ••••••@•~.••p• • | |
2001 | c3 19 f8 79 65 73 21 ┆ •••yes! | |
2002 | ---- | |
2003 | ==== | |
2004 | ||
2005 | ==== | |
2006 | Input: | |
2007 | ||
2008 | ---- | |
2009 | 88*16 | |
2010 | ||
2011 | !t a85 | |
2012 | "I am determined to be cheerful and happy in whatever situation " | |
2013 | "I may find myself. For I have learned that the greater part of " | |
2014 | "our misery or unhappiness is determined not by our circumstance " | |
2015 | "but by our disposition." | |
2016 | !end | |
2017 | ||
2018 | @128~99h | |
2019 | ||
ee724c95 | 2020 | !t qp <beg> [ICITTE - beg : 8] * 50 !end |
cd33dfe6 PP |
2021 | ---- |
2022 | ||
2023 | Output: | |
2024 | ||
2025 | ---- | |
2026 | 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
2027 | 38 4b 5f 47 59 2b 43 6f 26 2a 41 54 44 58 25 44 ┆ 8K_GY+Co&*ATDX%D | |
2028 | 49 6d 3f 24 46 44 69 3a 32 41 4b 59 4a 72 41 53 ┆ Im?$FDi:2AKYJrAS | |
2029 | 23 6d 6f 46 5f 69 31 2f 44 49 61 6c 27 40 3b 70 ┆ #moF_i1/DIal'@;p | |
2030 | 31 32 2b 44 47 5e 39 47 41 28 45 2c 41 54 68 58 ┆ 12+DG^9GA(E,AThX | |
2031 | 2a 2b 45 4d 37 3d 46 5e 5d 42 2b 44 66 2d 5b 68 ┆ *+EM7=F^]B+Df-[h | |
2032 | 2b 44 6b 50 34 2b 44 2c 3e 2a 41 30 3e 60 37 46 ┆ +DkP4+D,>*A0>`7F | |
2033 | 28 4b 30 22 2f 67 2a 57 25 45 5a 64 70 72 42 4f ┆ (K0"/g*W%EZdprBO | |
2034 | 51 27 71 2b 44 62 55 74 45 63 2c 48 21 2b 45 56 ┆ Q'q+DbUtEc,H!+EV | |
2035 | 3a 2a 46 3c 47 5b 3d 41 4b 59 57 2b 41 52 54 5b ┆ :*F<G[=AKYW+ART[ | |
2036 | 6c 45 5a 66 3d 30 45 63 60 46 42 41 66 75 23 37 ┆ lEZf=0Ec`FBAfu#7 | |
2037 | 45 5a 66 34 35 46 28 4b 42 3b 2b 45 29 39 43 46 ┆ EZf45F(KB;+E)9CF | |
2038 | 60 28 6c 24 45 2c 5d 4e 2f 41 54 4d 6f 38 42 6c ┆ `(l$E,]N/ATMo8Bl | |
2039 | 62 44 2d 41 54 56 4c 28 44 2f 21 6d 21 41 30 3e ┆ bD-ATVL(D/!m!A0> | |
2040 | 63 2e 46 3c 47 25 3c 2b 45 29 43 43 2b 43 66 2c ┆ c.F<G%<+E)CC+Cf, | |
2041 | 2b 40 73 29 58 30 46 43 42 26 73 41 4b 59 48 29 ┆ +@s)X0FCB&sAKYH) | |
2042 | 46 3c 47 25 3c 2b 45 29 43 43 2b 43 6f 32 2d 45 ┆ F<G%<+E)CC+Co2-E | |
2043 | 2c 54 66 33 46 44 35 5a 32 2f 63 99 99 99 99 99 ┆ ,Tf3FD5Z2/c••••• | |
2044 | 3d 30 30 3d 30 31 3d 30 32 3d 30 33 3d 30 34 3d ┆ =00=01=02=03=04= | |
2045 | 30 35 3d 30 36 3d 30 37 3d 30 38 3d 30 39 0a 3d ┆ 05=06=07=08=09•= | |
2046 | 30 42 3d 30 43 0d 3d 30 45 3d 30 46 3d 31 30 3d ┆ 0B=0C•=0E=0F=10= | |
2047 | 31 31 3d 31 32 3d 31 33 3d 31 34 3d 31 35 3d 31 ┆ 11=12=13=14=15=1 | |
2048 | 36 3d 31 37 3d 31 38 3d 31 39 3d 31 41 3d 31 42 ┆ 6=17=18=19=1A=1B | |
2049 | 3d 31 43 3d 31 44 3d 31 45 3d 31 46 20 21 22 23 ┆ =1C=1D=1E=1F !"# | |
2050 | 24 25 26 27 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 3d 0a 2e 2f 30 31 ┆ $%&'()*+,-=•./01 | |
2051 | ---- | |
2052 | ==== | |
2053 | ||
320644e2 PP |
2054 | === Macro definition block |
2055 | ||
2056 | A _macro definition block_ associates a name and parameter names to | |
2057 | a group of items. | |
2058 | ||
2059 | A macro definition block doesn't lead to generated bytes itself: a | |
2060 | <<macro-expansion,macro expansion>> does so. | |
2061 | ||
2062 | A macro definition may only exist at the root level, that is, not within | |
2063 | a <<group,group>>, a <<repetition-block,repetition block>>, a | |
