| 1 | \input texinfo @c -*- Texinfo -*- |
| 2 | @setfilename binutils.info |
| 3 | |
| 4 | @ifinfo |
| 5 | @format |
| 6 | START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY |
| 7 | * Binutils: (binutils). The GNU binary utilities "ar", "objcopy", |
| 8 | "objdump", "nm", "nlmconv", "size", |
| 9 | "strings", "strip", and "ranlib". |
| 10 | END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY |
| 11 | @end format |
| 12 | @end ifinfo |
| 13 | |
| 14 | @ifinfo |
| 15 | Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
| 16 | |
| 17 | Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of |
| 18 | this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice |
| 19 | are preserved on all copies. |
| 20 | |
| 21 | @ignore |
| 22 | Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the |
| 23 | results, provided the printed document carries a copying permission |
| 24 | notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph |
| 25 | (this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual). |
| 26 | |
| 27 | @end ignore |
| 28 | |
| 29 | Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this |
| 30 | manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that |
| 31 | the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a |
| 32 | permission notice identical to this one. |
| 33 | |
| 34 | Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual |
| 35 | into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. |
| 36 | @end ifinfo |
| 37 | |
| 38 | @synindex ky cp |
| 39 | @c |
| 40 | @c This file documents the GNU binary utilities "ar", "ld", "objcopy", |
| 41 | @c "objdump", "nm", "size", "strings", "strip", and "ranlib". |
| 42 | @c |
| 43 | @c Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
| 44 | @c |
| 45 | @c This text may be freely distributed under the terms of the GNU |
| 46 | @c General Public License. |
| 47 | @c |
| 48 | |
| 49 | @setchapternewpage odd |
| 50 | @settitle GNU Binary Utilities |
| 51 | @titlepage |
| 52 | @finalout |
| 53 | @title The GNU Binary Utilities |
| 54 | @subtitle Version 2.2 |
| 55 | @sp 1 |
| 56 | @subtitle May 1993 |
| 57 | @author Roland H. Pesch |
| 58 | @author Jeffrey M. Osier |
| 59 | @author Cygnus Support |
| 60 | @page |
| 61 | |
| 62 | @tex |
| 63 | {\parskip=0pt \hfill Cygnus Support\par \hfill |
| 64 | \TeX{}info \texinfoversion\par } |
| 65 | @end tex |
| 66 | |
| 67 | @vskip 0pt plus 1filll |
| 68 | Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
| 69 | |
| 70 | Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of |
| 71 | this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice |
| 72 | are preserved on all copies. |
| 73 | |
| 74 | Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this |
| 75 | manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that |
| 76 | the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a |
| 77 | permission notice identical to this one. |
| 78 | |
| 79 | Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual |
| 80 | into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. |
| 81 | @end titlepage |
| 82 | |
| 83 | @node Top |
| 84 | @top Introduction |
| 85 | |
| 86 | @cindex version |
| 87 | This brief manual contains preliminary documentation for the GNU binary |
| 88 | utilities (collectively version 2.2): |
| 89 | |
| 90 | @iftex |
| 91 | @table @code |
| 92 | @item ar |
| 93 | Create, modify, and extract from archives |
| 94 | |
| 95 | @item nm |
| 96 | List symbols from object files |
| 97 | |
| 98 | @item objcopy |
| 99 | Copy and translate object files |
| 100 | |
| 101 | @item objdump |
| 102 | Display information from object files |
| 103 | |
| 104 | @item ranlib |
| 105 | Generate index to archive contents |
| 106 | |
| 107 | @item size |
| 108 | List file section sizes and total size |
| 109 | |
| 110 | @item strings |
| 111 | List printable strings from files |
| 112 | |
| 113 | @item strip |
| 114 | Discard symbols |
| 115 | |
| 116 | @item c++filt |
| 117 | Demangle encoded C++ symbols |
| 118 | |
| 119 | @item nlmconv |
| 120 | Convert object code into a Netware Loadable Module |
| 121 | @end table |
| 122 | @end iftex |
| 123 | |
| 124 | @menu |
| 125 | * ar:: Create, modify, and extract from archives |
| 126 | * nm:: List symbols from object files |
| 127 | * objcopy:: Copy and translate object files |
| 128 | * objdump:: Display information from object files |
| 129 | * ranlib:: Generate index to archive contents |
| 130 | * size:: List section sizes and total size |
| 131 | * strings:: List printable strings from files |
| 132 | * strip:: Discard symbols |
| 133 | * c++filt:: Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols |
