Commit | Line | Data |
---|---|---|
765a273f | 1 | \input texinfo @c -*- Texinfo -*- |
c72af735 RP |
2 | @setfilename binutils.info |
3 | ||
9abcc3b8 RP |
4 | @ifinfo |
5 | @format | |
6 | START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY | |
d6391983 | 7 | * Binutils:: The GNU binary utilities "ar", "ld", "objcopy", |
ba7c8e29 | 8 | "objdump", "nm", "size", "strings", "strip", and "ranlib". |
9abcc3b8 RP |
9 | END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY |
10 | @end format | |
11 | @end ifinfo | |
c72af735 | 12 | |
8b2c2275 | 13 | @ifinfo |
e32341a7 | 14 | Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
8b2c2275 RP |
15 | |
16 | Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of | |
17 | this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice | |
18 | are preserved on all copies. | |
19 | ||
20 | @ignore | |
21 | Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the | |
22 | results, provided the printed document carries a copying permission | |
23 | notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph | |
24 | (this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual). | |
25 | ||
26 | @end ignore | |
27 | ||
28 | Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this | |
29 | manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that | |
30 | the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a | |
31 | permission notice identical to this one. | |
32 | ||
33 | Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual | |
34 | into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. | |
35 | @end ifinfo | |
36 | ||
c72af735 RP |
37 | @synindex ky cp |
38 | @c | |
df14d957 | 39 | @c This file documents the GNU binary utilities "ar", "ld", "objcopy", |
ba7c8e29 | 40 | @c "objdump", "nm", "size", "strings", "strip", and "ranlib". |
c72af735 | 41 | @c |
e32341a7 | 42 | @c Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
c72af735 RP |
43 | @c |
44 | @c This text may be freely distributed under the terms of the GNU | |
45 | @c General Public License. | |
46 | @c | |
27e94bd5 | 47 | |
c72af735 RP |
48 | @setchapternewpage odd |
49 | @settitle GNU Binary Utilities | |
27e94bd5 RP |
50 | @c @smallbook |
51 | @c @cropmarks | |
4928b97b RP |
52 | @titlepage |
53 | @finalout | |
c72af735 | 54 | @title The GNU Binary Utilities |
b6216af2 | 55 | @subtitle Version 2.2 |
c72af735 | 56 | @sp 1 |
e32341a7 | 57 | @subtitle May 1993 |
c72af735 | 58 | @author Roland H. Pesch |
4961ce5b | 59 | @author Jeffrey M. Osier |
c72af735 RP |
60 | @author Cygnus Support |
61 | @page | |
62 | ||
63 | @tex | |
650a49f0 | 64 | {\parskip=0pt \hfill Cygnus Support\par \hfill |
c72af735 RP |
65 | \TeX{}info \texinfoversion\par } |
66 | @end tex | |
67 | ||
68 | @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
e32341a7 | 69 | Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
c72af735 RP |
70 | |
71 | Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of | |
72 | this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice | |
73 | are preserved on all copies. | |
74 | ||
75 | Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this | |
76 | manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that | |
77 | the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a | |
78 | permission notice identical to this one. | |
79 | ||
80 | Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual | |
81 | into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. | |
82 | @end titlepage | |
83 | ||
eae04238 DM |
84 | @node Top |
85 | @top | |
c72af735 RP |
86 | @chapter Introduction |
87 | ||
88 | @cindex version | |
89 | This brief manual contains preliminary documentation for the GNU binary | |
b6216af2 | 90 | utilities (collectively version 2.2): |
8b2c2275 RP |
91 | |
92 | @iftex | |
c72af735 RP |
93 | @table @code |
94 | @item ar | |
95 | Create, modify, and extract from archives | |
96 | ||
97 | @item nm | |
98 | List symbols from object files | |
99 | ||
eed5eeab DM |
100 | @item objcopy |
101 | Copy and translate object files | |
102 | ||
c72af735 RP |
103 | @item objdump |
104 | Display information from object files | |
105 | ||
106 | @item ranlib | |
107 | Generate index to archive contents | |
108 | ||
109 | @item size | |
eae04238 | 110 | List file section sizes and total size |
c72af735 | 111 | |
ba7c8e29 DM |
112 | @item strings |
113 | List printable strings from files | |
114 | ||
c72af735 RP |
115 | @item strip |
116 | Discard symbols | |
eae04238 DM |
117 | |
118 | @item c++filt | |
119 | Demangle encoded C++ symbols | |
120 | ||
121 | @item nlmconv | |
122 | Convert object code into a Netware Loadable Module | |
c72af735 | 123 | @end table |
8b2c2275 | 124 | @end iftex |
c72af735 RP |
125 | |
126 | @menu | |
8b2c2275 | 127 | * ar:: Create, modify, and extract from archives |
8b2c2275 | 128 | * nm:: List symbols from object files |
eed5eeab | 129 | * objcopy:: Copy and translate object files |
8b2c2275 RP |
130 | * objdump:: Display information from object files |
131 | * ranlib:: Generate index to archive contents | |
132 | * size:: List section sizes and total size | |
ba7c8e29 | 133 | * strings:: List printable strings from files |
8b2c2275 | 134 | * strip:: Discard symbols |
b6216af2 | 135 | * c++filt:: Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols |
94e9ad77 | 136 | * nlmconv:: Converts object code into an NLM |
eae04238 | 137 | * Selecting The Target System:: How these utilities determine the target. |
8b2c2275 | 138 | * Index:: |
c72af735 RP |
139 | @end menu |
140 | ||
eae04238 | 141 | @node ar |
c72af735 RP |
142 | @chapter ar |
143 | ||
144 | @kindex ar | |
145 | @cindex archives | |
146 | @cindex collections of files | |
147 | @smallexample | |
650a49f0 | 148 | ar [-]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}]] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}] |
4d9b5d5a | 149 | ar -M [ <mri-script ] |
c72af735 RP |
150 | @end smallexample |
151 | ||
152 | The GNU @code{ar} program creates, modifies, and extracts from | |
153 | archives. An @dfn{archive} is a single file holding a collection of | |
154 | other files in a structure that makes it possible to retrieve | |
155 | the original individual files (called @dfn{members} of the archive). | |
156 | ||
157 | The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, and | |
ec40bbb8 | 158 | group are preserved in the archive, and can be restored on |
c72af735 RP |
159 | extraction. |
160 | ||
161 | @cindex name length | |
162 | GNU @code{ar} can maintain archives whose members have names of any | |
163 | length; however, depending on how @code{ar} is configured on your | |
ec40bbb8 DM |
164 | system, a limit on member-name length may be imposed for compatibility |
165 | with archive formats maintained with other tools. If it exists, the | |
c72af735 RP |
166 | limit is often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16 |
167 | characters (typical of formats related to coff). | |
168 | ||
169 | @cindex libraries | |
170 | @code{ar} is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort | |
171 | are most often used as @dfn{libraries} holding commonly needed | |
172 | subroutines. | |
173 | ||
174 | @cindex symbol index | |
e31e9a8d | 175 | @code{ar} creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable |
c72af735 RP |
176 | object modules in the archive when you specify the modifier @samp{s}. |
177 | Once created, this index is updated in the archive whenever @code{ar} | |
178 | makes a change to its contents (save for the @samp{q} update operation). | |
179 | An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and | |
180 | allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to | |
181 | their placement in the archive. | |
182 | ||
918c2f61 | 183 | You may use @samp{nm -s} or @samp{nm --print-armap} to list this index |
c72af735 RP |
184 | table. If an archive lacks the table, another form of @code{ar} called |
185 | @code{ranlib} can be used to add just the table. | |
186 | ||
765a273f RP |
187 | @cindex compatibility, @code{ar} |
188 | @cindex @code{ar} compatibility | |
189 | GNU @code{ar} is designed to be compatible with two different | |
190 | facilities. You can control its activity using command-line options, | |
191 | like the different varieties of @code{ar} on Unix systems; or, if you | |
192 | specify the single command-line option @samp{-M}, you can control it | |
193 | with a script supplied via standard input, like the MRI ``librarian'' | |
194 | program. | |
195 | ||
196 | @menu | |
eae04238 DM |
197 | * ar cmdline:: Controlling @code{ar} on the command line |
198 | * ar scripts:: Controlling @code{ar} with a script | |
765a273f RP |
199 | @end menu |
200 | ||
201 | @page | |
eae04238 | 202 | @node ar cmdline |
765a273f RP |
203 | @section Controlling @code{ar} on the command line |
204 | ||
205 | @smallexample | |
650a49f0 | 206 | ar [-]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}]] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}] |
765a273f RP |
207 | @end smallexample |
208 | ||
209 | @cindex Unix compatibility, @code{ar} | |