2064 | <<conditional-block,conditional block>>, or another | |
2065 | <<macro-definition-block,macro definition block>>. | |
2066 | ||
2067 | All macro definitions must have unique names. | |
2068 | ||
2069 | A macro definition is: | |
2070 | ||
2071 | . The `!macro` or `!m` opening. | |
2072 | ||
2073 | . A valid {py3} name (the macro name). | |
2074 | ||
2075 | . The `(` parameter name list prefix. | |
2076 | ||
2077 | . A comma-separated list of zero or more unique parameter names, | |
2078 | each one being a valid {py3} name. | |
2079 | ||
2080 | . The `)` parameter name list suffix. | |
2081 | ||
2082 | . Zero or more items except, recursively, a macro definition block. | |
2083 | ||
2084 | . The `!end` closing. | |
2085 | ||
2086 | ==== | |
2087 | ---- | |
2088 | !macro bake() | |
ee724c95 | 2089 | !le [ICITTE * 8 : 16] |
320644e2 PP |
2090 | u16le"predict explode" |
2091 | !end | |
2092 | ---- | |
2093 | ==== | |
2094 | ||
2095 | ==== | |
2096 | ---- | |
2097 | !macro nail(rep, with_extra, val) | |
2098 | {iter = 1} | |
2099 | ||
2100 | !repeat rep | |
ee724c95 PP |
2101 | [val + iter : uleb128] |
2102 | [0xdeadbeef : 32] | |
320644e2 PP |
2103 | {iter = iter + 1} |
2104 | !end | |
2105 | ||
2106 | !if with_extra | |
2107 | "meow mix\0" | |
2108 | !end | |
2109 | !end | |
2110 | ---- | |
2111 | ==== | |
2112 | ||
2113 | === Macro expansion | |
2114 | ||
2115 | A _macro expansion_ expands the items of a defined | |
2116 | <<macro-definition-block,macro>>. | |
2117 | ||
2118 | The macro to expand must be defined _before_ the expansion. | |
2119 | ||
2120 | The <<state,state>> before handling the first item of the chosen macro | |
2121 | is: | |
2122 | ||
2123 | <<cur-offset,Current offset>>:: | |
2124 | Unchanged. | |
2125 | ||
2126 | <<cur-bo,Current byte order>>:: | |
2127 | Unchanged. | |
2128 | ||
2129 | Variables:: | |
2130 | The only available variables initially are the macro parameters. | |
2131 | ||
2132 | Labels:: | |
2133 | None. | |
2134 | ||
2135 | The state after having handled the last item of the chosen macro is: | |
2136 | ||
2137 | Current offset:: | |
2138 | The one before handling the first item of the macro plus the size | |
2139 | of the generated data of the macro expansion. | |
2140 | + | |
2141 | IMPORTANT: This means <<current-offset-setting,current offset setting>> | |
2142 | items within the expanded macro don't impact the final current offset. | |
2143 | ||
2144 | Current byte order:: | |
2145 | The one before handling the first item of the macro. | |
2146 | ||
2147 | Variables:: | |
2148 | The ones before handling the first item of the macro. | |
2149 | ||
2150 | Labels:: | |
2151 | The ones before handling the first item of the macro. | |
2152 | ||
2153 | A macro expansion is: | |
2154 | ||
2155 | . The `m:` prefix. | |
2156 | ||
2157 | . A valid {py3} name (the name of the macro to expand). | |
2158 | ||
2159 | . The `(` parameter value list prefix. | |
2160 | ||
2161 | . A comma-separated list of zero or more unique parameter values. | |
2162 | + | |
2163 | The number of parameter values must match the number of parameter | |
2164 | names of the definition of the chosen macro. | |
2165 | + | |