| 134 | * nlmconv:: Converts object code into an NLM |
| 135 | * Selecting The Target System:: How these utilities determine the target. |
| 136 | * Index:: |
| 137 | @end menu |
| 138 | |
| 139 | @node ar |
| 140 | @chapter ar |
| 141 | |
| 142 | @kindex ar |
| 143 | @cindex archives |
| 144 | @cindex collections of files |
| 145 | @smallexample |
| 146 | ar [-]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}]] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}] |
| 147 | ar -M [ <mri-script ] |
| 148 | @end smallexample |
| 149 | |
| 150 | The GNU @code{ar} program creates, modifies, and extracts from |
| 151 | archives. An @dfn{archive} is a single file holding a collection of |
| 152 | other files in a structure that makes it possible to retrieve |
| 153 | the original individual files (called @dfn{members} of the archive). |
| 154 | |
| 155 | The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, and |
| 156 | group are preserved in the archive, and can be restored on |
| 157 | extraction. |
| 158 | |
| 159 | @cindex name length |
| 160 | GNU @code{ar} can maintain archives whose members have names of any |
| 161 | length; however, depending on how @code{ar} is configured on your |
| 162 | system, a limit on member-name length may be imposed for compatibility |
| 163 | with archive formats maintained with other tools. If it exists, the |
| 164 | limit is often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16 |
| 165 | characters (typical of formats related to coff). |
| 166 | |
| 167 | @cindex libraries |
| 168 | @code{ar} is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort |
| 169 | are most often used as @dfn{libraries} holding commonly needed |
| 170 | subroutines. |
| 171 | |
| 172 | @cindex symbol index |
| 173 | @code{ar} creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable |
| 174 | object modules in the archive when you specify the modifier @samp{s}. |
| 175 | Once created, this index is updated in the archive whenever @code{ar} |
| 176 | makes a change to its contents (save for the @samp{q} update operation). |
| 177 | An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and |
| 178 | allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to |
| 179 | their placement in the archive. |
| 180 | |
| 181 | You may use @samp{nm -s} or @samp{nm --print-armap} to list this index |
| 182 | table. If an archive lacks the table, another form of @code{ar} called |
| 183 | @code{ranlib} can be used to add just the table. |
| 184 | |
| 185 | @cindex compatibility, @code{ar} |
| 186 | @cindex @code{ar} compatibility |
| 187 | GNU @code{ar} is designed to be compatible with two different |
| 188 | facilities. You can control its activity using command-line options, |
| 189 | like the different varieties of @code{ar} on Unix systems; or, if you |
| 190 | specify the single command-line option @samp{-M}, you can control it |
| 191 | with a script supplied via standard input, like the MRI ``librarian'' |
| 192 | program. |
| 193 | |
| 194 | @menu |
| 195 | * ar cmdline:: Controlling @code{ar} on the command line |
| 196 | * ar scripts:: Controlling @code{ar} with a script |
| 197 | @end menu |
| 198 | |
| 199 | @page |
| 200 | @node ar cmdline |
| 201 | @section Controlling @code{ar} on the command line |
| 202 | |
| 203 | @smallexample |
| 204 | ar [-]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}]] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}] |
| 205 | @end smallexample |
| 206 | |
| 207 | @cindex Unix compatibility, @code{ar} |
| 208 | When you use @code{ar} in the Unix style, @code{ar} insists on at least two |
| 209 | arguments to execute: one keyletter specifying the @emph{operation} |
| 210 | (optionally accompanied by other keyletters specifying |
| 211 | @emph{modifiers}), and the archive name to act on. |
| 212 | |
| 213 | Most operations can also accept further @var{member} arguments, |
| 214 | specifying particular files to operate on. |
| 215 | |
| 216 | GNU @code{ar} allows you to mix the operation code @var{p} and modifier |
| 217 | flags @var{mod} in any order, within the first command-line argument. |
| 218 | |
| 219 | If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a |
| 220 | dash. |
| 221 | |
| 222 | @cindex operations on archive |
| 223 | The @var{p} keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be |
| 224 | any of the following, but you must specify only one of them: |
| 225 | |
| 226 | @table @code |
| 227 | @item d |
| 228 | @cindex deleting from archive |
| 229 | @emph{Delete} modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to |
| 230 | be deleted as @var{member}@dots{}; the archive is untouched if you |