210 | When you use @code{ar} in the Unix style, @code{ar} insists on at least two | |
211 | arguments to execute: one keyletter specifying the @emph{operation} | |
212 | (optionally accompanied by other keyletters specifying | |
213 | @emph{modifiers}), and the archive name to act on. | |
c72af735 | 214 | |
650a49f0 | 215 | Most operations can also accept further @var{member} arguments, |
c72af735 RP |
216 | specifying particular files to operate on. |
217 | ||
218 | GNU @code{ar} allows you to mix the operation code @var{p} and modifier | |
219 | flags @var{mod} in any order, within the first command-line argument. | |
220 | ||
221 | If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a | |
222 | dash. | |
223 | ||
224 | @cindex operations on archive | |
225 | The @var{p} keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be | |
226 | any of the following, but you must specify only one of them: | |
227 | ||
228 | @table @code | |
229 | @item d | |
230 | @cindex deleting from archive | |
231 | @emph{Delete} modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to | |
650a49f0 | 232 | be deleted as @var{member}@dots{}; the archive is untouched if you |
c72af735 RP |
233 | specify no files to delete. |
234 | ||
e31e9a8d | 235 | If you specify the @samp{v} modifier, @code{ar} lists each module |
c72af735 RP |
236 | as it is deleted. |
237 | ||
238 | @item m | |
239 | @cindex moving in archive | |
240 | Use this operation to @emph{move} members in an archive. | |
241 | ||
242 | The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how | |
243 | programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in more | |
244 | than one member. | |
245 | ||
246 | If no modifiers are used with @code{m}, any members you name in the | |
650a49f0 | 247 | @var{member} arguments are moved to the @emph{end} of the archive; |
c72af735 RP |
248 | you can use the @samp{a}, @samp{b}, or @samp{i} modifiers to move them to a |
249 | specified place instead. | |
250 | ||
251 | @item p | |
252 | @cindex printing from archive | |
253 | @emph{Print} the specified members of the archive, to the standard | |
254 | output file. If the @samp{v} modifier is specified, show the member | |
255 | name before copying its contents to standard output. | |
256 | ||
650a49f0 | 257 | If you specify no @var{member} arguments, all the files in the archive are |
ec40bbb8 | 258 | printed. |
c72af735 RP |
259 | |
260 | @item q | |
261 | @cindex quick append to archive | |
650a49f0 | 262 | @emph{Quick append}; add the files @var{member}@dots{} to the end of |
ec40bbb8 | 263 | @var{archive}, without checking for replacement. |
c72af735 RP |
264 | |
265 | The modifiers @samp{a}, @samp{b}, and @samp{i} do @emph{not} affect this | |
266 | operation; new members are always placed at the end of the archive. | |
267 | ||
268 | The modifier @samp{v} makes @code{ar} list each file as it is appended. | |
269 | ||
270 | Since the point of this operation is speed, the archive's symbol table | |
271 | index is not updated, even if it already existed; you can use @samp{ar s} or | |
272 | @code{ranlib} explicitly to update the symbol table index. | |
273 | ||
274 | @item r | |
275 | @cindex replacement in archive | |
650a49f0 | 276 | Insert the files @var{member}@dots{} into @var{archive} (with |
ec40bbb8 DM |
277 | @emph{replacement}). This operation differs from @samp{q} in that any |
278 | previously existing members are deleted if their names match those being | |
279 | added. | |
c72af735 | 280 | |
650a49f0 | 281 | If one of the files named in @var{member}@dots{} does not exist, @code{ar} |
c72af735 RP |
282 | displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing members |
283 | of the archive matching that name. | |
284 | ||
285 | By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you may | |
286 | use one of the modifiers @samp{a}, @samp{b}, or @samp{i} to request | |
287 | placement relative to some existing member. | |
288 | ||
289 | The modifier @samp{v} used with this operation elicits a line of | |
290 | output for each file inserted, along with one of the letters @samp{a} or | |
291 | @samp{r} to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member | |
292 | deleted) or replaced. | |
293 | ||
294 | @item t | |
295 | @cindex contents of archive | |
296 | Display a @emph{table} listing the contents of @var{archive}, or those | |
650a49f0 | 297 | of the files listed in @var{member}@dots{} that are present in the |
c72af735 RP |
298 | archive. Normally only the member name is shown; if you also want to |
299 | see the modes (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you can | |
300 | request that by also specifying the @samp{v} modifier. | |
301 | ||
650a49f0 | 302 | If you do not specify a @var{member}, all files in the archive |
c72af735 RP |
303 | are listed. |
304 | ||
305 | @cindex repeated names in archive | |
306 | @cindex name duplication in archive | |
307 | If there is more than one file with the same name (say, @samp{fie}) in | |
e31e9a8d | 308 | an archive (say @samp{b.a}), @samp{ar t b.a fie} lists only the |
c72af735 RP |
309 | first instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete |
310 | listing---in our example, @samp{ar t b.a}. | |
311 | @c WRS only; per Gumby, this is implementation-dependent, and in a more | |
312 | @c recent case in fact works the other way. | |
313 | ||
314 | @item x | |
315 | @cindex extract from archive | |
650a49f0 | 316 | @emph{Extract} members (named @var{member}) from the archive. You can |
c72af735 RP |
317 | use the @samp{v} modifier with this operation, to request that |
318 | @code{ar} list each name as it extracts it. | |
319 | ||
650a49f0 | 320 | If you do not specify a @var{member}, all files in the archive |
c72af735 RP |
321 | are extracted. |
322 | ||
323 | @end table | |
324 | ||
325 | A number of modifiers (@var{mod}) may immediately follow the @var{p} | |
326 | keyletter, to specify variations on an operation's behavior: | |
327 | ||
328 | @table @code | |
329 | @item a | |
330 | @cindex relative placement in archive | |
331 | Add new files @emph{after} an existing member of the | |
ec40bbb8 | 332 | archive. If you use the modifier @samp{a}, the name of an existing archive |
650a49f0 | 333 | member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the |
c72af735 RP |
334 | @var{archive} specification. |
335 | ||
336 | @item b | |
337 | Add new files @emph{before} an existing member of the | |
ec40bbb8 | 338 | archive. If you use the modifier @samp{b}, the name of an existing archive |
650a49f0 | 339 | member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the |
c72af735 RP |
340 | @var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{i}). |
341 | ||
342 | @item c | |
343 | @cindex creating archives | |
344 | @emph{Create} the archive. The specified @var{archive} is always | |
650a49f0 | 345 | created if it did not exist, when you request an update. But a warning is |
c72af735 RP |
346 | issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it, by |
347 | using this modifier. | |
348 | ||
349 | @item i | |
350 | Insert new files @emph{before} an existing member of the | |
ec40bbb8 | 351 | archive. If you use the modifier @samp{i}, the name of an existing archive |
650a49f0 | 352 | member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the |
c72af735 RP |
353 | @var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{b}). |
354 | ||
355 | @item l | |
356 | This modifier is accepted but not used. | |
357 | @c whaffor ar l modifier??? presumably compat; with | |
358 | @c what???---pesch@@cygnus.com, 25jan91 | |
359 | ||
360 | @item o | |
361 | @cindex dates in archive | |
362 | Preserve the @emph{original} dates of members when extracting them. If | |
363 | you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive | |
e31e9a8d | 364 | are stamped with the time of extraction. |
c72af735 RP |
365 | |
366 | @item s | |
367 | @cindex writing archive index | |
368 | Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing one, | |
369 | even if no other change is made to the archive. You may use this modifier | |
370 | flag either with any operation, or alone. Running @samp{ar s} on an | |
371 | archive is equivalent to running @samp{ranlib} on it. | |
372 | ||
373 | @item u | |
374 | @cindex updating an archive | |
b703c078 | 375 | Normally, @samp{ar r}@dots{} inserts all files |
c72af735 RP |
376 | listed into the archive. If you would like to insert @emph{only} those |
377 | of the files you list that are newer than existing members of the same | |
378 | names, use this modifier. The @samp{u} modifier is allowed only for the | |
379 | operation @samp{r} (replace). In particular, the combination @samp{qu} is | |
380 | not allowed, since checking the timestamps would lose any speed | |
381 | advantage from the operation @samp{q}. | |
382 | ||
383 | @item v | |
384 | This modifier requests the @emph{verbose} version of an operation. Many | |
385 | operations display additional information, such as filenames processed, | |
386 | when the modifier @samp{v} is appended. | |
4d9b5d5a DM |
387 | |
388 | @item V | |
