* ldlang.c (load_symbols): An empty is archive is OK.
[deliverable/binutils-gdb.git] / ld / ld.1
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1.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1992 Free Software Foundation
2.\" See section COPYING for conditions for redistribution
3.TH ld 1 "17 August 1992" "cygnus support" "GNU Development Tools"
4.de BP
5.sp
6.ti \-.2i
7\(**
8..
9
10.SH NAME
11ld \- the GNU linker
12
13.SH SYNOPSIS
14.hy 0
15.na
16.TP
17.B ld
18.RB "[\|" \-o "
19.I output\c
20\&\|] \c
8ddef552 21.I objfile\c
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22\&.\|.\|.
23.br
24.RB "[\|" \-A\c
25.I architecture\c
26\&\|]
27.RB "[\|" "\-b\ "\c
28.I input-format\c
29\&\|]
30.RB "[\|" \-Bstatic "\|]"
31.RB "[\|" "\-c\ "\c
32.I commandfile\c
33\&\|]
34.RB "[\|" \-d | \-dc | \-dp\c
35\|]
36.br
37.RB "[\|" "\-defsym\ "\c
38.I symbol\c
39\& = \c
40.I expression\c
41\&\|]
42.RB "[\|" "\-e\ "\c
43.I entry\c
44\&\|]
39a6e282 45.RB "[\|" \-embedded\-relocs "\|]"
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46.RB "[\|" \-F "\|]"
47.RB "[\|" "\-F\ "\c
48.I format\c
49\&\|]
50.RB "[\|" "\-format\ "\c
51.I input-format\c
52\&\|]
53.RB "[\|" \-g "\|]"
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54.RB "[\|" \-G\c
55.I size\c
56\&\|]
bf065bfd 57.RB "[\|" \-\-help "\|]"
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58.RB "[\|" \-i "\|]"
59.RB "[\|" \-l\c
60.I ar\c
61\&\|]
62.RB "[\|" \-L\c
63.I searchdir\c
64\&\|]
8ddef552 65.RB "[\|" \-M "\|]"
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66.RB "[\|" \-Map\c
67.I mapfile\c
68\&\|]
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69.RB "[\|" \-m\c
70.I emulation\c
71\&\|]
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72.RB "[\|" \-n | \-N "\|]"
73.RB "[\|" \-noinhibit-exec "\|]"
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74.RB "[\|" "\-oformat\ "\c
75.I output-format\c
76\&\|]
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77.RB "[\|" "\-R\ "\c
78.I filename\c
79\&\|]
80.RB "[\|" \-relax "\|]"
81.RB "[\|" \-r | \-Ur "\|]"
82.RB "[\|" \-S "\|]"
83.RB "[\|" \-s "\|]"
2a28d8b0 84.RB "[\|" \-sort\-common "\|]"
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85.RB "[\|" \-split\-by\-reloc\ "\c
86.I count\c
87\&\|]
88.RB "[\|" \-split\-by\-file "\|]"
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89.RB "[\|" "\-T\ "\c
90.I commandfile\c
91\&\|]
92.RB "[\|" "\-Ttext\ "\c
93.I textorg\c
94\&\|]
95.RB "[\|" "\-Tdata\ "\c
96.I dataorg\c
97\&\|]
98.RB "[\|" "\-Tbss\ "\c
99.I bssorg\c
100\&\|]
101.RB "[\|" \-t "\|]"
102.RB "[\|" "\-u\ "\c
103.I sym\c
104\&]
8ddef552 105.RB "[\|" \-V "\|]"
0e166a63 106.RB "[\|" \-v "\|]"
a82ae15d 107.RB "[\|" \-\-verbose "\|]"
bf065bfd 108.RB "[\|" \-\-version "\|]"
2a28d8b0 109.RB "[\|" \-warn\-common "\|]"
809ee7e0 110.RB "[\|" \-warn\-once "\|]"
ee499d81 111.RB "[\|" \-\-whole\-archive "\|]"
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112.RB "[\|" \-X "\|]"
113.RB "[\|" \-x "\|]"
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114.ad b
115.hy 1
116.SH DESCRIPTION
117\c
118.B ld\c
119\& combines a number of object and archive files, relocates
120their data and ties up symbol references. Often the last step in
121building a new compiled program to run is a call to \c
122.B ld\c
123\&.