| 231 | specify no files to delete. |
| 232 | |
| 233 | If you specify the @samp{v} modifier, @code{ar} lists each module |
| 234 | as it is deleted. |
| 235 | |
| 236 | @item m |
| 237 | @cindex moving in archive |
| 238 | Use this operation to @emph{move} members in an archive. |
| 239 | |
| 240 | The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how |
| 241 | programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in more |
| 242 | than one member. |
| 243 | |
| 244 | If no modifiers are used with @code{m}, any members you name in the |
| 245 | @var{member} arguments are moved to the @emph{end} of the archive; |
| 246 | you can use the @samp{a}, @samp{b}, or @samp{i} modifiers to move them to a |
| 247 | specified place instead. |
| 248 | |
| 249 | @item p |
| 250 | @cindex printing from archive |
| 251 | @emph{Print} the specified members of the archive, to the standard |
| 252 | output file. If the @samp{v} modifier is specified, show the member |
| 253 | name before copying its contents to standard output. |
| 254 | |
| 255 | If you specify no @var{member} arguments, all the files in the archive are |
| 256 | printed. |
| 257 | |
| 258 | @item q |
| 259 | @cindex quick append to archive |
| 260 | @emph{Quick append}; add the files @var{member}@dots{} to the end of |
| 261 | @var{archive}, without checking for replacement. |
| 262 | |
| 263 | The modifiers @samp{a}, @samp{b}, and @samp{i} do @emph{not} affect this |
| 264 | operation; new members are always placed at the end of the archive. |
| 265 | |
| 266 | The modifier @samp{v} makes @code{ar} list each file as it is appended. |
| 267 | |
| 268 | Since the point of this operation is speed, the archive's symbol table |
| 269 | index is not updated, even if it already existed; you can use @samp{ar s} or |
| 270 | @code{ranlib} explicitly to update the symbol table index. |
| 271 | |
| 272 | @item r |
| 273 | @cindex replacement in archive |
| 274 | Insert the files @var{member}@dots{} into @var{archive} (with |
| 275 | @emph{replacement}). This operation differs from @samp{q} in that any |
| 276 | previously existing members are deleted if their names match those being |
| 277 | added. |
| 278 | |
| 279 | If one of the files named in @var{member}@dots{} does not exist, @code{ar} |
| 280 | displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing members |
| 281 | of the archive matching that name. |
| 282 | |
| 283 | By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you may |
| 284 | use one of the modifiers @samp{a}, @samp{b}, or @samp{i} to request |
| 285 | placement relative to some existing member. |
| 286 | |
| 287 | The modifier @samp{v} used with this operation elicits a line of |
| 288 | output for each file inserted, along with one of the letters @samp{a} or |
| 289 | @samp{r} to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member |
| 290 | deleted) or replaced. |
| 291 | |
| 292 | @item t |
| 293 | @cindex contents of archive |
| 294 | Display a @emph{table} listing the contents of @var{archive}, or those |
| 295 | of the files listed in @var{member}@dots{} that are present in the |
| 296 | archive. Normally only the member name is shown; if you also want to |
| 297 | see the modes (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you can |
| 298 | request that by also specifying the @samp{v} modifier. |
| 299 | |
| 300 | If you do not specify a @var{member}, all files in the archive |
| 301 | are listed. |
| 302 | |
| 303 | @cindex repeated names in archive |
| 304 | @cindex name duplication in archive |
| 305 | If there is more than one file with the same name (say, @samp{fie}) in |
| 306 | an archive (say @samp{b.a}), @samp{ar t b.a fie} lists only the |
| 307 | first instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete |
| 308 | listing---in our example, @samp{ar t b.a}. |
| 309 | @c WRS only; per Gumby, this is implementation-dependent, and in a more |
| 310 | @c recent case in fact works the other way. |
| 311 | |
| 312 | @item x |
| 313 | @cindex extract from archive |
| 314 | @emph{Extract} members (named @var{member}) from the archive. You can |
| 315 | use the @samp{v} modifier with this operation, to request that |
| 316 | @code{ar} list each name as it extracts it. |
| 317 | |
| 318 | If you do not specify a @var{member}, all files in the archive |
| 319 | are extracted. |
| 320 | |
| 321 | @end table |
| 322 | |
| 323 | A number of modifiers (@var{mod}) may immediately follow the @var{p} |
| 324 | keyletter, to specify variations on an operation's behavior: |
| 325 | |
| 326 | @table @code |
| 327 | @item a |
| 328 | @cindex relative placement in archive |