389 | This modifier shows the version number of @code{ar}. | |
765a273f RP |
390 | @end table |
391 | ||
eae04238 | 392 | @node ar scripts |
765a273f RP |
393 | @section Controlling @code{ar} with a script |
394 | ||
395 | @smallexample | |
396 | ar -M [ <@var{script} ] | |
397 | @end smallexample | |
398 | ||
399 | @cindex MRI compatibility, @code{ar} | |
400 | @cindex scripts, @code{ar} | |
401 | If you use the single command-line option @samp{-M} with @code{ar}, you | |
402 | can control its operation with a rudimentary command language. This | |
e31e9a8d | 403 | form of @code{ar} operates interactively if standard input is coming |
765a273f RP |
404 | directly from a terminal. During interactive use, @code{ar} prompts for |
405 | input (the prompt is @samp{AR >}), and continues executing even after | |
406 | errors. If you redirect standard input to a script file, no prompts are | |
e31e9a8d | 407 | issued, and @code{ar} abandons execution (with a nonzero exit code) |
765a273f RP |
408 | on any error. |
409 | ||
410 | The @code{ar} command language is @emph{not} designed to be equivalent | |
411 | to the command-line options; in fact, it provides somewhat less control | |
412 | over archives. The only purpose of the command language is to ease the | |
413 | transition to GNU @code{ar} for developers who already have scripts | |
414 | written for the MRI ``librarian'' program. | |
415 | ||
416 | The syntax for the @code{ar} command language is straightforward: | |
417 | @itemize @bullet | |
418 | @item | |
419 | commands are recognized in upper or lower case; for example, @code{LIST} | |
420 | is the same as @code{list}. In the following descriptions, commands are | |
421 | shown in upper case for clarity. | |
422 | ||
423 | @item | |
424 | a single command may appear on each line; it is the first word on the | |
425 | line. | |
426 | ||
427 | @item | |
428 | empty lines are allowed, and have no effect. | |
429 | ||
430 | @item | |
431 | comments are allowed; text after either of the characters @samp{*} | |
432 | or @samp{;} is ignored. | |
433 | ||
434 | @item | |
435 | Whenever you use a list of names as part of the argument to an @code{ar} | |
436 | command, you can separate the individual names with either commas or | |
437 | blanks. Commas are shown in the explanations below, for clarity. | |
438 | ||
439 | @item | |
440 | @samp{+} is used as a line continuation character; if @samp{+} appears | |
441 | at the end of a line, the text on the following line is considered part | |
442 | of the current command. | |
443 | @end itemize | |
444 | ||
445 | Here are the commands you can use in @code{ar} scripts, or when using | |
446 | @code{ar} interactively. Three of them have special significance: | |
447 | ||
448 | @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE} specify a @dfn{current archive}, which is | |
449 | a temporary file required for most of the other commands. | |
450 | ||
451 | @code{SAVE} commits the changes so far specified by the script. Prior | |
452 | to @code{SAVE}, commands affect only the temporary copy of the current | |
453 | archive. | |
454 | ||
455 | @table @code | |
456 | @item ADDLIB @var{archive} | |
457 | @itemx ADDLIB @var{archive} (@var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}) | |
458 | Add all the contents of @var{archive} (or, if specified, each named | |
459 | @var{module} from @var{archive}) to the current archive. | |
460 | ||
461 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
462 | ||
650a49f0 | 463 | @item ADDMOD @var{member}, @var{member}, @dots{} @var{member} |
765a273f RP |
464 | @c FIXME! w/Replacement?? If so, like "ar r @var{archive} @var{names}" |
465 | @c else like "ar q..." | |
650a49f0 | 466 | Add each named @var{member} as a module in the current archive. |
765a273f RP |
467 | |
468 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
469 | ||
470 | @item CLEAR | |
471 | Discard the contents of the current archive, cancelling the effect of | |
472 | any operations since the last @code{SAVE}. May be executed (with no | |
473 | effect) even if no current archive is specified. | |
474 | ||
475 | @item CREATE @var{archive} | |
476 | Creates an archive, and makes it the current archive (required for many | |
477 | other commands). The new archive is created with a temporary name; it | |
478 | is not actually saved as @var{archive} until you use @code{SAVE}. | |
479 | You can overwrite existing archives; similarly, the contents of any | |
480 | existing file named @var{archive} will not be destroyed until @code{SAVE}. | |
481 | ||
482 | @item DELETE @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module} | |
483 | Delete each listed @var{module} from the current archive; equivalent to | |
484 | @samp{ar -d @var{archive} @var{module} @dots{} @var{module}}. | |
485 | ||
486 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
487 | ||
488 | @item DIRECTORY @var{archive} (@var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}) | |
489 | @itemx DIRECTORY @var{archive} (@var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}) @var{outputfile} | |
490 | List each named @var{module} present in @var{archive}. The separate | |
491 | command @code{VERBOSE} specifies the form of the output: when verbose | |
492 | output is off, output is like that of @samp{ar -t @var{archive} | |
b703c078 DM |
493 | @var{module}@dots{}}. When verbose output is on, the listing is like |
494 | @samp{ar -tv @var{archive} @var{module}@dots{}}. | |
765a273f RP |
495 | |
496 | Output normally goes to the standard output stream; however, if you | |
497 | specify @var{outputfile} as a final argument, @code{ar} directs the | |
498 | output to that file. | |
499 | ||
500 | @item END | |
501 | Exit from @code{ar}, with a @code{0} exit code to indicate successful | |
502 | completion. This command does not save the output file; if you have | |
503 | changed the current archive since the last @code{SAVE} command, those | |
504 | changes are lost. | |
505 | ||
506 | @item EXTRACT @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module} | |
507 | Extract each named @var{module} from the current archive, writing them | |
508 | into the current directory as separate files. Equivalent to @samp{ar -x | |
b703c078 | 509 | @var{archive} @var{module}@dots{}}. |
765a273f RP |
510 | |
511 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
512 | ||
513 | @ignore | |
514 | @c FIXME Tokens but no commands??? | |
515 | @item FULLDIR | |
516 | ||
517 | @item HELP | |
518 | @end ignore | |
519 | ||
520 | @item LIST | |
521 | Display full contents of the current archive, in ``verbose'' style | |
522 | regardless of the state of @code{VERBOSE}. The effect is like @samp{ar | |
523 | tv @var{archive}}). (This single command is a GNU @code{ld} | |
524 | enhancement, rather than present for MRI compatibility.) | |
525 | ||
526 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
527 | ||
528 | @item OPEN @var{archive} | |
529 | Opens an existing archive for use as the current archive (required for | |
530 | many other commands). Any changes as the result of subsequent commands | |
531 | will not actually affect @var{archive} until you next use @code{SAVE}. | |
532 | ||
533 | @item REPLACE @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module} | |
534 | In the current archive, replace each existing @var{module} (named in | |
535 | the @code{REPLACE} arguments) from files in the current working directory. | |
536 | To execute this command without errors, both the file, and the module in | |
537 | the current archive, must exist. | |
538 | ||
539 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
540 | ||
541 | @item VERBOSE | |
542 | Toggle an internal flag governing the output from @code{DIRECTORY}. | |
543 | When the flag is on, @code{DIRECTORY} output matches output from | |
b703c078 | 544 | @samp{ar -tv }@dots{}. |
765a273f RP |
545 | |
546 | @item SAVE | |
547 | Commit your changes to the current archive, and actually save it as a | |
548 | file with the name specified in the last @code{CREATE} or @code{OPEN} | |
549 | command. | |
550 | ||
551 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. | |
c72af735 RP |
552 | |
553 | @end table | |
554 | ||
8b2c2275 RP |
555 | @iftex |
556 | @node ld | |
c72af735 RP |
557 | @chapter ld |
558 | @cindex linker | |
559 | @kindex ld | |
560 | The GNU linker @code{ld} is now described in a separate manual. | |
27e94bd5 | 561 | @xref{Top,, Overview,, Using LD: the GNU linker}. |
8b2c2275 | 562 | @end iftex |
c72af735 | 563 | |
eae04238 | 564 | @node nm |
c72af735 RP |
565 | @chapter nm |
566 | @cindex symbols | |
567 | @kindex nm | |
568 | ||
569 | @smallexample | |
d6a4c375 DM |
570 | nm [ -a | --debug-syms ] [ -g | --extern-only ] |
571 | [ -B ] [ -C | --demangle ] | |
6cfbdb50 DM |
572 | [ -s | --print-armap ] [ -A | -o | --print-file-name ] |
573 | [ -n | -v | --numeric-sort ] [ -p | --no-sort ] | |
4d9b5d5a | 574 | [ -r | --reverse-sort ] [ -u | --undefined-only ] |
6cfbdb50 DM |
575 | [ -t @var{radix} | --radix=@var{radix} ] [ -P | --portability ] |