2166 | A parameter value is one of: | |
2167 | + | |
2168 | -- | |
fc21bb27 | 2169 | * A <<const-int,constant integer>>, possibly negative. |
320644e2 | 2170 | |
dbd84e74 PP |
2171 | * A constant floating point number. |
2172 | ||
320644e2 PP |
2173 | * The ``pass:[{]`` prefix, a valid {py3} expression of which the |
2174 | evaluation result type is `int` or `bool` (automatically converted to | |
ee724c95 | 2175 | `int`), and the `}` suffix. |
320644e2 PP |
2176 | + |
2177 | For a macro expansion at some source location{nbsp}__**L**__, this | |
2178 | expression may contain: | |
2179 | ||
2180 | ** The name of any <<label,label>> defined before{nbsp}__**L**__ | |
2181 | which isn't within a nested group. | |
2182 | ** The name of any <<variable-assignment,variable>> known | |
2183 | at{nbsp}__**L**__. | |
2184 | ||
2185 | + | |
2186 | The value of the special name `ICITTE` (`int` type) in this expression | |
2187 | is the <<cur-offset,current offset>> (before handling the items of the | |
2188 | chosen macro). | |
2189 | ||
2190 | * A valid {py3} name. | |
2191 | + | |
2192 | For the name `__NAME__`, this is equivalent to the | |
2193 | `pass:[{]__NAME__pass:[}]` form above. | |
2194 | -- | |
2195 | ||
2196 | . The `)` parameter value list suffix. | |
2197 | ||
2198 | ==== | |
2199 | Input: | |
2200 | ||
2201 | ---- | |
2202 | !macro bake() | |
ee724c95 | 2203 | !le [ICITTE * 8 : 16] |
320644e2 PP |
2204 | u16le"predict explode" |
2205 | !end | |
2206 | ||
2207 | "hello [" m:bake() "] world" | |
2208 | ||
2209 | m:bake() * 5 | |
2210 | ---- | |
2211 | ||
2212 | Output: | |
2213 | ||
2214 | ---- | |
2215 | 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 5b 38 00 70 00 72 00 65 00 64 ┆ hello [8•p•r•e•d | |
2216 | 00 69 00 63 00 74 00 20 00 65 00 78 00 70 00 6c ┆ •i•c•t• •e•x•p•l | |
2217 | 00 6f 00 64 00 65 00 5d 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 70 01 ┆ •o•d•e•] worldp• | |
2218 | 70 00 72 00 65 00 64 00 69 00 63 00 74 00 20 00 ┆ p•r•e•d•i•c•t• • | |
2219 | 65 00 78 00 70 00 6c 00 6f 00 64 00 65 00 70 02 ┆ e•x•p•l•o•d•e•p• | |
2220 | 70 00 72 00 65 00 64 00 69 00 63 00 74 00 20 00 ┆ p•r•e•d•i•c•t• • | |
2221 | 65 00 78 00 70 00 6c 00 6f 00 64 00 65 00 70 03 ┆ e•x•p•l•o•d•e•p• | |
2222 | 70 00 72 00 65 00 64 00 69 00 63 00 74 00 20 00 ┆ p•r•e•d•i•c•t• • | |
2223 | 65 00 78 00 70 00 6c 00 6f 00 64 00 65 00 70 04 ┆ e•x•p•l•o•d•e•p• | |
2224 | 70 00 72 00 65 00 64 00 69 00 63 00 74 00 20 00 ┆ p•r•e•d•i•c•t• • | |
2225 | 65 00 78 00 70 00 6c 00 6f 00 64 00 65 00 70 05 ┆ e•x•p•l•o•d•e•p• | |
2226 | 70 00 72 00 65 00 64 00 69 00 63 00 74 00 20 00 ┆ p•r•e•d•i•c•t• • | |
2227 | 65 00 78 00 70 00 6c 00 6f 00 64 00 65 00 ┆ e•x•p•l•o•d•e• | |
2228 | ---- | |
2229 | ==== | |
2230 | ||
2231 | ==== | |
2232 | Input: | |
2233 | ||
2234 | ---- | |
2235 | !macro A(val, is_be) | |
ee724c95 | 2236 | !le |
320644e2 PP |
2237 | |
2238 | !if is_be | |
ee724c95 | 2239 | !be |
320644e2 PP |
2240 | !end |
2241 | ||
ee724c95 | 2242 | [val : 16] |
320644e2 PP |
2243 | !end |
2244 | ||
2245 | !macro B(rep, is_be) | |
2246 | {iter = 1} | |
2247 | ||
2248 | !repeat rep | |
2249 | m:A({iter * 3}, is_be) | |
2250 | {iter = iter + 1} | |
2251 | !end | |