| 329 | Add new files @emph{after} an existing member of the |
| 330 | archive. If you use the modifier @samp{a}, the name of an existing archive |
| 331 | member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the |
| 332 | @var{archive} specification. |
| 333 | |
| 334 | @item b |
| 335 | Add new files @emph{before} an existing member of the |
| 336 | archive. If you use the modifier @samp{b}, the name of an existing archive |
| 337 | member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the |
| 338 | @var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{i}). |
| 339 | |
| 340 | @item c |
| 341 | @cindex creating archives |
| 342 | @emph{Create} the archive. The specified @var{archive} is always |
| 343 | created if it did not exist, when you request an update. But a warning is |
| 344 | issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it, by |
| 345 | using this modifier. |
| 346 | |
| 347 | @item i |
| 348 | Insert new files @emph{before} an existing member of the |
| 349 | archive. If you use the modifier @samp{i}, the name of an existing archive |
| 350 | member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the |
| 351 | @var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{b}). |
| 352 | |
| 353 | @item l |
| 354 | This modifier is accepted but not used. |
| 355 | @c whaffor ar l modifier??? presumably compat; with |
| 356 | @c what???---pesch@@cygnus.com, 25jan91 |
| 357 | |
| 358 | @item o |
| 359 | @cindex dates in archive |
| 360 | Preserve the @emph{original} dates of members when extracting them. If |
| 361 | you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive |
| 362 | are stamped with the time of extraction. |
| 363 | |
| 364 | @item s |
| 365 | @cindex writing archive index |
| 366 | Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing one, |
| 367 | even if no other change is made to the archive. You may use this modifier |
| 368 | flag either with any operation, or alone. Running @samp{ar s} on an |
| 369 | archive is equivalent to running @samp{ranlib} on it. |
| 370 | |
| 371 | @item u |
| 372 | @cindex updating an archive |
| 373 | Normally, @samp{ar r}@dots{} inserts all files |
| 374 | listed into the archive. If you would like to insert @emph{only} those |
| 375 | of the files you list that are newer than existing members of the same |
| 376 | names, use this modifier. The @samp{u} modifier is allowed only for the |
| 377 | operation @samp{r} (replace). In particular, the combination @samp{qu} is |
| 378 | not allowed, since checking the timestamps would lose any speed |
| 379 | advantage from the operation @samp{q}. |
| 380 | |
| 381 | @item v |
| 382 | This modifier requests the @emph{verbose} version of an operation. Many |
| 383 | operations display additional information, such as filenames processed, |
| 384 | when the modifier @samp{v} is appended. |
| 385 | |
| 386 | @item V |
| 387 | This modifier shows the version number of @code{ar}. |
| 388 | @end table |
| 389 | |
| 390 | @node ar scripts |
| 391 | @section Controlling @code{ar} with a script |
| 392 | |
| 393 | @smallexample |
| 394 | ar -M [ <@var{script} ] |
| 395 | @end smallexample |
| 396 | |
| 397 | @cindex MRI compatibility, @code{ar} |
| 398 | @cindex scripts, @code{ar} |
| 399 | If you use the single command-line option @samp{-M} with @code{ar}, you |
| 400 | can control its operation with a rudimentary command language. This |
| 401 | form of @code{ar} operates interactively if standard input is coming |
| 402 | directly from a terminal. During interactive use, @code{ar} prompts for |
| 403 | input (the prompt is @samp{AR >}), and continues executing even after |
| 404 | errors. If you redirect standard input to a script file, no prompts are |
| 405 | issued, and @code{ar} abandons execution (with a nonzero exit code) |
| 406 | on any error. |
| 407 | |
| 408 | The @code{ar} command language is @emph{not} designed to be equivalent |
| 409 | to the command-line options; in fact, it provides somewhat less control |
| 410 | over archives. The only purpose of the command language is to ease the |
| 411 | transition to GNU @code{ar} for developers who already have scripts |
| 412 | written for the MRI ``librarian'' program. |
| 413 | |
| 414 | The syntax for the @code{ar} command language is straightforward: |
| 415 | @itemize @bullet |
| 416 | @item |
| 417 | commands are recognized in upper or lower case; for example, @code{LIST} |
| 418 | is the same as @code{list}. In the following descriptions, commands are |
| 419 | shown in upper case for clarity. |
| 420 | |
| 421 | @item |
| 422 | a single command may appear on each line; it is the first word on the |
| 423 | line. |