576 | [ --target=@var{bfdname} ] [ -f @var{format} | --format=@var{format} ] | |
b26ac613 | 577 | [ -V | --version ] [ --help ] [ @var{objfile}@dots{} ] |
c72af735 RP |
578 | @end smallexample |
579 | ||
b703c078 | 580 | GNU @code{nm} lists the symbols from object files @var{objfile}@dots{}. |
6cfbdb50 DM |
581 | If no object files are listed as arguments, @code{nm} assumes |
582 | @file{a.out}. | |
583 | ||
584 | For each symbol, @code{nm} shows: | |
585 | ||
586 | @itemize @bullet | |
587 | @item | |
588 | The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or | |
589 | hexadecimal by default. | |
590 | ||
591 | @item | |
592 | The symbol type. At least the following types are used; others are, as | |
593 | well, depending on the object file format. If lowercase, the symbol is | |
594 | local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external). | |
595 | ||
596 | @c Some more detail on exactly what these symbol types are used for | |
597 | @c would be nice. | |
598 | @table @code | |
599 | @item A | |
600 | Absolute. | |
601 | ||
602 | @item B | |
603 | BSS (uninitialized data). | |
604 | ||
605 | @item C | |
606 | Common. | |
607 | ||
608 | @item D | |
609 | Initialized data. | |
610 | ||
611 | @item I | |
612 | Indirect reference. | |
613 | ||
614 | @item T | |
615 | Text (program code). | |
616 | ||
617 | @item U | |
618 | Undefined. | |
619 | @end table | |
620 | ||
621 | @item | |
622 | The symbol name. | |
623 | @end itemize | |
c72af735 RP |
624 | |
625 | The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are | |
626 | equivalent. | |
627 | ||
628 | @table @code | |
6cfbdb50 DM |
629 | @item -A |
630 | @itemx -o | |
631 | @itemx --print-file-name | |
632 | @cindex input file name | |
633 | @cindex file name | |
634 | @cindex source file name | |
635 | Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive element) | |
636 | in which it was found, rather than identifying the input file once only, | |
637 | before all of its symbols. | |
c72af735 RP |
638 | |
639 | @item -a | |
918c2f61 | 640 | @itemx --debug-syms |
c72af735 | 641 | @cindex debugging symbols |
6cfbdb50 DM |
642 | Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are not |
643 | listed. | |
644 | ||
68dd5295 DM |
645 | @item -B |
646 | @cindex @code{nm} format | |
647 | @cindex @code{nm} compatibility | |
d6a4c375 DM |
648 | The same as @samp{--format=bsd} (for compatibility with the MIPS @code{nm}). |
649 | ||
650 | @item -C | |
651 | @itemx --demangle | |
652 | @cindex demangling C++ symbols | |
653 | Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names. | |
654 | Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this | |
655 | makes C++ function names readable. @xref{c++filt}, for more information | |
656 | on demangling. | |
68dd5295 | 657 | |
6cfbdb50 DM |
658 | @item -f @var{format} |
659 | @itemx --format=@var{format} | |
68dd5295 DM |
660 | @cindex @code{nm} format |
661 | @cindex @code{nm} compatibility | |
6cfbdb50 DM |
662 | Use the output format @var{format}, which can be @code{bsd}, |
663 | @code{sysv}, or @code{posix}. The default is @code{bsd}. | |
b26ac613 | 664 | Only the first character of @var{format} is significant; it can be |
6cfbdb50 | 665 | either upper or lower case. |
c72af735 RP |
666 | |
667 | @item -g | |
918c2f61 | 668 | @itemx --extern-only |
c72af735 RP |
669 | @cindex external symbols |
670 | Display only external symbols. | |
671 | ||
b26ac613 DM |
672 | @item -n |
673 | @itemx -v | |
674 | @itemx --numeric-sort | |
675 | Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than alphabetically | |
676 | by their names. | |
677 | ||
c72af735 | 678 | @item -p |
918c2f61 | 679 | @itemx --no-sort |
c72af735 | 680 | @cindex sorting symbols |
650a49f0 | 681 | Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the order |
6cfbdb50 DM |
682 | encountered. |
683 | ||
684 | @item -P | |
685 | @itemx --portability | |
686 | Use the POSIX.2 standard output format instead of the default format. | |
687 | Equivalent to @samp{-f posix}. | |
c72af735 | 688 | |
c72af735 | 689 | @item -s |
918c2f61 | 690 | @itemx --print-armap |
c72af735 RP |
691 | @cindex symbol index, listing |
692 | When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a mapping | |
ec40bbb8 DM |
693 | (stored in the archive by @code{ar} or @code{ranlib}) of which modules |
694 | contain definitions for which names. | |
c72af735 | 695 | |
c72af735 | 696 | @item -r |
918c2f61 | 697 | @itemx --reverse-sort |
ec40bbb8 | 698 | Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let the |
c72af735 RP |
699 | last come first. |
700 | ||
6cfbdb50 DM |
701 | @item -t @var{radix} |
702 | @itemx --radix=@var{radix} | |
703 | Use @var{radix} as the radix for printing the symbol values. It must be | |
704 | @samp{d} for decimal, @samp{o} for octal, or @samp{x} for hexadecimal. | |
705 | ||
ec40bbb8 | 706 | @item --target=@var{bfdname} |
c72af735 RP |
707 | @cindex object code format |
708 | Specify an object code format other than your system's default format. | |
eae04238 | 709 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. |
c72af735 RP |
710 | |
711 | @item -u | |
918c2f61 | 712 | @itemx --undefined-only |
c72af735 RP |
713 | @cindex external symbols |
714 | @cindex undefined symbols | |
715 | Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file). | |
716 | ||
6cfbdb50 DM |
717 | @item -V |
718 | @itemx --version | |
b26ac613 DM |
719 | Show the version number of @code{nm} and exit. |
720 | ||
721 | @item --help | |
722 | Show a summary of the options to @code{nm} and exit. | |
c72af735 RP |
723 | @end table |
724 | ||
eae04238 | 725 | @node objcopy |
eed5eeab DM |
726 | @chapter objcopy |
727 | ||
728 | @smallexample | |
eae04238 DM |
729 | objcopy [ -F @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ] |
730 | [ -I @var{bfdname} | --input-target=@var{bfdname} ] | |
731 | [ -O @var{bfdname} | --output-target=@var{bfdname} ] | |
eed5eeab DM |
732 | [ -S | --strip-all ] [ -g | --strip-debug ] |
733 | [ -x | --discard-all ] [ -X | --discard-locals ] | |
f7b839f7 DM |
734 | [ -b @var{byte} | --byte=@var{byte} ] |
735 | [ -i @var{interleave} | --interleave=@var{interleave} ] | |
736 | [ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ] | |
eed5eeab DM |
737 | @var{infile} [@var{outfile}] |
738 | @end smallexample | |
739 | ||
740 | The GNU @code{objcopy} utility copies the contents of an object file to | |
741 | another. @code{objcopy} uses the GNU BFD Library to read and write the | |
742 | object files. It can write the destination object file in a format | |
743 | different from that of the source object file. The exact behavior of | |
744 | @code{objcopy} is controlled by command-line options. | |
745 | ||
746 | @code{objcopy} creates temporary files to do its translations and | |
747 | deletes them afterward. @code{objcopy} uses BFD to do all its | |
748 | translation work; it knows about all the formats BFD knows about, and | |
749 | thus is able to recognize most formats without being told explicitly. | |
eae04238 | 750 | @xref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}. |
eed5eeab DM |
751 | |
752 | @table @code | |
753 | @item @var{infile} | |
754 | @itemx @var{outfile} | |
755 | The source and output files respectively. | |
756 | If you do not specify @var{outfile}, @code{objcopy} creates a | |
757 | temporary file and destructively renames the result with | |
758 | the name of the input file. | |
759 | ||
eae04238 DM |
760 | @item -I @var{bfdname} |
761 | @itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname} | |
762 | Consider the source file's object format to be @var{bfdname}, rather than | |
763 | attempting to deduce it. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
eed5eeab | 764 | |
eae04238 DM |
765 | @item -O @var{bfdname} |
766 | @itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname} | |
767 | Write the output file using the object format @var{bfdname}. | |
768 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
eed5eeab | 769 | |
eae04238 DM |
770 | @item -F @var{bfdname} |
771 | @itemx --target=@var{bfdname} | |
772 | Use @var{bfdname} as the object format for both the input and the output | |
773 | file; i.e., simply transfer data from source to destination with no | |
774 | translation. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
eed5eeab DM |
775 | |
776 | @item -S | |
777 | @itemx --strip-all | |
778 | Do not copy relocation and symbol information from the source file. | |
779 | ||
780 | @item -g | |
781 | @itemx --strip-debug | |
782 | Do not copy debugging symbols from the source file. | |
783 | ||
784 | @item -x | |
785 | @itemx --discard-all | |
786 | Do not copy non-global symbols from the source file. | |
787 | @c FIXME any reason to prefer "non-global" to "local" here? | |
788 | ||
789 | @item -X | |
790 | @itemx --discard-locals | |
791 | Do not copy compiler-generated local symbols. | |
792 | (These usually start with @samp{L} or @samp{.}.) | |
793 | ||
db2e6adb DM |
794 | @item -b @var{byte} |
795 | @itemx --byte=@var{byte} | |
796 | Keep only every @var{byte}th byte of the input file (header data is not | |