2252 | !end | |
2253 | ||
2254 | m:B(5, 1) | |
2255 | m:B(3, 0) | |
2256 | ---- | |
2257 | ||
2258 | Output: | |
2259 | ||
2260 | ---- | |
2261 | 00 03 00 06 00 09 00 0c 00 0f 03 00 06 00 09 00 | |
2262 | ---- | |
2263 | ==== | |
2264 | ||
dbd84e74 PP |
2265 | ==== |
2266 | Input: | |
2267 | ||
2268 | ---- | |
ee724c95 | 2269 | !macro flt32be(val) !be [val : 32] !end |
dbd84e74 PP |
2270 | |
2271 | "CHEETOS" | |
2272 | m:flt32be(-42.17) | |
2273 | m:flt32be(56.23e-4) | |
2274 | ---- | |
2275 | ||
2276 | Output: | |
2277 | ||
2278 | ---- | |
2279 | 43 48 45 45 54 4f 53 c2 28 ae 14 3b b8 41 25 ┆ CHEETOS•(••;•A% | |
2280 | ---- | |
2281 | ==== | |
2282 | ||
e57a18e1 PP |
2283 | === Post-item repetition |
2284 | ||
2285 | A _post-item repetition_ represents the bytes of an item repeated a | |
2286 | given number of times. | |
2287 | ||
2288 | A post-item repetition is: | |
2289 | ||
27d52a19 | 2290 | . One of those items: |
e57a18e1 | 2291 | |
27d52a19 PP |
2292 | ** A <<byte-constant,byte constant>>. |
2293 | ** A <<literal-string,literal string>>. | |
2294 | ** A <<fixed-length-number,fixed-length number>>. | |
2295 | ** An <<leb128-integer,LEB128 integer>>. | |
7a7b31e8 | 2296 | ** A <<string,string>>. |
320644e2 | 2297 | ** A <<macro-expansion,macro-expansion>>. |
cd33dfe6 | 2298 | ** A <<transformation-block,transformation block>>. |
27d52a19 | 2299 | ** A <<group,group>>. |
e57a18e1 PP |
2300 | |
2301 | . The ``pass:[*]`` character. | |
2302 | ||
2303 | . One of: | |
2304 | ||
2305 | ** A positive integer (hexadecimal starting with `0x` or `0X` accepted) | |
2306 | which is the number of times to repeat the previous item. | |
2307 | ||
27d52a19 PP |
2308 | ** The ``pass:[{]`` prefix, a valid {py3} expression of which the |
2309 | evaluation result type is `int` or `bool` (automatically converted to | |
ee724c95 | 2310 | `int`), and the `}` suffix. |
e57a18e1 | 2311 | + |
320644e2 PP |
2312 | For a post-item repetition at some source location{nbsp}__**L**__, this |
2313 | expression may contain: | |
e57a18e1 PP |
2314 | + |
2315 | -- | |
27d52a19 PP |
2316 | * The name of any <<label,label>> defined before{nbsp}__**L**__ |
2317 | which isn't within a nested group and | |
2318 | which isn't part of the repeated item. | |
e57a18e1 PP |
2319 | * The name of any <<variable-assignment,variable>> known |
2320 | at{nbsp}__**L**__, which isn't part of its repeated item, and which | |
320644e2 | 2321 | doesn't. |
e57a18e1 PP |
2322 | -- |
2323 | + | |
2324 | The value of the special name `ICITTE` (`int` type) in this expression | |
2325 | is the <<cur-offset,current offset>> (before handling the items to | |
2326 | repeat). | |
2327 | ||
2328 | ** A valid {py3} name. | |
2329 | + | |
2330 | For the name `__NAME__`, this is equivalent to the | |
2331 | `pass:[{]__NAME__pass:[}]` form above. | |
2332 | ||
2333 | You may also use a <<repetition-block,repetition block>>. The form | |
2334 | ``__ITEM__{nbsp}pass:[*]{nbsp}__X__`` is equivalent to | |
2335 | ``!repeat{nbsp}__X__{nbsp}__ITEM__{nbsp}!end``. | |
2336 | ||
2337 | ==== | |
2338 | Input: | |
2339 | ||
2340 | ---- | |
ee724c95 | 2341 | [end - ICITTE - 1 : 8] * 0x100 <end> |
e57a18e1 PP |