| 424 | |
| 425 | @item |
| 426 | empty lines are allowed, and have no effect. |
| 427 | |
| 428 | @item |
| 429 | comments are allowed; text after either of the characters @samp{*} |
| 430 | or @samp{;} is ignored. |
| 431 | |
| 432 | @item |
| 433 | Whenever you use a list of names as part of the argument to an @code{ar} |
| 434 | command, you can separate the individual names with either commas or |
| 435 | blanks. Commas are shown in the explanations below, for clarity. |
| 436 | |
| 437 | @item |
| 438 | @samp{+} is used as a line continuation character; if @samp{+} appears |
| 439 | at the end of a line, the text on the following line is considered part |
| 440 | of the current command. |
| 441 | @end itemize |
| 442 | |
| 443 | Here are the commands you can use in @code{ar} scripts, or when using |
| 444 | @code{ar} interactively. Three of them have special significance: |
| 445 | |
| 446 | @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE} specify a @dfn{current archive}, which is |
| 447 | a temporary file required for most of the other commands. |
| 448 | |
| 449 | @code{SAVE} commits the changes so far specified by the script. Prior |
| 450 | to @code{SAVE}, commands affect only the temporary copy of the current |
| 451 | archive. |
| 452 | |
| 453 | @table @code |
| 454 | @item ADDLIB @var{archive} |
| 455 | @itemx ADDLIB @var{archive} (@var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}) |
| 456 | Add all the contents of @var{archive} (or, if specified, each named |
| 457 | @var{module} from @var{archive}) to the current archive. |
| 458 | |
| 459 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. |
| 460 | |
| 461 | @item ADDMOD @var{member}, @var{member}, @dots{} @var{member} |
| 462 | @c FIXME! w/Replacement?? If so, like "ar r @var{archive} @var{names}" |
| 463 | @c else like "ar q..." |
| 464 | Add each named @var{member} as a module in the current archive. |
| 465 | |
| 466 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. |
| 467 | |
| 468 | @item CLEAR |
| 469 | Discard the contents of the current archive, cancelling the effect of |
| 470 | any operations since the last @code{SAVE}. May be executed (with no |
| 471 | effect) even if no current archive is specified. |
| 472 | |
| 473 | @item CREATE @var{archive} |
| 474 | Creates an archive, and makes it the current archive (required for many |
| 475 | other commands). The new archive is created with a temporary name; it |
| 476 | is not actually saved as @var{archive} until you use @code{SAVE}. |
| 477 | You can overwrite existing archives; similarly, the contents of any |
| 478 | existing file named @var{archive} will not be destroyed until @code{SAVE}. |
| 479 | |
| 480 | @item DELETE @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module} |
| 481 | Delete each listed @var{module} from the current archive; equivalent to |
| 482 | @samp{ar -d @var{archive} @var{module} @dots{} @var{module}}. |
| 483 | |
| 484 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. |
| 485 | |
| 486 | @item DIRECTORY @var{archive} (@var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}) |
| 487 | @itemx DIRECTORY @var{archive} (@var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}) @var{outputfile} |
| 488 | List each named @var{module} present in @var{archive}. The separate |
| 489 | command @code{VERBOSE} specifies the form of the output: when verbose |
| 490 | output is off, output is like that of @samp{ar -t @var{archive} |
| 491 | @var{module}@dots{}}. When verbose output is on, the listing is like |
| 492 | @samp{ar -tv @var{archive} @var{module}@dots{}}. |
| 493 | |
| 494 | Output normally goes to the standard output stream; however, if you |
| 495 | specify @var{outputfile} as a final argument, @code{ar} directs the |
| 496 | output to that file. |
| 497 | |
| 498 | @item END |
| 499 | Exit from @code{ar}, with a @code{0} exit code to indicate successful |
| 500 | completion. This command does not save the output file; if you have |
| 501 | changed the current archive since the last @code{SAVE} command, those |
| 502 | changes are lost. |
| 503 | |
| 504 | @item EXTRACT @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module} |
| 505 | Extract each named @var{module} from the current archive, writing them |
| 506 | into the current directory as separate files. Equivalent to @samp{ar -x |
| 507 | @var{archive} @var{module}@dots{}}. |
| 508 | |
| 509 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. |
| 510 | |
| 511 | @ignore |
| 512 | @c FIXME Tokens but no commands??? |
| 513 | @item FULLDIR |
| 514 | |
| 515 | @item HELP |
| 516 | @end ignore |
| 517 | |
| 518 | @item LIST |