f7b839f7 DM |
797 | affected). @var{byte} can be in the range from 0 to @var{interleave}-1, |
798 | where @var{interleave} is given by the @samp{-i} or @samp{--interleave} | |
799 | option, or the default of 4. This option is useful for creating files | |
800 | to program ROMs. It is typically used with an @code{srec} output | |
801 | target. | |
802 | ||
803 | @item -i @var{interleave} | |
804 | @itemx --interleave=@var{interleave} | |
805 | Only copy one out of every @var{interleave} bytes. Which one to copy is | |
806 | selected by the @var{-b} or @samp{--byte} option. The default is 4. | |
807 | The interleave is ignored if neither @samp{-b} nor @samp{--byte} is given. | |
db2e6adb | 808 | |
eed5eeab DM |
809 | @item -V |
810 | @itemx --version | |
811 | Show the version number of @code{objcopy}. | |
812 | ||
813 | @item -v | |
814 | @itemx --verbose | |
815 | Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of | |
816 | archives, @samp{objcopy -V} lists all members of the archive. | |
817 | ||
818 | @item --help | |
819 | Show a summary of the options to @code{objcopy}. | |
820 | @end table | |
821 | ||
eae04238 | 822 | @node objdump |
c72af735 RP |
823 | @chapter objdump |
824 | ||
825 | @cindex object file information | |
826 | @kindex objdump | |
827 | ||
828 | @smallexample | |
eae04238 DM |
829 | objdump [ -a | --archive-headers ] [ -b @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ] |
830 | [ -d | --disassemble ] [ -f | --file-headers ] | |
831 | [ -h | --section-headers | --headers ] [ -i | --info ] | |
832 | [ -j @var{section} | --section=@var{section} ] [ -l | --line-numbers ] | |
833 | [ -m @var{machine} | --architecture=@var{machine} ] [ -r | --reloc ] | |
834 | [ -s | --full-contents ] [ --stabs ] [ -t | --syms ] | |
835 | [ -x | --all-headers ] [ --version ] [ --help ] | |
4d9b5d5a | 836 | @var{objfile}@dots{} |
c72af735 RP |
837 | @end smallexample |
838 | ||
839 | @code{objdump} displays information about one or more object files. | |
840 | The options control what particular information to display. This | |
841 | information is mostly useful to programmers who are working on the | |
842 | compilation tools, as opposed to programmers who just want their | |
843 | program to compile and work. | |
844 | ||
b26ac613 DM |
845 | @var{objfile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined. When you |
846 | specify archives, @code{objdump} shows information on each of the member | |
847 | object files. | |
848 | ||
c72af735 | 849 | The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are |
ed78872a | 850 | equivalent. At least one option besides @samp{-l} must be given. |
c72af735 RP |
851 | |
852 | @table @code | |
c72af735 | 853 | @item -a |
eae04238 | 854 | @itemx --archive-header |
c72af735 | 855 | @cindex archive headers |
ec40bbb8 | 856 | If any of the @var{objfile} files are archives, display the archive |
c72af735 RP |
857 | header information (in a format similar to @samp{ls -l}). Besides the |
858 | information you could list with @samp{ar tv}, @samp{objdump -a} shows | |
859 | the object file format of each archive member. | |
860 | ||
c72af735 | 861 | @item -b @var{bfdname} |
eae04238 | 862 | @itemx --target=@var{bfdname} |
c72af735 | 863 | @cindex object code format |
ec40bbb8 DM |
864 | Specify that the object-code format for the object files is |
865 | @var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @var{objdump} can | |
866 | automatically recognize many formats. | |
867 | ||
868 | For example, | |
c72af735 RP |
869 | @example |
870 | objdump -b oasys -m vax -h fu.o | |
871 | @end example | |
872 | @noindent | |
ec40bbb8 DM |
873 | displays summary information from the section headers (@samp{-h}) of |
874 | @file{fu.o}, which is explicitly identified (@samp{-m}) as a VAX object | |
c72af735 RP |
875 | file in the format produced by Oasys compilers. You can list the |
876 | formats available with the @samp{-i} option. | |
eae04238 | 877 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. |
c72af735 RP |
878 | |
879 | @item -d | |
eae04238 | 880 | @itemx --disassemble |
c72af735 RP |
881 | @cindex disassembling object code |
882 | @cindex machine instructions | |
eae04238 | 883 | Display the assembler mnemonics for the machine |
ec40bbb8 | 884 | instructions from @var{objfile}. |
c72af735 RP |
885 | |
886 | @item -f | |
eae04238 | 887 | @itemx --file-header |
c72af735 | 888 | @cindex object file header |
eae04238 | 889 | Display summary information from the overall header of |
ec40bbb8 | 890 | each of the @var{objfile} files. |
c72af735 RP |
891 | |
892 | @item -h | |
eae04238 | 893 | @itemx --section-header |
c5f0c938 | 894 | @itemx --header |
c72af735 | 895 | @cindex section headers |
eae04238 | 896 | Display summary information from the section headers of the |
c72af735 RP |
897 | object file. |
898 | ||
db2e6adb DM |
899 | File segments may be relocated to nonstandard addresses, for example by |
900 | using the @samp{-Ttext}, @samp{-Tdata}, or @samp{-Tbss} options to | |
901 | @code{ld}. However, some object file formats, such as a.out, do not | |
902 | store the starting address of the file segments. In those situations, | |
903 | although @code{ld} relocates the sections correctly, using @samp{objdump | |
904 | -h} to list the file section headers cannot show the correct addresses. | |
905 | Instead, it shows the usual addresses, which are implicit for the | |
906 | target. | |
907 | ||
b26ac613 DM |
908 | @item --help |
909 | Print a summary of the options to @code{objdump} and exit. | |
910 | ||
c72af735 | 911 | @item -i |
eae04238 | 912 | @itemx --info |
c72af735 RP |
913 | @cindex architectures available |
914 | @cindex object formats available | |
915 | Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available | |
ec40bbb8 | 916 | for specification with @samp{-b} or @samp{-m}. |
c72af735 | 917 | |
c72af735 | 918 | @item -j @var{name} |
eae04238 | 919 | @itemx --section=@var{name} |
c72af735 | 920 | @cindex section information |
ec40bbb8 | 921 | Display information only for section @var{name}. |
c72af735 | 922 | |
c72af735 | 923 | @item -l |
eae04238 | 924 | @itemx --line-numbers |
c72af735 | 925 | @cindex source filenames for object files |
eae04238 DM |
926 | Label the display (using debugging information) with the filename |
927 | and source line numbers corresponding to the object code shown. | |
928 | Only useful with @samp{-d}. | |
c72af735 | 929 | |
c72af735 | 930 | @item -m @var{machine} |
eae04238 | 931 | @itemx --architecture=@var{machine} |
c72af735 | 932 | @cindex architecture |
ec40bbb8 | 933 | Specify that the object files @var{objfile} are for architecture |
c72af735 RP |
934 | @var{machine}. You can list available architectures using the @samp{-i} |
935 | option. | |
936 | ||
937 | @item -r | |
c5f0c938 | 938 | @itemx --reloc |
c72af735 | 939 | @cindex relocation entries, in object file |
eae04238 | 940 | Print the relocation entries of the file. |
c72af735 RP |
941 | |
942 | @item -s | |
eae04238 | 943 | @itemx --full-contents |
c72af735 RP |
944 | @cindex sections, full contents |
945 | @cindex object file sections | |
946 | Display the full contents of any sections requested. | |
947 | ||
c5f0c938 JG |
948 | @item --stabs |
949 | @cindex stab | |
950 | @cindex .stab | |
951 | @cindex debug symbols | |
952 | @cindex ELF object file format | |
c3c93fda JG |
953 | Display the full contents of any sections requested. Display the |
954 | contents of the .stab and .stab.index and .stab.excl sections from an | |
955 | ELF file. This is only useful on systems (such as Solaris 2.0) in which | |
956 | @code{.stab} debugging symbol-table entries are carried in an ELF | |
957 | section. In most other file formats, debugging symbol-table entries are | |
c5f0c938 JG |
958 | interleaved with linkage symbols, and are visible in the @samp{--syms} |
959 | output. | |
960 | ||
c72af735 | 961 | @item -t |
c5f0c938 | 962 | @itemx --syms |
c72af735 | 963 | @cindex symbol table entries, printing |
eae04238 | 964 | Print the symbol table entries of the file. |
c72af735 RP |
965 | This is similar to the information provided by the @samp{nm} program. |
966 | ||
b26ac613 DM |
967 | @item --version |
968 | Print the version number of @code{objdump} and exit. | |
969 | ||
c72af735 | 970 | @item -x |
eae04238 | 971 | @itemx --all-header |
c72af735 RP |
972 | @cindex all header information, object file |
973 | @cindex header information, all | |
974 | Display all available header information, including the symbol table and | |
975 | relocation entries. Using @samp{-x} is equivalent to specifying all of | |
976 | @samp{-a -f -h -r -t}. | |
c72af735 RP |
977 | @end table |
978 | ||
eae04238 | 979 | @node ranlib |
c72af735 RP |
980 | @chapter ranlib |
981 | ||
982 | @kindex ranlib | |
983 | @cindex archive contents | |
984 | @cindex symbol index | |
985 | ||
986 | @smallexample | |
4d9b5d5a | 987 | ranlib [-vV] @var{archive} |
c72af735 RP |
988 | @end smallexample |
989 | ||
ec40bbb8 | 990 | @code{ranlib} generates an index to the contents of an archive and |