124
125\c
126.B ld\c
127\& accepts Linker Command Language files
128to provide explicit and total control over the linking process.
129This man page does not describe the command language; see the `\|\c
130.B ld\c
131\|' entry in `\|\c
132.B info\c
133\|', or the manual
134.I
135ld: the GNU linker
136\&, for full details on the command language and on other aspects of
137the GNU linker.
138
139This version of \c
140.B ld\c
141\& uses the general purpose BFD libraries
142to operate on object files. This allows \c
143.B ld\c
144\& to read, combine, and
145write object files in many different formats\(em\&for example, COFF or
146\c
147.B a.out\c
148\&. Different formats may be linked together to produce any
149available kind of object file. You can use `\|\c
150.B objdump \-i\c
151\|' to get a list of formats supported on various architectures; see
152.BR objdump ( 1 ).
153
154Aside from its flexibility, the GNU linker is more helpful than other
155linkers in providing diagnostic information. Many linkers abandon
156execution immediately upon encountering an error; whenever possible,
157\c
158.B ld\c
159\& continues executing, allowing you to identify other errors
160(or, in some cases, to get an output file in spite of the error).
161
162The GNU linker \c
163.B ld\c
164\& is meant to cover a broad range of situations,
165and to be as compatible as possible with other linkers. As a result,
166you have many choices to control its behavior through the command line,
167and through environment variables.
168
169.SH OPTIONS
170The plethora of command-line options may seem intimidating, but in
171actual practice few of them are used in any particular context.
172For instance, a frequent use of \c
173.B ld\c
174\& is to link standard Unix
175object files on a standard, supported Unix system. On such a system, to
176link a file \c
177.B hello.o\c
178\&:
179.sp
180.br
181$\ ld\ \-o\ output\ /lib/crt0.o\ hello.o\ \-lc
182.br
183.sp
184This tells \c
185.B ld\c
186\& to produce a file called \c
187.B output\c
188\& as the
189result of linking the file \c
190.B /lib/crt0.o\c
191\& with \c
192.B hello.o\c
193\& and
194the library \c
195.B libc.a\c
196\& which will come from the standard search
197directories.
198
199The command-line options to \c
200.B ld\c
201\& may be specified in any order, and
202may be repeated at will. For the most part, repeating an option with a
203different argument will either have no further effect, or override prior
204occurrences (those further to the left on the command line) of an
205option.
206
207The exceptions\(em\&which may meaningfully be used more than once\(em\&are
208\c
209.B \-A\c
210\&, \c
211.B \-b\c
212\& (or its synonym \c
213.B \-format\c
214\&), \c
215.B \-defsym\c
216\&,
217\c
218.B \-L\c
219\&, \c
220.B \-l\c
221\&, \c
222.B \-R\c
223\&, and \c
224.B \-u\c
225\&.
226
227The list of object files to be linked together, shown as \c
8ddef552 228.I objfile\c
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229\&,
230may follow, precede, or be mixed in with command-line options; save that
231an \c
8ddef552 232.I objfile\c
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233\& argument may not be placed between an option flag and
234its argument.
235
236Usually the linker is invoked with at least one object file, but other
237forms of binary input files can also be specified with \c
238.B \-l\c
239\&,
240\c
241.B \-R\c
242\&, and the script command language. If \c
243.I no\c
244\& binary input
245files at all are specified, the linker does not produce any output, and
246issues the message `\|\c
247.B No input files\c
248\|'.
249
250Option arguments must either follow the option letter without intervening
251whitespace, or be given as separate arguments immediately following the
252option that requires them.
253
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254.TP
255.BI "-A" "architecture"\c
256\&
257In the current release of \c
258.B ld\c
259\&, this option is useful only for the
260Intel 960 family of architectures. In that \c
261.B ld\c
262\& configuration, the
263\c
264.I architecture\c
265\& argument is one of the two-letter names identifying
266members of the 960 family; the option specifies the desired output
267target, and warns of any incompatible instructions in the input files.
268It also modifies the linker's search strategy for archive libraries, to
269support the use of libraries specific to each particular
270architecture, by including in the search loop names suffixed with the
271string identifying the architecture.