| 519 | Display full contents of the current archive, in ``verbose'' style |
| 520 | regardless of the state of @code{VERBOSE}. The effect is like @samp{ar |
| 521 | tv @var{archive}}). (This single command is a GNU @code{ld} |
| 522 | enhancement, rather than present for MRI compatibility.) |
| 523 | |
| 524 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. |
| 525 | |
| 526 | @item OPEN @var{archive} |
| 527 | Opens an existing archive for use as the current archive (required for |
| 528 | many other commands). Any changes as the result of subsequent commands |
| 529 | will not actually affect @var{archive} until you next use @code{SAVE}. |
| 530 | |
| 531 | @item REPLACE @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module} |
| 532 | In the current archive, replace each existing @var{module} (named in |
| 533 | the @code{REPLACE} arguments) from files in the current working directory. |
| 534 | To execute this command without errors, both the file, and the module in |
| 535 | the current archive, must exist. |
| 536 | |
| 537 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. |
| 538 | |
| 539 | @item VERBOSE |
| 540 | Toggle an internal flag governing the output from @code{DIRECTORY}. |
| 541 | When the flag is on, @code{DIRECTORY} output matches output from |
| 542 | @samp{ar -tv }@dots{}. |
| 543 | |
| 544 | @item SAVE |
| 545 | Commit your changes to the current archive, and actually save it as a |
| 546 | file with the name specified in the last @code{CREATE} or @code{OPEN} |
| 547 | command. |
| 548 | |
| 549 | Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}. |
| 550 | |
| 551 | @end table |
| 552 | |
| 553 | @iftex |
| 554 | @node ld |
| 555 | @chapter ld |
| 556 | @cindex linker |
| 557 | @kindex ld |
| 558 | The GNU linker @code{ld} is now described in a separate manual. |
| 559 | @xref{Top,, Overview,, Using LD: the GNU linker}. |
| 560 | @end iftex |
| 561 | |
| 562 | @node nm |
| 563 | @chapter nm |
| 564 | @cindex symbols |
| 565 | @kindex nm |
| 566 | |
| 567 | @smallexample |
| 568 | nm [ -a | --debug-syms ] [ -g | --extern-only ] |
| 569 | [ -B ] [ -C | --demangle ] [ -D | --dynamic ] |
| 570 | [ -s | --print-armap ] [ -A | -o | --print-file-name ] |
| 571 | [ -n | -v | --numeric-sort ] [ -p | --no-sort ] |
| 572 | [ -r | --reverse-sort ] [ -u | --undefined-only ] |
| 573 | [ -t @var{radix} | --radix=@var{radix} ] [ -P | --portability ] |
| 574 | [ --target=@var{bfdname} ] [ -f @var{format} | --format=@var{format} ] |
| 575 | [ --no-demangle ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ] [ @var{objfile}@dots{} ] |
| 576 | @end smallexample |
| 577 | |
| 578 | GNU @code{nm} lists the symbols from object files @var{objfile}@dots{}. |
| 579 | If no object files are listed as arguments, @code{nm} assumes |
| 580 | @file{a.out}. |
| 581 | |
| 582 | For each symbol, @code{nm} shows: |
| 583 | |
| 584 | @itemize @bullet |
| 585 | @item |
| 586 | The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or |
| 587 | hexadecimal by default. |
| 588 | |
| 589 | @item |
| 590 | The symbol type. At least the following types are used; others are, as |
| 591 | well, depending on the object file format. If lowercase, the symbol is |
| 592 | local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external). |
| 593 | |
| 594 | @c Some more detail on exactly what these symbol types are used for |
| 595 | @c would be nice. |
| 596 | @table @code |
| 597 | @item A |
| 598 | Absolute. |
| 599 | |
| 600 | @item B |
| 601 | BSS (uninitialized data). |
| 602 | |
| 603 | @item C |
| 604 | Common. |
| 605 | |
| 606 | @item D |
| 607 | Initialized data. |
| 608 | |
| 609 | @item I |
| 610 | Indirect reference. |
| 611 | |
| 612 | @item T |
| 613 | Text (program code). |
| 614 | |
| 615 | @item U |
| 616 | Undefined. |
| 617 | @end table |
| 618 | |
| 619 | @item |
| 620 | The symbol name. |
| 621 | @end itemize |
| 622 | |
| 623 | The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are |
| 624 | equivalent. |
| 625 | |
| 626 | @table @code |
| 627 | @item -A |
| 628 | @itemx -o |
| 629 | @itemx --print-file-name |
| 630 | @cindex input file name |
| 631 | @cindex file name |
| 632 | @cindex source file name |
| 633 | Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive element) |
| 634 | in which it was found, rather than identifying the input file once only, |
| 635 | before all of its symbols. |
| 636 | |
| 637 | @item -a |
| 638 | @itemx --debug-syms |
| 639 | @cindex debugging symbols |
| 640 | Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are not |
| 641 | listed. |
| 642 | |
| 643 | @item -B |
| 644 | @cindex @code{nm} format |
| 645 | @cindex @code{nm} compatibility |