c72af735 RP |
991 | stores it in the archive. The index lists each symbol defined by a |
992 | member of an archive that is a relocatable object file. | |
993 | ||
918c2f61 | 994 | You may use @samp{nm -s} or @samp{nm --print-armap} to list this index. |
c72af735 | 995 | |
ec40bbb8 | 996 | An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library and |
c72af735 RP |
997 | allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to |
998 | their placement in the archive. | |
999 | ||
1000 | The GNU @code{ranlib} program is another form of GNU @code{ar}; running | |
1001 | @code{ranlib} is completely equivalent to executing @samp{ar -s}. | |
1002 | @xref{ar}. | |
1003 | ||
4d9b5d5a DM |
1004 | @table @code |
1005 | @item -v | |
1006 | @itemx -V | |
1007 | Show the version number of @code{ranlib}. | |
c3f471a4 | 1008 | @end table |
4d9b5d5a | 1009 | |
eae04238 | 1010 | @node size |
c72af735 RP |
1011 | @chapter size |
1012 | ||
1013 | @kindex size | |
1014 | @cindex section sizes | |
1015 | ||
1016 | @smallexample | |
4d9b5d5a DM |
1017 | size [ -A | -B | --format=@var{compatibility} ] |
1018 | [ --help ] [ -d | -o | -x | --radix=@var{number} ] | |
1019 | [ --target=@var{bfdname} ] [ -V | --version ] | |
1020 | @var{objfile}@dots{} | |
c72af735 RP |
1021 | @end smallexample |
1022 | ||
1023 | The GNU @code{size} utility lists the section sizes---and the total | |
ec40bbb8 DM |
1024 | size---for each of the object or archive files @var{objfile} in its |
1025 | argument list. By default, one line of output is generated for each | |
1026 | object file or each module in an archive. | |
c72af735 | 1027 | |
b26ac613 DM |
1028 | @var{objfile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined. |
1029 | ||
c72af735 | 1030 | The command line options have the following meanings: |
c72af735 | 1031 | |
b26ac613 | 1032 | @table @code |
c72af735 RP |
1033 | @item -A |
1034 | @itemx -B | |
ec40bbb8 | 1035 | @itemx --format=@var{compatibility} |
68dd5295 | 1036 | @cindex @code{size} display format |
c72af735 RP |
1037 | Using one of these options, you can choose whether the output from GNU |
1038 | @code{size} resembles output from System V @code{size} (using @samp{-A}, | |
ec40bbb8 DM |
1039 | or @samp{--format=sysv}), or Berkeley @code{size} (using @samp{-B}, or |
1040 | @samp{--format=berkeley}). The default is the one-line format similar to | |
c72af735 | 1041 | Berkeley's. |
918c2f61 PB |
1042 | @c Bonus for doc-source readers: you can also say --format=strange (or |
1043 | @c anything else that starts with 's') for sysv, and --format=boring (or | |
c72af735 RP |
1044 | @c anything else that starts with 'b') for Berkeley. |
1045 | ||
1046 | Here is an example of the Berkeley (default) format of output from | |
1047 | @code{size}: | |
1048 | @smallexample | |
eae04238 | 1049 | size --format=Berkeley ranlib size |
c72af735 RP |
1050 | text data bss dec hex filename |
1051 | 294880 81920 11592 388392 5ed28 ranlib | |
1052 | 294880 81920 11888 388688 5ee50 size | |
1053 | @end smallexample | |
1054 | ||
1055 | @noindent | |
1056 | This is the same data, but displayed closer to System V conventions: | |
1057 | ||
1058 | @smallexample | |
eae04238 | 1059 | size --format=SysV ranlib size |
c72af735 RP |
1060 | ranlib : |
1061 | section size addr | |
1062 | .text 294880 8192 | |
1063 | .data 81920 303104 | |
1064 | .bss 11592 385024 | |
1065 | Total 388392 | |
1066 | ||
1067 | ||
1068 | size : | |
1069 | section size addr | |
1070 | .text 294880 8192 | |
1071 | .data 81920 303104 | |
1072 | .bss 11888 385024 | |
1073 | Total 388688 | |
1074 | @end smallexample | |
1075 | ||
918c2f61 | 1076 | @item --help |
c72af735 RP |
1077 | Show a summary of acceptable arguments and options. |
1078 | ||
1079 | @item -d | |
1080 | @itemx -o | |
1081 | @itemx -x | |
ec40bbb8 | 1082 | @itemx --radix=@var{number} |
68dd5295 | 1083 | @cindex @code{size} number format |
c72af735 RP |
1084 | @cindex radix for section sizes |
1085 | Using one of these options, you can control whether the size of each | |
ec40bbb8 DM |
1086 | section is given in decimal (@samp{-d}, or @samp{--radix=10}); octal |
1087 | (@samp{-o}, or @samp{--radix=8}); or hexadecimal (@samp{-x}, or | |
1088 | @samp{--radix=16}). In @samp{--radix=@var{number}}, only the three | |
c72af735 RP |
1089 | values (8, 10, 16) are supported. The total size is always given in two |
1090 | radices; decimal and hexadecimal for @samp{-d} or @samp{-x} output, or | |
1091 | octal and hexadecimal if you're using @samp{-o}. | |
1092 | ||
ec40bbb8 | 1093 | @item --target=@var{bfdname} |
c72af735 | 1094 | @cindex object code format |
ec40bbb8 DM |
1095 | Specify that the object-code format for @var{objfile} is |
1096 | @var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @code{size} can | |
eae04238 DM |
1097 | automatically recognize many formats. |
1098 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
c72af735 RP |
1099 | |
1100 | @item -V | |
918c2f61 | 1101 | @itemx --version |
4d9b5d5a | 1102 | Display the version number of @code{size}. |
c72af735 RP |
1103 | @end table |
1104 | ||
eae04238 | 1105 | @node strings |
ba7c8e29 DM |
1106 | @chapter strings |
1107 | @kindex strings | |
1108 | @cindex listings strings | |
1109 | @cindex printing strings | |
1110 | @cindex strings, printing | |
1111 | ||
1112 | @smallexample | |
b26ac613 | 1113 | strings [-afov] [-@var{min-len}] [-n @var{min-len}] [-t @var{radix}] [-] |
650a49f0 | 1114 | [--all] [--print-file-name] [--bytes=@var{min-len}] |
eae04238 DM |
1115 | [--radix=@var{radix}] [--target=@var{bfdname}] |
1116 | [--help] [--version] @var{file}@dots{} | |
ba7c8e29 DM |
1117 | @end smallexample |
1118 | ||
1119 | For each @var{file} given, GNU @code{strings} prints the printable | |
1120 | character sequences that are at least 4 characters long (or the number | |
1121 | given with the options below) and are followed by a NUL or newline | |
1122 | character. By default, it only prints the strings from the initialized | |
1123 | data sections of object files; for other types of files, it prints the | |
1124 | strings from the whole file. | |
1125 | ||
1126 | @code{strings} is mainly useful for determining the contents of non-text | |
1127 | files. | |
1128 | ||
1129 | @table @code | |
1130 | @item -a | |
1131 | @itemx --all | |
1132 | @itemx - | |
1133 | Do not scan only the initialized data section of object files; scan | |
1134 | the whole files. | |
1135 | ||
1136 | @item -f | |
1137 | @itemx --print-file-name | |
1138 | Print the name of the file before each string. | |
1139 | ||
b26ac613 | 1140 | @item --help |
ba7c8e29 DM |
1141 | Print a summary of the program usage on the standard output and exit. |
1142 | ||
ba7c8e29 | 1143 | @itemx -@var{min-len} |
b26ac613 | 1144 | @item -n @var{min-len} |
ba7c8e29 DM |
1145 | @itemx --bytes=@var{min-len} |
1146 | Print sequences of characters that are at least @var{min-len} characters | |
1147 | long, instead of the default 4. | |
1148 | ||
1149 | @item -o | |
b26ac613 DM |
1150 | Like @samp{-t o}. Some other versions of @code{strings} have @samp{-o} |
1151 | act like @samp{-t d} instead. Since we can not be compatible with both | |
1152 | ways, we simply chose one. | |
ba7c8e29 DM |
1153 | |
1154 | @item -t @var{radix} | |
1155 | @itemx --radix=@var{radix} | |
1156 | Print the offset within the file before each string. The single | |
1157 | character argument specifies the radix of the offset---@samp{o} for | |
1158 | octal, @samp{x} for hexadecimal, or @samp{d} for decimal. | |
1159 | ||
eae04238 DM |
1160 | @item --target=@var{bfdname} |
1161 | @cindex object code format | |
1162 | Specify an object code format other than your system's default format. | |
1163 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
1164 | ||
ba7c8e29 DM |
1165 | @item -v |
1166 | @itemx --version | |
1167 | Print the program version number on the standard output and exit. | |
1168 | @end table | |
1169 | ||
eae04238 | 1170 | @node strip |
c72af735 RP |
1171 | @chapter strip |
1172 | ||
1173 | @kindex strip | |
1174 | @cindex removing symbols | |
1175 | @cindex discarding symbols | |
1815e42c | 1176 | @cindex symbols, discarding |
c72af735 RP |
1177 | |
1178 | @smallexample | |
eae04238 DM |
1179 | strip [ -F @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ] |
1180 | [ -I @var{bfdname} | --input-target=@var{bfdname} ] | |
1181 | [ -O @var{bfdname} | --output-target=@var{bfdname} ] | |
b703c078 DM |
1182 | [ -s | --strip-all ] [ -S | -g | --strip-debug ] |
1183 | [ -x | --discard-all ] [ -X | --discard-locals ] | |
b26ac613 | 1184 | [ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ] |
b703c078 | 1185 | @var{objfile}@dots{} |
c72af735 RP |
1186 | @end smallexample |
1187 | ||
e31e9a8d | 1188 | GNU @code{strip} discards all symbols from object files |
ec40bbb8 | 1189 | @var{objfile}. The list of object files may include archives. |
b26ac613 | 1190 | At least one object file must be given. |
c72af735 | 1191 | |
ec40bbb8 | 1192 | @code{strip} modifies the files named in its argument, |
c72af735 | 1193 | rather than writing modified copies under different names. |