272
273For example, if your \c
274.B ld\c
275\& command line included `\|\c
276.B \-ACA\c
277\|' as
278well as `\|\c
279.B \-ltry\c
280\|', the linker would look (in its built-in search
281paths, and in any paths you specify with \c
282.B \-L\c
283\&) for a library with
284the names
285.sp
286.br
287try
288.br
289libtry.a
290.br
291tryca
292.br
293libtryca.a
294.br
295.sp
296
297The first two possibilities would be considered in any event; the last
298two are due to the use of `\|\c
299.B \-ACA\c
300\|'.
301
302Future releases of \c
303.B ld\c
304\& may support similar functionality for
305other architecture families.
306
307You can meaningfully use \c
308.B \-A\c
309\& more than once on a command line, if
310an architecture family allows combination of target architectures; each
311use will add another pair of name variants to search for when \c
312.B \-l\c
313\&
314specifies a library.
315
316.TP
2a28d8b0 317.BI "\-b " "input-format"\c
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318\&
319Specify the binary format for input object files that follow this option
320on the command line. You don't usually need to specify this, as
321\c
322.B ld\c
323\& is configured to expect as a default input format the most
324usual format on each machine. \c
325.I input-format\c
326\& is a text string, the
327name of a particular format supported by the BFD libraries.
328\c
329.B \-format \c
330.I input-format\c
331\&\c
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332\& has the same effect, as does the script command
333.BR TARGET .
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334
335You may want to use this option if you are linking files with an unusual
336binary format. You can also use \c
337.B \-b\c
338\& to switch formats explicitly (when
339linking object files of different formats), by including
340\c
341.B \-b \c
342.I input-format\c
343\&\c
344\& before each group of object files in a
345particular format.
346
347The default format is taken from the environment variable
348.B GNUTARGET\c
349\&. You can also define the input
350format from a script, using the command \c
351.B TARGET\c
352\&.
353
354.TP
355.B \-Bstatic
356This flag is accepted for command-line compatibility with the SunOS linker,
357but has no effect on \c
358.B ld\c
359\&.
360
361.TP
2a28d8b0 362.BI "\-c " "commandfile"\c
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363\&
364Directs \c
365.B ld\c
366\& to read link commands from the file
367\c
368.I commandfile\c
369\&. These commands will completely override \c
370.B ld\c
371\&'s
372default link format (rather than adding to it); \c
373.I commandfile\c
374\& must
375specify everything necessary to describe the target format.
376
377
378You may also include a script of link commands directly in the command
379line by bracketing it between `\|\c
380.B {\c
381\|' and `\|\c
382.B }\c
383\|' characters.
384
385.TP
386.B \-d
387.TP
388.B \-dc
389.TP
390.B \-dp
391These three options are equivalent; multiple forms are supported for
392compatibility with other linkers. Use any of them to make \c
393.B ld\c
394\&
395assign space to common symbols even if a relocatable output file is
396specified (\c
397.B \-r\c
398\&). The script command
399\c
400.B FORCE_COMMON_ALLOCATION\c
401\& has the same effect.
402
403.TP
404.BI "-defsym " "symbol"\c
405\& = \c
406.I expression\c
407\&
408Create a global symbol in the output file, containing the absolute
409address given by \c
410.I expression\c
411\&. You may use this option as many
412times as necessary to define multiple symbols in the command line. A
413limited form of arithmetic is supported for the \c
414.I expression\c
415\& in this
416context: you may give a hexadecimal constant or the name of an existing
417symbol, or use \c
418.B +\c
419\& and \c
420.B \-\c
421\& to add or subtract hexadecimal
422constants or symbols. If you need more elaborate expressions, consider
423using the linker command language from a script.
424
425.TP
426.BI "-e " "entry"\c
427\&
428Use \c
429.I entry\c
430\& as the explicit symbol for beginning execution of your
431program, rather than the default entry point. for a
432discussion of defaults and other ways of specifying the
433entry point.
434
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435.TP
436.B \-embedded\-relocs
437This option is only meaningful when linking MIPS embedded PIC code,
438generated by the
439.B \-membedded\-pic
440option to the GNU compiler and assembler. It causes the linker to
441create a table which may be used at runtime to relocate any data which
442was statically initialized to pointer values. See the code in
443testsuite/ld-empic for details.