| 646 | The same as @samp{--format=bsd} (for compatibility with the MIPS @code{nm}). |
| 647 | |
| 648 | @item -C |
| 649 | @itemx --demangle |
| 650 | @cindex demangling C++ symbols |
| 651 | Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names. |
| 652 | Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this |
| 653 | makes C++ function names readable. @xref{c++filt}, for more information |
| 654 | on demangling. |
| 655 | |
| 656 | @item --no-demangle |
| 657 | Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default. |
| 658 | |
| 659 | @item -D |
| 660 | @itemx --dynamic |
| 661 | @cindex dynamic symbols |
| 662 | Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols. This is |
| 663 | only meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared |
| 664 | libraries. |
| 665 | |
| 666 | @item -f @var{format} |
| 667 | @itemx --format=@var{format} |
| 668 | @cindex @code{nm} format |
| 669 | @cindex @code{nm} compatibility |
| 670 | Use the output format @var{format}, which can be @code{bsd}, |
| 671 | @code{sysv}, or @code{posix}. The default is @code{bsd}. |
| 672 | Only the first character of @var{format} is significant; it can be |
| 673 | either upper or lower case. |
| 674 | |
| 675 | @item -g |
| 676 | @itemx --extern-only |
| 677 | @cindex external symbols |
| 678 | Display only external symbols. |
| 679 | |
| 680 | @item -n |
| 681 | @itemx -v |
| 682 | @itemx --numeric-sort |
| 683 | Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than alphabetically |
| 684 | by their names. |
| 685 | |
| 686 | @item -p |
| 687 | @itemx --no-sort |
| 688 | @cindex sorting symbols |
| 689 | Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the order |
| 690 | encountered. |
| 691 | |
| 692 | @item -P |
| 693 | @itemx --portability |
| 694 | Use the POSIX.2 standard output format instead of the default format. |
| 695 | Equivalent to @samp{-f posix}. |
| 696 | |
| 697 | @item -s |
| 698 | @itemx --print-armap |
| 699 | @cindex symbol index, listing |
| 700 | When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a mapping |
| 701 | (stored in the archive by @code{ar} or @code{ranlib}) of which modules |
| 702 | contain definitions for which names. |
| 703 | |
| 704 | @item -r |
| 705 | @itemx --reverse-sort |
| 706 | Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let the |
| 707 | last come first. |
| 708 | |
| 709 | @item -t @var{radix} |
| 710 | @itemx --radix=@var{radix} |
| 711 | Use @var{radix} as the radix for printing the symbol values. It must be |
| 712 | @samp{d} for decimal, @samp{o} for octal, or @samp{x} for hexadecimal. |
| 713 | |
| 714 | @item --target=@var{bfdname} |
| 715 | @cindex object code format |
| 716 | Specify an object code format other than your system's default format. |
| 717 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. |
| 718 | |
| 719 | @item -u |
| 720 | @itemx --undefined-only |
| 721 | @cindex external symbols |
| 722 | @cindex undefined symbols |
| 723 | Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file). |
| 724 | |
| 725 | @item -V |
| 726 | @itemx --version |
| 727 | Show the version number of @code{nm} and exit. |
| 728 | |
| 729 | @item --help |
| 730 | Show a summary of the options to @code{nm} and exit. |
| 731 | @end table |
| 732 | |
| 733 | @node objcopy |
| 734 | @chapter objcopy |
| 735 | |
| 736 | @smallexample |
| 737 | objcopy [ -F @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ] |
| 738 | [ -I @var{bfdname} | --input-target=@var{bfdname} ] |
| 739 | [ -O @var{bfdname} | --output-target=@var{bfdname} ] |
| 740 | [ -S | --strip-all ] [ -g | --strip-debug ] |
| 741 | [ -x | --discard-all ] [ -X | --discard-locals ] |
| 742 | [ -b @var{byte} | --byte=@var{byte} ] |
| 743 | [ -i @var{interleave} | --interleave=@var{interleave} ] |
| 744 | [ -R @var{sectionname} | --remove-section=@var{sectionname} ] |
| 745 | [ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ] |
| 746 | @var{infile} [@var{outfile}] |
| 747 | @end smallexample |
| 748 | |
| 749 | The @sc{gnu} @code{objcopy} utility copies the contents of an object |
| 750 | file to another. @code{objcopy} uses the @sc{gnu} @sc{bfd} Library to |
| 751 | read and write the object files. It can write the destination object |
| 752 | file in a format different from that of the source object file. The |
| 753 | exact behavior of @code{objcopy} is controlled by command-line options. |
| 754 | |
| 755 | @code{objcopy} creates temporary files to do its translations and |
| 756 | deletes them afterward. @code{objcopy} uses @sc{bfd} to do all its |
| 757 | translation work; it has access to all the formats described in @sc{bfd} |
