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219d1afa | 1 | @c Copyright (C) 2016-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
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2 | @c This is part of the GAS anual. |
3 | @c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo | |
4 | @c man end | |
5 | ||
6 | @ifset GENERIC | |
7 | @page | |
8 | @node RISC-V-Dependent | |
9 | @chapter RISC-V Dependent Features | |
10 | @end ifset | |
11 | @ifclear GENERIC | |
12 | @node Machine Dependencies | |
13 | @chapter RISC-V Dependent Features | |
14 | @end ifclear | |
15 | ||
16 | @cindex RISC-V support | |
17 | @menu | |
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18 | * RISC-V-Options:: RISC-V Options |
19 | * RISC-V-Directives:: RISC-V Directives | |
0e35537d | 20 | * RISC-V-Formats:: RISC-V Instruction Formats |
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21 | @end menu |
22 | ||
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23 | @node RISC-V-Options |
24 | @section RISC-V Options | |
e23eba97 | 25 | |
b57e49f7 | 26 | The following table lists all available RISC-V specific options. |
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27 | |
28 | @c man begin OPTIONS | |
29 | @table @gcctabopt | |
e23eba97 | 30 | |
19683c04 PD |
31 | @cindex @samp{-fpic} option, RISC-V |
32 | @item -fpic | |
b57e49f7 | 33 | @itemx -fPIC |
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34 | Generate position-independent code |
35 | ||
36 | @cindex @samp{-fno-pic} option, RISC-V | |
37 | @item -fno-pic | |
38 | Don't generate position-independent code (default) | |
39 | ||
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40 | @cindex @samp{-march=ISA} option, RISC-V |
41 | @item -march=ISA | |
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42 | Select the base isa, as specified by ISA. For example -march=rv32ima. |
43 | ||
44 | @cindex @samp{-mabi=ABI} option, RISC-V | |
45 | @item -mabi=ABI | |
46 | Selects the ABI, which is either "ilp32" or "lp64", optionally followed | |
47 | by "f", "d", or "q" to indicate single-precision, double-precision, or | |
48 | quad-precision floating-point calling convention, or none to indicate | |
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49 | the soft-float calling convention. Also, "ilp32" can optionally be followed |
50 | by "e" to indicate the RVE ABI, which is always soft-float. | |
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52 | @cindex @samp{-mrelax} option, RISC-V |
53 | @item -mrelax | |
54 | Take advantage of linker relaxations to reduce the number of instructions | |
55 | required to materialize symbol addresses. (default) | |
56 | ||
57 | @cindex @samp{-mno-relax} option, RISC-V | |
58 | @item -mno-relax | |
59 | Don't do linker relaxations. | |
60 | ||
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61 | @end table |
62 | @c man end | |
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63 | |
64 | @node RISC-V-Directives | |
fed44c60 | 65 | @section RISC-V Directives |
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66 | @cindex machine directives, RISC-V |
67 | @cindex RISC-V machine directives | |
68 | ||
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69 | The following table lists all available RISC-V specific directives. |
70 | ||
71 | @table @code | |
72 | ||
73 | @cindex @code{align} directive | |
74 | @item .align @var{size-log-2} | |
75 | Align to the given boundary, with the size given as log2 the number of bytes to | |
76 | align to. | |
77 | ||
78 | @cindex Data directives | |
79 | @item .half @var{value} | |
80 | @itemx .word @var{value} | |
81 | @itemx .dword @var{value} | |
82 | Emits a half-word, word, or double-word value at the current position. | |
83 | ||
84 | @cindex DTP-relative data directives | |
85 | @item .dtprelword @var{value} | |
86 | @itemx .dtpreldword @var{value} | |
87 | Emits a DTP-relative word (or double-word) at the current position. This is | |
88 | meant to be used by the compiler in shared libraries for DWARF debug info for | |
89 | thread local variables. | |
90 | ||
91 | @cindex BSS directive | |
92 | @item .bss | |
93 | Sets the current section to the BSS section. | |
94 | ||
95 | @cindex LEB128 directives | |
96 | @item .uleb128 @var{value} | |