444
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445.TP
446.B \-F
447.TP
448.BI "-F" "format"\c
449\&
450Some older linkers used this option throughout a compilation toolchain
451for specifying object-file format for both input and output object
452files. \c
453.B ld\c
454\&'s mechanisms (the \c
455.B \-b\c
456\& or \c
457.B \-format\c
458\& options
459for input files, the \c
460.B TARGET\c
461\& command in linker scripts for output
462files, the \c
463.B GNUTARGET\c
464\& environment variable) are more flexible, but
465but it accepts (and ignores) the \c
466.B \-F\c
467\& option flag for compatibility
468with scripts written to call the old linker.
469
470.TP
2a28d8b0 471.BI "\-format " "input\-format"\c
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472\&
473Synonym for \c
474.B \-b\c
475\& \c
2a28d8b0 476.I input\-format\c
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477\&.
478
479.TP
480.B \-g
481Accepted, but ignored; provided for compatibility with other tools.
482
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483.TP
484.BI "\-G " "size"\c
485Set the maximum size of objects to be optimized using the GP register
486to
487.I size
488under MIPS ECOFF. Ignored for other object file formats.
489
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490.TP
491.B \-\-help
492Print a summary of the command-line options on the standard output and exit.
493This option and
494.B \-\-version
495begin with two dashes instead of one
496for compatibility with other GNU programs. The other options start with
497only one dash for compatibility with other linkers.
498
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499.TP
500.B \-i
501Perform an incremental link (same as option \c
502.B \-r\c
503\&).
504
505.TP
2a28d8b0 506.BI "\-l" "ar"\c
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507\&
508Add an archive file \c
509.I ar\c
510\& to the list of files to link. This
511option may be used any number of times. \c
512.B ld\c
513\& will search its
514path-list for occurrences of \c
515.B lib\c
516.I ar\c
517\&.a\c
518\& for every \c
519.I ar\c
520\&
521specified.
522
523.TP
2a28d8b0 524.BI "\-L" "searchdir"\c
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525\&
526This command adds path \c
527.I searchdir\c
528\& to the list of paths that
529\c
530.B ld\c
531\& will search for archive libraries. You may use this option
532any number of times.
533
534The default set of paths searched (without being specified with
535\c
536.B \-L\c
537\&) depends on what emulation mode \c
538.B ld\c
539\& is using, and in
540some cases also on how it was configured. The
541paths can also be specified in a link script with the \c
542.B SEARCH_DIR\c
543\&
544command.
545
546.TP
547.B \-M
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548Print (to the standard output file) a link map\(em\&diagnostic information
549about where symbols are mapped by \c
550.B ld\c
551\&, and information on global
552common storage allocation.
553
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554.TP
555.BI "\-Map " "mapfile"\c
556Print to the file
557.I mapfile
558a link map\(em\&diagnostic information
559about where symbols are mapped by \c
560.B ld\c
561\&, and information on global
562common storage allocation.
563
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564.TP
565.BI "\-m " "emulation"\c
566Emulate the
567.I emulation
568linker. You can list the available emulations with the
a82ae15d 569.I \-\-verbose
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570or
571.I \-V
572options. This option overrides the compiled-in default, which is the
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573system for which you configured
574.BR ld .
575
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576.TP
577.B \-N
578specifies readable and writable \c
579.B text\c
580\& and \c
581.B data\c
582\& sections. If
583the output format supports Unix style magic numbers, the output is
584marked as \c
585.B OMAGIC\c
586\&.
587
588When you use the `\|\c
589.B \-N\c
590\&\|' option, the linker does not page-align the
591data segment.
592
593.TP
594.B \-n
595sets the text segment to be read only, and \c
596.B NMAGIC\c
597\& is written
598if possible.
599
600.TP
2a28d8b0 601.B \-noinhibit\-exec
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602Normally, the linker will not produce an output file if it encounters
603errors during the link process. With this flag, you can specify that
604you wish the output file retained even after non-fatal errors.
605
606.TP
2a28d8b0 607.BI "\-o " "output"\c
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608\&
609.I output\c
610\&
611\c
612.I output\c
613\& is a name for the program produced by \c
614.B ld\c
615\&; if this
616option is not specified, the name `\|\c
617.B a.out\c
618\|' is used by default. The
619script command \c
620.B OUTPUT\c
621\& can also specify the output file name.