c72af735 | 1194 | |
c72af735 | 1195 | @table @code |
eae04238 DM |
1196 | @item -F @var{bfdname} |
1197 | @itemx --target=@var{bfdname} | |
b26ac613 | 1198 | Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object |
eae04238 DM |
1199 | code format @var{bfdname}, and rewrite it in the same format. |
1200 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
b26ac613 DM |
1201 | |
1202 | @item --help | |
1203 | Show a summary of the options to @code{strip} and exit. | |
1204 | ||
eae04238 DM |
1205 | @item -I @var{bfdname} |
1206 | @itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname} | |
ec40bbb8 | 1207 | Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object |
eae04238 DM |
1208 | code format @var{bfdname}. |
1209 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
918c2f61 | 1210 | |
eae04238 DM |
1211 | @item -O @var{bfdname} |
1212 | @itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname} | |
1213 | Replace @var{objfile} with a file in the output format @var{bfdname}. | |
1214 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
918c2f61 | 1215 | |
b703c078 DM |
1216 | @item -s |
1217 | @itemx --strip-all | |
1218 | Remove all symbols. | |
1219 | ||
918c2f61 PB |
1220 | @item -g |
1221 | @itemx -S | |
1222 | @itemx --strip-debug | |
1223 | Remove debugging symbols only. | |
1224 | ||
1225 | @item -x | |
1226 | @itemx --discard-all | |
1227 | Remove non-global symbols. | |
1228 | ||
1229 | @item -X | |
1230 | @itemx --discard-locals | |
1231 | Remove compiler-generated local symbols. | |
ec40bbb8 | 1232 | (These usually start with @samp{L} or @samp{.}.) |
918c2f61 PB |
1233 | |
1234 | @item -V | |
1235 | @itemx --version | |
ec40bbb8 | 1236 | Show the version number for @code{strip}. |
918c2f61 | 1237 | |
1815e42c | 1238 | @item -v |
918c2f61 PB |
1239 | @itemx --verbose |
1240 | Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of | |
1269d441 | 1241 | archives, @samp{strip -v} lists all members of the archive. |
c72af735 RP |
1242 | @end table |
1243 | ||
eae04238 | 1244 | @node c++filt |
b6216af2 PB |
1245 | @chapter c++filt |
1246 | ||
1247 | @kindex c++filt | |
1248 | @cindex demangling C++ symbols | |
1249 | ||
b26ac613 DM |
1250 | @smallexample |
1251 | c++filt [ -_ | --strip-underscores ] | |
1252 | [ -s @var{format} | --format=@var{format} ] | |
d6a4c375 | 1253 | [ --help ] [ --version ] [ @var{symbol}@dots{} ] |
b26ac613 DM |
1254 | @end smallexample |
1255 | ||
6c69b6bd JO |
1256 | The C++ language provides function overloading, which means that you can |
1257 | write many functions with the same name (providing each takes parameters | |
1258 | of different types). All C++ function names are encoded into a | |
b26ac613 | 1259 | low-level assembly label (this process is known as |
6c69b6bd JO |
1260 | @dfn{mangling}). The @code{c++filt} program does the inverse mapping: it |
1261 | decodes (@dfn{demangles}) low-level names into user-level names so that | |
1262 | the linker can keep these overloaded functions from clashing. | |
1263 | ||
1264 | Every alphanumeric word (consisting of letters, digits, underscores, | |
1265 | dollars, or periods) seen in the input is a potential label. If the | |
1266 | label decodes into a C++ name, the C++ name replaces the low-level | |
1267 | name in the output. | |
b6216af2 | 1268 | |
d6a4c375 | 1269 | You can use @code{c++filt} to decipher individual symbols: |
6c69b6bd JO |
1270 | |
1271 | @example | |
1272 | c++filt @var{symbol} | |
1273 | @end example | |
1274 | ||
d6a4c375 DM |
1275 | If no @var{symbol} arguments are given, @code{c++filt} reads symbol |
1276 | names from the standard input and writes the demangled names to the | |
1277 | standard output. All results are printed on the standard output. | |
b6216af2 | 1278 | |
b26ac613 DM |
1279 | @table @code |
1280 | @item -_ | |
94e9ad77 | 1281 | @itemx --strip-underscores |
b26ac613 DM |
1282 | On some systems, both the C and C++ compilers put an underscore in front |
1283 | of every name. For example, the C name @code{foo} gets the low-level | |
1284 | name @code{_foo}. This option removes the initial underscore. | |
1285 | ||
1286 | @item -s @var{format} | |
1287 | @itemx --format=@var{format} | |
1288 | GNU @code{nm} can decode three different methods of mangling, used by | |
1289 | different C++ compilers. The argument to this option selects which | |
1290 | method it uses: | |
1291 | ||
1292 | @table @code | |
1293 | @item gnu | |
1294 | the one used by the GNU compiler (the default method) | |
1295 | @item lucid | |
1296 | the one used by the Lucid compiler | |
1297 | @item arm | |
1298 | the one specified by the C++ Annotated Reference Manual | |
1299 | @end table | |
1300 | ||
1301 | @item --help | |
1302 | Print a summary of the options to @code{c++filt} and exit. | |
1303 | ||
1304 | @item --version | |
1305 | Print the version number of @code{c++filt} and exit. | |
1306 | @end table | |
b6216af2 | 1307 | |
5eac46ae JO |
1308 | @quotation |
1309 | @emph{Warning:} @code{c++filt} is a new utility, and the details of its | |
1310 | user interface are subject to change in future releases. In particular, | |
1311 | a command-line option may be required in the the future to decode a name | |
1312 | passed as an argument on the command line; in other words, | |
1313 | ||
1314 | @example | |
b26ac613 | 1315 | c++filt @var{symbol} |
5eac46ae JO |
1316 | @end example |
1317 | ||
1318 | @noindent | |
1319 | may in a future release become | |
1320 | ||
1321 | @example | |
b26ac613 | 1322 | c++filt @var{option} @var{symbol} |
5eac46ae JO |
1323 | @end example |
1324 | @end quotation | |
1325 | ||
eae04238 | 1326 | @node nlmconv |
94e9ad77 JO |
1327 | @chapter nlmconv |
1328 | ||
1329 | @code{nlmconv} converts a relocatable object file into a NetWare | |
4961ce5b JO |
1330 | Loadable Module. @code{nlmconv} currently works with @samp{i386} object |
1331 | files in @code{coff}, @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format, and @sc{SPARC} | |
1332 | object files in @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format@footnote{ | |
1333 | @code{nlmconv} should work with any @samp{i386} or @sc{sparc} object | |
1334 | format in the Binary File Descriptor library. It has only been tested | |
1335 | with the above formats.}. | |
1336 | ||
1337 | @quotation | |
1338 | @emph{Warning:} @code{nlmconv} is not always built as part of the binary | |
1339 | utilities, since it is only useful for NLM targets. | |
1340 | @end quotation | |
94e9ad77 JO |
1341 | |
1342 | @smallexample | |
eae04238 DM |
1343 | nlmconv [ -I @var{bfdname} | --input-target=@var{bfdname} ] |
1344 | [ -O @var{bfdname} | --output-target=@var{bfdname} ] | |
94e9ad77 JO |
1345 | [ -T @var{headerfile} | --header-file=@var{headerfile} ] |
1346 | [ -h | --help ] [ -V | --version ] | |
1347 | @var{infile} @var{outfile} | |
1348 | @end smallexample | |
1349 | ||
1350 | @code{nlmconv} converts the relocatable @samp{i386} object file | |
1351 | @var{infile} into the NetWare Loadable Module @var{outfile}, optionally | |
1352 | reading @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions | |
5b0ba16d JO |
1353 | on writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see the |
1354 | @samp{linkers} section, @samp{NLMLINK} in particular, of the @cite{NLM | |
1355 | Development and Tools Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software | |
1356 | Developer's Kit (``NLM SDK''), available from Novell, Inc. | |
1357 | @code{nlmconv} uses the @sc{gnu} Binary File Descriptor library to read | |
eae04238 | 1358 | @var{infile}; see @ref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}, for |
5b0ba16d | 1359 | more information. |
94e9ad77 JO |
1360 | |
1361 | @table @code | |
eae04238 DM |
1362 | @item -I @var{bfdname} |
1363 | @itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname} | |
94e9ad77 | 1364 | Object format of the input file. @code{nlmconv} can usually determine |
eae04238 DM |
1365 | the format of a given file (so no default is necessary). |
1366 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
94e9ad77 | 1367 | |
eae04238 DM |
1368 | @item -O @var{bfdname} |
1369 | @itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname} | |
94e9ad77 JO |
1370 | Object format of the output file. @code{nlmconv} infers the output |
1371 | format based on the input format, e.g. for a @samp{i386} input file the | |
eae04238 DM |
1372 | output format is @samp{nlm32-i386}. |
1373 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. | |
94e9ad77 JO |
1374 | |
1375 | @item -T @var{headerfile} | |
1376 | @itemx --header-file=@var{headerfile} | |
1377 | Reads @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions on | |
5b0ba16d JO |
1378 | writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see@ see the |
1379 | @samp{linkers} section, of the @cite{NLM Development and Tools | |
1380 | Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software Developer's Kit, available | |
1381 | from Novell, Inc. | |
94e9ad77 JO |
1382 | |
1383 | @item -h | |
1384 | @itemx --help | |
1385 | Prints a usage summary. | |