97 | @itemx .sleb128 @var{value} | |
98 | Emits a signed or unsigned LEB128 value at the current position. This only | |
99 | accepts constant expressions, because symbol addresses can change with | |
100 | relaxation, and we don't support relocations to modify LEB128 values at link | |
101 | time. | |
102 | ||
103 | @cindex Option directive | |
104 | @cindex @code{option} directive | |
105 | @item .option @var{argument} | |
106 | Modifies RISC-V specific assembler options inline with the assembly code. | |
107 | This is used when particular instruction sequences must be assembled with a | |
108 | specific set of options. For example, since we relax addressing sequences to | |
109 | shorter GP-relative sequences when possible the initial load of GP must not be | |
110 | relaxed and should be emitted as something like | |
111 | ||
112 | @smallexample | |
113 | .option push | |
114 | .option norelax | |
115 | la gp, __global_pointer$ | |
116 | .option pop | |
117 | @end smallexample | |
118 | ||
119 | in order to produce after linker relaxation the expected | |
120 | ||
121 | @smallexample | |
122 | auipc gp, %pcrel_hi(__global_pointer$) | |
123 | addi gp, gp, %pcrel_lo(__global_pointer$) | |
124 | @end smallexample | |
125 | ||
126 | instead of just | |
127 | ||
128 | @smallexample | |
129 | addi gp, gp, 0 | |
130 | @end smallexample | |
131 | ||
132 | It's not expected that options are changed in this manner during regular use, | |
133 | but there are a handful of esoteric cases like the one above where users need | |
134 | to disable particular features of the assembler for particular code sequences. | |
135 | The complete list of option arguments is shown below: | |
136 | ||
137 | @table @code | |
138 | @item push | |
139 | @itemx pop | |
140 | Pushes or pops the current option stack. These should be used whenever | |
141 | changing an option in line with assembly code in order to ensure the user's | |
142 | command-line options are respected for the bulk of the file being assembled. | |
143 | ||
144 | @item rvc | |
145 | @itemx norvc | |
146 | Enables or disables the generation of compressed instructions. Instructions | |
147 | are opportunistically compressed by the RISC-V assembler when possible, but | |
148 | sometimes this behavior is not desirable. | |
149 | ||
150 | @item pic | |
151 | @itemx nopic | |
152 | Enables or disables position-independent code generation. Unless you really | |
153 | know what you're doing, this should only be at the top of a file. | |
154 | ||
155 | @item relax | |
156 | @itemx norelax | |
157 | Enables or disables relaxation. The RISC-V assembler and linker | |
158 | opportunistically relax some code sequences, but sometimes this behavior is not | |
159 | desirable. | |
160 | @end table | |
161 | ||
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162 | @cindex INSN directives |
163 | @item .insn @var{value} | |
164 | @itemx .insn @var{value} | |
165 | This directive permits the numeric representation of an instructions | |
166 | and makes the assembler insert the operands according to one of the | |
167 | instruction formats for @samp{.insn} (@ref{RISC-V-Formats}). | |
168 | For example, the instruction @samp{add a0, a1, a2} could be written as | |
169 | @samp{.insn r 0x33, 0, 0, a0, a1, a2}. | |
170 | ||
b57e49f7 | 171 | @end table |
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172 | |
173 | @node RISC-V-Formats | |
174 | @section Instruction Formats | |
175 | @cindex instruction formats, risc-v | |
176 | @cindex RISC-V instruction formats | |
177 | ||
178 | The RISC-V Instruction Set Manual Volume I: User-Level ISA lists 12 | |
179 | instruction formats where some of the formats have multiple variants. | |
180 | For the @samp{.insn} pseudo directive the assembler recognizes some | |
181 | of the formats. | |
182 | Typically, the most general variant of the instruction format is used | |
183 | by the @samp{.insn} directive. | |
184 | ||
185 | The following table lists the abbreviations used in the table of | |
186 | instruction formats: | |
187 | ||
188 | @display | |
189 | @multitable @columnfractions .15 .40 | |
190 | @item opcode @tab Unsigned immediate or opcode name for 7-bits opcode. | |
191 | @item opcode2 @tab Unsigned immediate or opcode name for 2-bits opcode. | |