2342 | ---- |
2343 | ||
2344 | Output: | |
2345 | ||
2346 | ---- | |
2347 | ff fe fd fc fb fa f9 f8 f7 f6 f5 f4 f3 f2 f1 f0 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
2348 | ef ee ed ec eb ea e9 e8 e7 e6 e5 e4 e3 e2 e1 e0 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
2349 | df de dd dc db da d9 d8 d7 d6 d5 d4 d3 d2 d1 d0 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
2350 | cf ce cd cc cb ca c9 c8 c7 c6 c5 c4 c3 c2 c1 c0 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
2351 | bf be bd bc bb ba b9 b8 b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
2352 | af ae ad ac ab aa a9 a8 a7 a6 a5 a4 a3 a2 a1 a0 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
2353 | 9f 9e 9d 9c 9b 9a 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
2354 | 8f 8e 8d 8c 8b 8a 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
2355 | 7f 7e 7d 7c 7b 7a 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 ┆ •~}|{zyxwvutsrqp | |
2356 | 6f 6e 6d 6c 6b 6a 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 ┆ onmlkjihgfedcba` | |
2357 | 5f 5e 5d 5c 5b 5a 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 ┆ _^]\[ZYXWVUTSRQP | |
2358 | 4f 4e 4d 4c 4b 4a 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 ┆ ONMLKJIHGFEDCBA@ | |
2359 | 3f 3e 3d 3c 3b 3a 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 ┆ ?>=<;:9876543210 | |
2360 | 2f 2e 2d 2c 2b 2a 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 ┆ /.-,+*)('&%$#"! | |
2361 | 1f 1e 1d 1c 1b 1a 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
2362 | 0f 0e 0d 0c 0b 0a 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
2363 | ---- | |
2364 | ==== | |
2365 | ||
2366 | ==== | |
2367 | Input: | |
2368 | ||
2369 | ---- | |
2370 | {times = 1} | |
2371 | aa bb cc dd | |
2372 | ( | |
2373 | <here> | |
2374 | (ee ff) * {here + 1} | |
2375 | 11 22 33 * {times} | |
2376 | {times = times + 1} | |
2377 | ) * 3 | |
2378 | "coucou!" | |
2379 | ---- | |
2380 | ||
2381 | Output: | |
2382 | ||
2383 | ---- | |
2384 | aa bb cc dd ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff 11 22 ┆ •••••••••••••••" | |
2385 | 33 ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ 3••••••••••••••• | |
2386 | ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
2387 | ff ee ff ee ff 11 22 33 33 ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ ••••••"33••••••• | |
2388 | ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
2389 | ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
2390 | ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
2391 | ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
2392 | ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
2393 | ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ •••••••••••••••• | |
2394 | ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff 11 22 33 ┆ ••••••••••••••"3 | |
2395 | 33 33 63 6f 75 63 6f 75 21 ┆ 33coucou! | |
2396 | ---- | |
2397 | ==== | |
2398 | ||
71aaa3f7 PP |
2399 | == Command-line tool |
2400 | ||
2401 | If you <<install-normand,installed>> the `normand` package, then you | |
2402 | can use the `normand` command-line tool: | |
2403 | ||
2404 | ---- | |