622
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2a28d8b0 624.BI "\-oformat " "output\-format"\c
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625\&
626Specify the binary format for the output object file.
627You don't usually need to specify this, as
628\c
629.B ld\c
630\& is configured to produce as a default output format the most
631usual format on each machine. \c
632.I output-format\c
633\& is a text string, the
634name of a particular format supported by the BFD libraries.
635The script command
636.B OUTPUT_FORMAT
637can also specify the output format, but this option overrides it.
638
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2a28d8b0 640.BI "\-R " "filename"\c
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641\&
642.I file\c
643\&
644Read symbol names and their addresses from \c
645.I filename\c
646\&, but do not
647relocate it or include it in the output. This allows your output file
648to refer symbolically to absolute locations of memory defined in other
649programs.
650
651.TP
652.B \-relax
653An option with machine dependent effects. Currently this option is only
654supported on the H8/300.
655
656On some platforms, use this option to perform global optimizations that
657become possible when the linker resolves addressing in your program, such
658as relaxing address modes and synthesizing new instructions in the
659output object file.
660
661On platforms where this is not supported, `\|\c
662.B \-relax\c
663\&\|' is accepted, but has no effect.
664
665.TP
666.B \-r
667Generates relocatable output\(em\&i.e., generate an output file that can in
668turn serve as input to \c
669.B ld\c
670\&. This is often called \c
671.I partial
672linking\c
673\&. As a side effect, in environments that support standard Unix
674magic numbers, this option also sets the output file's magic number to
675\c
676.B OMAGIC\c
677\&.
678If this option is not specified, an absolute file is produced. When
679linking C++ programs, this option \c
680.I will not\c
681\& resolve references to
682constructors; \c
683.B \-Ur\c
684\& is an alternative.
685
686This option does the same as \c
687.B \-i\c
688\&.
689
690.TP
691.B \-S
692Omits debugger symbol information (but not all symbols) from the output file.
693
694.TP
695.B \-s
696Omits all symbol information from the output file.
697
0e166a63 698.TP
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699.B \-sort\-common
700Normally, when
701.B ld
702places the global common symbols in the appropriate output sections,
703it sorts them by size. First come all the one byte symbols, then all
704the two bytes, then all the four bytes, and then everything else.
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705This is to prevent gaps between symbols due to
706alignment constraints. This option disables that sorting.
2a28d8b0 707
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708.TP
709.B \-split\-by\-reloc\ \fIcount
710Trys to creates extra sections in the output file so that no single
711output section in the file contains more than
712.I count
713relocations.
714This is useful when generating huge relocatable for downloading into
715certain real time kernels with the COFF object file format; since COFF
716cannot represent more than 65535 relocations in a single section.
717Note that this will fail to work with object file formats which do not
718support arbitrary sections. The linker will not split up individual
719input sections for redistribution, so if a single input section
720contains more than
721.I count
722relocations one output section will contain that many relocations.
723
724.TP
725.B \-split\-by\-file
726Similar to
727.B \-split\-by\-reloc
728but creates a new output section for each input file.
729
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730.TP
731.BI "\-Tbss " "org"\c
0e166a63 732.TP
2a28d8b0 733.BI "\-Tdata " "org"\c
0e166a63 734.TP
2a28d8b0 735.BI "\-Ttext " "org"\c
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736Use \c
737.I org\c
738\& as the starting address for\(em\&respectively\(em\&the
739\c
740.B bss\c
741\&, \c
742.B data\c
743\&, or the \c
744.B text\c
745\& segment of the output file.
746\c
747.I textorg\c
748\& must be a hexadecimal integer.
749
750.TP
2a28d8b0 751.BI "\-T " "commandfile"\c
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752\&
753.TP
2a28d8b0 754.BI "\-T" "commandfile"\c
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755Equivalent to \c
756.B \-c \c
757.I commandfile\c
758\&\c
759\&; supported for compatibility with
760other tools.
761
762.TP
763.B \-t
764Prints names of input files as \c
765.B ld\c
766\& processes them.