192 | @item func7 @tab Unsigned immediate for 7-bits function code. | |
4765cd61 | 193 | @item func6 @tab Unsigned immediate for 6-bits function code. |
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194 | @item func4 @tab Unsigned immediate for 4-bits function code. |
195 | @item func3 @tab Unsigned immediate for 3-bits function code. | |
196 | @item func2 @tab Unsigned immediate for 2-bits function code. | |
197 | @item rd @tab Destination register number for operand x, can be GPR or FPR. | |
198 | @item rd' @tab Destination register number for operand x, | |
199 | only accept s0-s1, a0-a5, fs0-fs1 and fa0-fa5. | |
200 | @item rs1 @tab First source register number for operand x, can be GPR or FPR. | |
201 | @item rs1' @tab First source register number for operand x, | |
202 | only accept s0-s1, a0-a5, fs0-fs1 and fa0-fa5. | |
203 | @item rs2 @tab Second source register number for operand x, can be GPR or FPR. | |
204 | @item rs2' @tab Second source register number for operand x, | |
205 | only accept s0-s1, a0-a5, fs0-fs1 and fa0-fa5. | |
206 | @item simm12 @tab Sign-extended 12-bit immediate for operand x. | |
207 | @item simm20 @tab Sign-extended 20-bit immediate for operand x. | |
208 | @item simm6 @tab Sign-extended 6-bit immediate for operand x. | |
209 | @item uimm8 @tab Unsigned 8-bit immediate for operand x. | |
210 | @item symbol @tab Symbol or lable reference for operand x. | |
211 | @end multitable | |
212 | @end display | |
213 | ||
214 | The following table lists all available opcode name: | |
215 | ||
216 | @table @code | |
217 | @item C0 | |
218 | @item C1 | |
219 | @item C2 | |
220 | Opcode space for compressed instructions. | |
221 | ||
222 | @item LOAD | |
223 | Opcode space for load instructions. | |
224 | ||
225 | @item LOAD_FP | |
226 | Opcode space for floating-point load instructions. | |
227 | ||
228 | @item STORE | |
229 | Opcode space for store instructions. | |
230 | ||
231 | @item STORE_FP | |
232 | Opcode space for floating-point store instructions. | |
233 | ||
234 | @item AUIPC | |
235 | Opcode space for auipc instruction. | |
236 | ||
237 | @item LUI | |
238 | Opcode space for lui instruction. | |
239 | ||
240 | @item BRANCH | |
241 | Opcode space for branch instructions. | |
242 | ||
243 | @item JAL | |
244 | Opcode space for jal instruction. | |
245 | ||
246 | @item JALR | |
247 | Opcode space for jalr instruction. | |
248 | ||
249 | @item OP | |
250 | Opcode space for ALU instructions. | |
251 | ||
252 | @item OP_32 | |
253 | Opcode space for 32-bits ALU instructions. | |
254 | ||
255 | @item OP_IMM | |
256 | Opcode space for ALU with immediate instructions. | |
257 | ||
258 | @item OP_IMM_32 | |
259 | Opcode space for 32-bits ALU with immediate instructions. | |
260 | ||
261 | @item OP_FP | |
262 | Opcode space for floating-point operation instructions. | |
263 | ||
264 | @item MADD | |
265 | Opcode space for madd instruction. | |
266 | ||
267 | @item MSUB | |
268 | Opcode space for msub instruction. | |
269 | ||
270 | @item NMADD | |
271 | Opcode space for nmadd instruction. | |
272 | ||
273 | @item NMSUB | |
274 | Opcode space for msub instruction. | |
275 | ||
276 | @item AMO | |
277 | Opcode space for atomic memory operation instructions. | |
278 | ||
279 | @item MISC_IMM | |
280 | Opcode space for misc instructions. | |
281 | ||
282 | @item SYSTEM | |
283 | Opcode space for system instructions. | |
284 | ||
285 | @item CUSTOM_0 | |
286 | @item CUSTOM_1 | |
287 | @item CUSTOM_2 | |
288 | @item CUSTOM_3 | |
289 | Opcode space for customize instructions. | |
290 | ||
291 | @end table | |
292 | ||
293 | An instruction is two or four bytes in length and must be aligned | |
294 | on a 2 byte boundary. The first two bits of the instruction specify the | |
295 | length of the instruction, 00, 01 and 10 indicates a two byte instruction, | |
296 | 11 indicates a four byte instruction. | |
297 | ||
298 | The following table lists the RISC-V instruction formats that are available | |
299 | with the @samp{.insn} pseudo directive: | |
300 | ||
301 | @table @code | |
302 | @item R type: .insn r opcode, func3, func7, rd, rs1, rs2 | |
303 | @verbatim | |
304 | +-------+-----+-----+-------+----+-------------+ | |
305 | | func7 | rs2 | rs1 | func3 | rd | opcode | | |
306 | +-------+-----+-----+-------+----+-------------+ | |