2405 | $ normand <<< '"ma gang de malades"' | hexdump -C | |
2406 | ---- | |
2407 | ||
2408 | ---- | |
2409 | 00000000 6d 61 20 67 61 6e 67 20 64 65 20 6d 61 6c 61 64 |ma gang de malad| | |
2410 | 00000010 65 73 |es| | |
2411 | ---- | |
2412 | ||
2413 | If you copy the `normand.py` module to your own project, then you can | |
2414 | run the module itself: | |
2415 | ||
2416 | ---- | |
2417 | $ python3 -m normand <<< '"ma gang de malades"' | hexdump -C | |
2418 | ---- | |
2419 | ||
2420 | ---- | |
2421 | 00000000 6d 61 20 67 61 6e 67 20 64 65 20 6d 61 6c 61 64 |ma gang de malad| | |
2422 | 00000010 65 73 |es| | |
2423 | ---- | |
2424 | ||
2425 | Without a path argument, the `normand` tool reads from the standard | |
2426 | input. | |
2427 | ||
2428 | The `normand` tool prints the generated binary data to the standard | |
2429 | output. | |
2430 | ||
2431 | Various options control the initial <<state,state>> of the processor: | |
2432 | use the `--help` option to learn more. | |
2433 | ||
2434 | == {py3} API | |
2435 | ||
e57a18e1 | 2436 | The whole `normand` package/module public API is: |
71aaa3f7 PP |
2437 | |
2438 | [source,python] | |
2439 | ---- | |
e57a18e1 | 2440 | # Byte order. |
71aaa3f7 PP |
2441 | class ByteOrder(enum.Enum): |
2442 | # Big endian. | |
2443 | BE = ... | |
2444 | ||
2445 | # Little endian. | |
2446 | LE = ... | |
2447 | ||
2448 | ||
e57a18e1 PP |
2449 | # Text location. |
2450 | class TextLocation: | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
2451 | # Line number. |
2452 | @property | |
2453 | def line_no(self) -> int: | |
2454 | ... | |
2455 | ||
2456 | # Column number. | |
2457 | @property | |
2458 | def col_no(self) -> int: | |
2459 | ... | |
2460 | ||
2461 | ||
f5dcb24c PP |
2462 | # Parsing error message. |
2463 | class ParseErrorMessage: | |
2464 | # Message text. | |
2465 | @property | |
2466 | def text(self): | |
2467 | ... | |
2468 | ||
2469 | # Source text location. | |
2470 | @property | |
2471 | def text_location(self): | |
2472 | ... | |
2473 | ||
2474 | ||
e57a18e1 | 2475 | # Parsing error. |
71aaa3f7 | 2476 | class ParseError(RuntimeError): |
f5dcb24c PP |
2477 | # Parsing error messages. |
2478 | # | |
2479 | # The first message is the most _specific_ one. | |
71aaa3f7 | 2480 | @property |
f5dcb24c | 2481 | def messages(self): |
71aaa3f7 PP |
2482 | ... |
2483 | ||
2484 | ||
e57a18e1 PP |
2485 | # Variables dictionary type (for type hints). |
2486 | VariablesT = typing.Dict[str, typing.Union[int, float]] | |
2487 | ||
2488 | ||
2489 | # Labels dictionary type (for type hints). | |
2490 | LabelsT = typing.Dict[str, int] | |
1b8aa84a PP |
2491 | |
2492 | ||
e57a18e1 | 2493 | # Parsing result. |
71aaa3f7 PP |
2494 | class ParseResult: |
2495 | # Generated data. | |
2496 | @property | |
2497 | def data(self) -> bytearray: | |
2498 | ... | |
2499 | ||
2500 | # Updated variable values. | |
2501 | @property | |
1b8aa84a | 2502 | def variables(self) -> SymbolsT: |
71aaa3f7 PP |
2503 | ... |
2504 | ||
2505 | # Updated main group label values. | |
2506 | @property | |
1b8aa84a | 2507 | def labels(self) -> SymbolsT: |
71aaa3f7 PP |
2508 | ... |
2509 | ||
2510 | # Final offset. | |
2511 | @property | |