767
768.TP
2a28d8b0 769.BI "\-u " "sym"
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770Forces \c
771.I sym\c
772\& to be entered in the output file as an undefined symbol.
773This may, for example, trigger linking of additional modules from
774standard libraries. \c
775.B \-u\c
776\& may be repeated with different option
777arguments to enter additional undefined symbols.
778
779.TP
780.B \-Ur
781For anything other than C++ programs, this option is equivalent to
782\c
783.B \-r\c
784\&: it generates relocatable output\(em\&i.e., an output file that can in
785turn serve as input to \c
786.B ld\c
787\&. When linking C++ programs, \c
788.B \-Ur\c
789\&
790\c
791.I will\c
792\& resolve references to constructors, unlike \c
793.B \-r\c
794\&.
795
8ddef552 796.TP
a82ae15d 797.B \-\-verbose
8ddef552
DM
798Display the version number for \c
799.B ld
800and list the supported emulations.
de87cdb4 801Display which input files can and can not be opened.
8ddef552 802
0e166a63 803.TP
a82ae15d 804.B \-v, \-V
0e166a63
RP
805Display the version number for \c
806.B ld\c
807\&.
1f59c7a7
ILT
808The
809.B \-V
810option also lists the supported emulations.
0e166a63 811
bf065bfd
DM
812.TP
813.B \-\-version
814Display the version number for \c
815.B ld
816and exit.
817
2a28d8b0
DM
818.TP
819.B \-warn\-common
820Warn when a common symbol is combined with another common symbol or with
821a symbol definition. Unix linkers allow this somewhat sloppy practice,
822but linkers on some other operating systems do not. This option allows
823you to find potential problems from combining global symbols.
824
809ee7e0
ILT
825.TP
826.B \-warn\-once
827Only warn once for each undefined symbol, rather than once per module
828which refers to it.
829
ee499d81
ILT
830.TP
831.B \-\-whole\-archive
832For each archive mentioned on the command line, include every object
833file in the archive in the link, rather than searching the archive for
834the required object files. This is normally used to turn an archive
835file into a shared library, forcing every object to be included in the
836resulting shared library.
837
0e166a63
RP
838.TP
839.B \-X
21a2f026
ILT
840Delete all temporary local symbols. For most targets, this is all local
841symbols whose names begin with `\|\c
0e166a63
RP
842.B L\c
843\|'.
844
845.TP
846.B \-x
21a2f026 847Delete all local symbols.
0e166a63
RP
848
849.PP
850
851.SH ENVIRONMENT
852\c
8ddef552 853You can change the behavior of
0e166a63 854.B ld\c
8ddef552 855\& with the environment variable \c
0e166a63 856.B GNUTARGET\c
8ddef552 857\&.
0e166a63
RP
858
859\c
860.B GNUTARGET\c
861\& determines the input-file object format if you don't
862use \c
863.B \-b\c
864\& (or its synonym \c
865.B \-format\c
866\&). Its value should be one
867of the BFD names for an input format. If there is no
868\c
869.B GNUTARGET\c
870\& in the environment, \c
871.B ld\c
872\& uses the natural format
873of the host. If \c
874.B GNUTARGET\c
875\& is set to \c
876.B default\c
877\& then BFD attempts to discover the
878input format by examining binary input files; this method often
879succeeds, but there are potential ambiguities, since there is no method
880of ensuring that the magic number used to flag object-file formats is
881unique. However, the configuration procedure for BFD on each system
882places the conventional format for that system first in the search-list,
883so ambiguities are resolved in favor of convention.
884
0e166a63
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885.PP
886
887.SH "SEE ALSO"
888
889.BR objdump ( 1 )
890.br
891.br
892.RB "`\|" ld "\|' and `\|" binutils "\|'"
893entries in
894.B info\c
895.br
896.I
897ld: the GNU linker\c
898, Steve Chamberlain and Roland Pesch;
899.I
900The GNU Binary Utilities\c
901, Roland H. Pesch.
902
903.SH COPYING
904Copyright (c) 1991, 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
905.PP
906Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
907this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
908are preserved on all copies.
909.PP
910Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
911manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
912entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
913permission notice identical to this one.
914.PP
915Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
916manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
917versions, except that this permission notice may be included in
918translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in
919the original English.
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