307 | 31 25 20 15 12 7 0 | |
308 | @end verbatim | |
309 | ||
310 | @item R type with 4 register operands: .insn r opcode, func3, func2, rd, rs1, rs2, rs3 | |
311 | @verbatim | |
312 | +-----+-------+-----+-----+-------+----+-------------+ | |
313 | | rs3 | func2 | rs2 | rs1 | func3 | rd | opcode | | |
314 | +-----+-------+-----+-----+-------+----+-------------+ | |
315 | 31 27 25 20 15 12 7 0 | |
316 | @end verbatim | |
317 | ||
318 | @item I type: .insn i opcode, func3, rd, rs1, simm12 | |
319 | @verbatim | |
320 | +-------------+-----+-------+----+-------------+ | |
321 | | simm12 | rs1 | func3 | rd | opcode | | |
322 | +-------------+-----+-------+----+-------------+ | |
323 | 31 20 15 12 7 0 | |
324 | @end verbatim | |
325 | ||
326 | @item S type: .insn s opcode, func3, rd, rs1, simm12 | |
327 | @verbatim | |
328 | +--------------+-----+-----+-------+-------------+-------------+ | |
329 | | simm12[11:5] | rs2 | rs1 | func3 | simm12[4:0] | opcode | | |
330 | +--------------+-----+-----+-------+-------------+-------------+ | |
331 | 31 25 20 15 12 7 0 | |
332 | @end verbatim | |
333 | ||
334 | @item SB type: .insn sb opcode, func3, rd, rs1, symbol | |
335 | @itemx SB type: .insn sb opcode, func3, rd, simm12(rs1) | |
336 | @verbatim | |
337 | +--------------+-----+-----+-------+-------------+-------------+ | |
338 | | simm21[11:5] | rs2 | rs1 | func3 | simm12[4:0] | opcode | | |
339 | +--------------+-----+-----+-------+-------------+-------------+ | |
340 | 31 25 20 15 12 7 0 | |
341 | @end verbatim | |
342 | ||
343 | @item U type: .insn u opcode, rd, simm20 | |
344 | @verbatim | |
345 | +---------------------------+----+-------------+ | |
346 | | simm20 | rd | opcode | | |
347 | +---------------------------+----+-------------+ | |
348 | 31 12 7 0 | |
349 | @end verbatim | |
350 | ||
351 | @item UJ type: .insn uj opcode, rd, symbol | |
352 | @verbatim | |
353 | +------------+--------------+------------+---------------+----+-------------+ | |
354 | | simm20[20] | simm20[10:1] | simm20[11] | simm20[19:12] | rd | opcode | | |
355 | +------------+--------------+------------+---------------+----+-------------+ | |
356 | 31 30 21 20 12 7 0 | |
357 | @end verbatim | |
358 | ||
4765cd61 | 359 | @item CR type: .insn cr opcode2, func4, rd, rs2 |
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360 | @verbatim |
361 | +---------+--------+-----+---------+ | |
362 | | func4 | rd/rs1 | rs2 | opcode2 | | |
363 | +---------+--------+-----+---------+ | |
364 | 15 12 7 2 0 | |
365 | @end verbatim | |
366 | ||
367 | @item CI type: .insn ci opcode2, func3, rd, simm6 | |
368 | @verbatim | |
369 | +---------+-----+--------+-----+---------+ | |
370 | | func3 | imm | rd/rs1 | imm | opcode2 | | |
371 | +---------+-----+--------+-----+---------+ | |
372 | 15 13 12 7 2 0 | |
373 | @end verbatim | |
374 | ||
375 | @item CIW type: .insn ciw opcode2, func3, rd, uimm8 | |
376 | @verbatim | |
377 | +---------+--------------+-----+---------+ | |
378 | | func3 | imm | rd' | opcode2 | | |
379 | +---------+--------------+-----+---------+ | |
380 | 15 13 7 2 0 | |
381 | @end verbatim | |
382 | ||
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383 | @item CA type: .insn ca opcode2, func6, func2, rd, rs2 |
384 | @verbatim | |
385 | +---------+----------+-------+------+--------+ | |
386 | | func6 | rd'/rs1' | func2 | rs2' | opcode | | |
387 | +---------+----------+-------+------+--------+ | |
388 | 15 10 7 5 2 0 | |
389 | @end verbatim | |
390 | ||
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391 | @item CB type: .insn cb opcode2, func3, rs1, symbol |
392 | @verbatim | |
393 | +---------+--------+------+--------+---------+ | |
394 | | func3 | offset | rs1' | offset | opcode2 | | |
395 | +---------+--------+------+--------+---------+ | |
396 | 15 13 10 7 2 0 | |
397 | @end verbatim | |
398 | ||
399 | @item CJ type: .insn cj opcode2, symbol | |
400 | @verbatim | |
401 | +---------+--------------------+---------+ | |
402 | | func3 | jump target | opcode2 | | |
403 | +---------+--------------------+---------+ | |
404 | 15 13 7 2 0 | |
405 | @end verbatim | |
406 | ||
407 | ||
408 | @end table | |
409 | ||
410 | For the complete list of all instruction format variants see | |
411 | The RISC-V Instruction Set Manual Volume I: User-Level ISA. |