2512 | def offset(self) -> int: | |
2513 | ... | |
2514 | ||
2515 | # Final byte order. | |
2516 | @property | |
1b8aa84a | 2517 | def byte_order(self) -> typing.Optional[ByteOrder]: |
71aaa3f7 PP |
2518 | ... |
2519 | ||
1b8aa84a | 2520 | |
e57a18e1 PP |
2521 | # Parses the `normand` input using the initial state defined by |
2522 | # `init_variables`, `init_labels`, `init_offset`, and `init_byte_order`, | |
2523 | # and returns the corresponding parsing result. | |
71aaa3f7 | 2524 | def parse(normand: str, |
1b8aa84a PP |
2525 | init_variables: typing.Optional[SymbolsT] = None, |
2526 | init_labels: typing.Optional[SymbolsT] = None, | |
71aaa3f7 PP |
2527 | init_offset: int = 0, |
2528 | init_byte_order: typing.Optional[ByteOrder] = None) -> ParseResult: | |
2529 | ... | |
2530 | ---- | |
2531 | ||
2532 | The `normand` parameter is the actual <<learn-normand,Normand input>> | |
2533 | while the other parameters control the initial <<state,state>>. | |
2534 | ||
2535 | The `parse()` function raises a `ParseError` instance should it fail to | |
2536 | parse the `normand` string for any reason. | |
bf8f3b38 PP |
2537 | |
2538 | == Development | |
2539 | ||
2540 | Normand is a https://python-poetry.org/[Poetry] project. | |
2541 | ||
2542 | To develop it, install it through Poetry and enter the virtual | |
2543 | environment: | |
2544 | ||
2545 | ---- | |
2546 | $ poetry install | |
2547 | $ poetry shell | |
2548 | $ normand <<< '"lol" * 10 0a' | |
2549 | ---- | |
2550 | ||
2551 | `normand.py` is processed by: | |
2552 | ||
2553 | * https://microsoft.github.io/pyright/[Pyright] | |
2554 | * https://github.com/psf/black[Black] | |
2555 | * https://pycqa.github.io/isort/[isort] | |
2556 | ||
2557 | === Testing | |
2558 | ||
2559 | Use https://docs.pytest.org/[pytest] to test Normand once the package is | |
2560 | part of your virtual environment, for example: | |
2561 | ||
2562 | ---- | |
2563 | $ poetry install | |
2564 | $ poetry run pip3 install pytest | |
2565 | $ poetry run pytest | |
2566 | ---- | |
2567 | ||
2568 | The `pytest` project is currently not a development dependency in | |
2569 | `pyproject.toml` due to backward compatibiliy issues with | |
2570 | Python{nbsp}3.4. | |
2571 | ||
2572 | In the `tests` directory, each `*.nt` file is a test. The file name | |
2573 | prefix indicates what it's meant to test: | |
2574 | ||
2575 | `pass-`:: | |
2576 | Everything above the `---` line is the valid Normand input | |
2577 | to test. | |
2578 | + | |
2579 | Everything below the `---` line is the expected data | |
2580 | (whitespace-separated hexadecimal bytes). | |
2581 | ||
2582 | `fail-`:: | |
2583 | Everything above the `---` line is the invalid Normand input | |
2584 | to test. | |
2585 | + | |
2586 | Everything below the `---` line is the expected error message having | |
2587 | this form: | |
2588 | + | |
2589 | ---- | |
2590 | LINE:COL - MESSAGE | |
2591 | ---- | |
2592 | ||
2593 | === Contributing | |
2594 | ||
2595 | Normand uses https://review.lttng.org/admin/repos/normand,general[Gerrit] | |
2596 | for code review. | |
2597 | ||
2598 | To report a bug, https://github.com/efficios/normand/issues/new[create a | |
2599 | GitHub issue]. |