1386 | ||
1387 | @item -V | |
1388 | @itemx --version | |
1389 | Prints the version number for @code{nlmconv}. | |
1390 | @end table | |
1391 | ||
eae04238 DM |
1392 | @node Selecting The Target System |
1393 | @chapter Selecting the target system | |
1394 | ||
1395 | You can specify three aspects of the target system to the GNU binary | |
1396 | file utilities, each in several ways. The three aspects of the target | |
1397 | system that you can specify are | |
1398 | ||
1399 | @itemize @bullet | |
1400 | @item | |
1401 | the target, | |
1402 | ||
1403 | @item | |
1404 | the architecture, and | |
1405 | ||
1406 | @item | |
1407 | the linker emulation (which applies to the linker only). | |
1408 | @end itemize | |
1409 | ||
1410 | In the following summaries, the lists of ways to specify values are in | |
1411 | order of decreasing precedence. In other words, the ways listed earlier | |
1412 | override the ways listed later. | |
1413 | ||
1414 | The commands to list valid values only list the values that the programs | |
1415 | you are running were configured for. If they were configured with | |
1416 | @samp{--with-targets=all}, the commands list most of the available | |
1417 | values, but a few are left out; not all targets can be configured in at | |
1418 | once because some of them can only be compiled ``native'' (on hosts with | |
1419 | the same type as the target system). | |
1420 | ||
1421 | @menu | |
1422 | * Target Selection:: | |
1423 | * Architecture Selection:: | |
1424 | * Linker Emulation Selection:: | |
1425 | @end menu | |
1426 | ||
1427 | @node Target Selection | |
1428 | @section Target selection | |
1429 | ||
1430 | A @dfn{target} is an object file format. A given target may be | |
1431 | supported for multiple architectures (@pxref{Architecture Selection}). | |
1432 | It may also have variations for different operating systems or architectures. | |
1433 | ||
1434 | Command to list valid values: @samp{objdump -i} (first column). | |
1435 | ||
1436 | Sample values: @samp{a.out-hp300bsd}, @samp{ecoff-littlemips}, @samp{a.out-sunos-big}. | |
1437 | ||
1438 | @menu | |
1439 | * objdump Target:: | |
1440 | * objcopy strip Input Target:: | |
1441 | * objcopy strip Output Target:: | |
1442 | * nm size strings Target:: | |
1443 | * Linker Input Target:: | |
1444 | * Linker Output Target:: | |
1445 | @end menu | |
1446 | ||
1447 | @node objdump Target | |
1448 | @subsection @code{objdump} target | |
1449 | ||
1450 | Ways to specify: | |
1451 | ||
1452 | @enumerate | |
1453 | @item | |
1454 | command line option @samp{-b}, @samp{--target} | |
1455 | ||
1456 | @item | |
1457 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} | |
1458 | ||
1459 | @item | |
1460 | deduced from the input file | |
1461 | @end enumerate | |
1462 | ||
1463 | @node objcopy strip Input Target | |
1464 | @subsection @code{objcopy} and @code{strip} input target | |
1465 | ||
1466 | Ways to specify: | |
1467 | ||
1468 | @enumerate | |
1469 | @item | |
1470 | command line option @samp{-I}, @samp{--input-target}, @samp{-F}, @samp{--target} | |
1471 | ||
1472 | @item | |
1473 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} | |
1474 | ||
1475 | @item | |
1476 | deduced from the input file | |
1477 | @end enumerate | |
1478 | ||
1479 | @node objcopy strip Output Target | |
1480 | @subsection @code{objcopy} and @code{strip} output target | |
1481 | ||
1482 | Ways to specify: | |
1483 | ||
1484 | @enumerate | |
1485 | @item | |
1486 | command line option @samp{-O}, @samp{-F}, @samp{--output-target}, @samp{--target} | |
1487 | ||
1488 | @item | |
1489 | the input target (@pxref{objcopy strip Input Target}) | |
1490 | ||
1491 | @item | |
1492 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} | |
1493 | ||
1494 | @item | |
1495 | deduced from the input file | |
1496 | @end enumerate | |
1497 | ||
1498 | @node nm size strings Target | |
1499 | @subsection @code{nm}, @code{size}, and @code{strings} target | |
1500 | ||
1501 | Ways to specify: | |
1502 | ||
1503 | @enumerate | |
1504 | @item | |
1505 | command line option @samp{--target} | |
1506 | ||
1507 | @item | |
1508 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} | |
1509 | ||
1510 | @item | |
1511 | deduced from the input file | |
1512 | @end enumerate | |
1513 | ||
1514 | @node Linker Input Target | |
1515 | @subsection Linker input target | |
1516 | ||
1517 | Ways to specify: | |
1518 | ||
1519 | @enumerate | |
1520 | @item | |
1521 | command line option @samp{-b}, @samp{-format} | |
1522 | (@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD}) | |
1523 | ||
1524 | @item | |
1525 | script command @code{TARGET} | |
1526 | (@pxref{Option Commands,,Option Commands,ld.info,Using LD}) | |
1527 | ||
1528 | @item | |
1529 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} | |
1530 | (@pxref{Environment,,Environment,ld.info,Using LD}) | |
1531 | ||
1532 | @item | |
1533 | the default target of the selected linker emulation | |
1534 | (@pxref{Linker Emulation Selection}) | |
1535 | @end enumerate | |
1536 | ||
1537 | @node Linker Output Target | |
1538 | @subsection Linker output target | |
1539 | ||
1540 | Ways to specify: | |
1541 | ||
1542 | @enumerate | |
1543 | @item | |
1544 | command line option @samp{-oformat} | |
1545 | (@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD}) | |
1546 | ||
1547 | @item | |
1548 | script command @code{OUTPUT_FORMAT} | |
1549 | (@pxref{Option Commands,,Option Commands,ld.info,Using LD}) | |
1550 | ||
1551 | @item | |
1552 | the linker input target (@pxref{Linker Input Target}) | |
1553 | @end enumerate | |
1554 | ||
1555 | @node Architecture Selection | |
1556 | @section Architecture selection | |
1557 | ||
1558 | An @dfn{architecture} is a type of CPU on which an object file is to | |
1559 | run. Its name may contain a colon, separating the name of the | |
1560 | processor family from the name of the particular CPU. | |
1561 | ||
1562 | Command to list valid values: @samp{objdump -i} (second column). | |
1563 | ||
1564 | Sample values: @samp{m68k:68020}, @samp{mips:3000}, @samp{sparc}. | |
1565 | ||
1566 | @menu | |
1567 | * objdump Architecture:: | |
1568 | * objcopy nm size strings Architecture:: | |
1569 | * Linker Input Architecture:: | |
1570 | * Linker Output Architecture:: | |
1571 | @end menu | |
1572 | ||
1573 | @node objdump Architecture | |
1574 | @subsection @code{objdump} architecture | |
1575 | ||
1576 | Ways to specify: | |
1577 | ||
1578 | @enumerate | |
1579 | @item | |
1580 | command line option @samp{-m}, @samp{--architecture} | |
1581 | ||
1582 | @item | |
1583 | deduced from the input file | |
1584 | @end enumerate | |
1585 | ||
1586 | @node objcopy nm size strings Architecture | |
1587 | @subsection @code{objcopy}, @code{nm}, @code{size}, @code{strings} architecture | |
1588 | ||
1589 | Ways to specify: | |
1590 | ||
1591 | @enumerate | |
1592 | @item | |
1593 | deduced from the input file | |
1594 | @end enumerate | |
1595 | ||
1596 | @node Linker Input Architecture | |
1597 | @subsection Linker input architecture | |
1598 | ||
1599 | Ways to specify: | |
1600 | ||
1601 | @enumerate | |
1602 | @item | |
1603 | deduced from the input file | |
1604 | @end enumerate | |
1605 | ||
1606 | @node Linker Output Architecture | |
1607 | @subsection Linker output architecture | |
1608 | ||
1609 | Ways to specify: | |
1610 | ||
1611 | @enumerate | |
1612 | @item | |
1613 | script command @code{OUTPUT_ARCH} | |
1614 | (@pxref{Option Commands,,Option Commands,ld.info,Using LD}) | |
1615 | ||
1616 | @item | |
1617 | the default architecture from the linker output target | |
1618 | (@pxref{Linker Output Target}) | |
1619 | @end enumerate | |
1620 | ||
1621 | @node Linker Emulation Selection | |
1622 | @section Linker emulation selection | |
1623 | ||
1624 | A linker @dfn{emulation} is a ``personality'' of the linker, which gives | |
1625 | the linker default values for the other aspects of the target system. | |
1626 | In particular, it consists of | |
1627 | ||
1628 | @itemize @bullet | |
1629 | @item | |
1630 | the linker script, | |
1631 | ||
1632 | @item | |
1633 | the target, and | |
1634 | ||
1635 | @item | |
1636 | several ``hook'' functions that are run at certain stages of the linking | |
1637 | process to do special things that some targets require. | |
1638 | @end itemize | |
1639 | ||
1640 | Command to list valid values: @samp{ld -V}. | |
1641 | ||
1642 | Sample values: @samp{hp300bsd}, @samp{mipslit}, @samp{sun4}. | |
1643 | ||
1644 | Ways to specify: | |
1645 | ||
1646 | @enumerate | |
1647 | @item | |
1648 | command line option @samp{-m} | |
1649 | (@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD}) | |
1650 | ||
1651 | @item | |
1652 | environment variable @code{LDEMULATION} | |
1653 | ||
1654 | @item | |
1655 | compiled-in @code{DEFAULT_EMULATION} from @file{Makefile}, | |
1656 | which comes from @code{EMUL} in @file{config/@var{target}.mt} | |
1657 | @end enumerate | |
1658 | ||
1659 | @node Index | |
c72af735 RP |
1660 | @unnumbered Index |
1661 | ||
1662 | @printindex cp | |
1663 | ||
1664 | @contents | |
1665 | @bye |