| 758 | and thus is able to recognize most formats without being told |
| 759 | explicitly. @xref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}. |
| 760 | |
| 761 | @table @code |
| 762 | @item @var{infile} |
| 763 | @itemx @var{outfile} |
| 764 | The source and output files, respectively. |
| 765 | If you do not specify @var{outfile}, @code{objcopy} creates a |
| 766 | temporary file and destructively renames the result with |
| 767 | the name of @var{infile}. |
| 768 | |
| 769 | @item -I @var{bfdname} |
| 770 | @itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname} |
| 771 | Consider the source file's object format to be @var{bfdname}, rather than |
| 772 | attempting to deduce it. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. |
| 773 | |
| 774 | @item -O @var{bfdname} |
| 775 | @itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname} |
| 776 | Write the output file using the object format @var{bfdname}. |
| 777 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. |
| 778 | |
| 779 | @item -F @var{bfdname} |
| 780 | @itemx --target=@var{bfdname} |
| 781 | Use @var{bfdname} as the object format for both the input and the output |
| 782 | file; i.e., simply transfer data from source to destination with no |
| 783 | translation. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. |
| 784 | |
| 785 | @item -R @var{sectionname} |
| 786 | @itemx --remove-section=@var{sectionname} |
| 787 | Remove any section named @var{sectionname} from the output file. This |
| 788 | option may be given more than once. Note that using this option |
| 789 | inappropriately may make the output file unusable. |
| 790 | |
| 791 | @item -S |
| 792 | @itemx --strip-all |
| 793 | Do not copy relocation and symbol information from the source file. |
| 794 | |
| 795 | @item -g |
| 796 | @itemx --strip-debug |
| 797 | Do not copy debugging symbols from the source file. |
| 798 | |
| 799 | @item -x |
| 800 | @itemx --discard-all |
| 801 | Do not copy non-global symbols from the source file. |
| 802 | @c FIXME any reason to prefer "non-global" to "local" here? |
| 803 | |
| 804 | @item -X |
| 805 | @itemx --discard-locals |
| 806 | Do not copy compiler-generated local symbols. |
| 807 | (These usually start with @samp{L} or @samp{.}.) |
| 808 | |
| 809 | @item -b @var{byte} |
| 810 | @itemx --byte=@var{byte} |
| 811 | Keep only every @var{byte}th byte of the input file (header data is not |
| 812 | affected). @var{byte} can be in the range from 0 to @var{interleave}-1, |
| 813 | where @var{interleave} is given by the @samp{-i} or @samp{--interleave} |
| 814 | option, or the default of 4. This option is useful for creating files |
| 815 | to program @sc{rom}. It is typically used with an @code{srec} output |
| 816 | target. |
| 817 | |
| 818 | @item -i @var{interleave} |
| 819 | @itemx --interleave=@var{interleave} |
| 820 | Only copy one out of every @var{interleave} bytes. Select which byte to |
| 821 | copy with the @var{-b} or @samp{--byte} option. The default is 4. |
| 822 | @code{objcopy} ignores this option if you do not specify either @samp{-b} or |
| 823 | @samp{--byte}. |
| 824 | |
| 825 | @item -V |
| 826 | @itemx --version |
| 827 | Show the version number of @code{objcopy}. |
| 828 | |
| 829 | @item -v |
| 830 | @itemx --verbose |
| 831 | Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of |
| 832 | archives, @samp{objcopy -V} lists all members of the archive. |
| 833 | |
| 834 | @item --help |
| 835 | Show a summary of the options to @code{objcopy}. |
| 836 | @end table |
| 837 | |
| 838 | @node objdump |
| 839 | @chapter objdump |
| 840 | |
| 841 | @cindex object file information |
| 842 | @kindex objdump |
| 843 | |
| 844 | @smallexample |
| 845 | objdump [ -a | --archive-headers ] |
| 846 | [ -b @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ] |
| 847 | [ -d | --disassemble ] [ -f | --file-headers ] |
| 848 | [ -h | --section-headers | --headers ] [ -i | --info ] |
| 849 | [ -j @var{section} | --section=@var{section} ] |
| 850 | [ -l | --line-numbers ] |
| 851 | [ -m @var{machine} | --architecture=@var{machine} ] |
| 852 | [ -r | --reloc ] [ -R | --dynamic-reloc ] |
| 853 | [ -s | --full-contents ] [ --stabs ] |
| 854 | [ -t | --syms ] [ -T | --dynamic-syms ] [ -x | --all-headers ] |
| 855 | [ --version ] [ --help ] @var{objfile}@dots{} |
| 856 | @end smallexample |
| 857 | |
| 858 | @code{objdump} displays information about one or more object files. |
| 859 | The options control what particular information to display. This |
| 860 | information is mostly useful to programmers who are working on the |
| 861 | compilation tools, as opposed to programmers who just want their |
| 862 | program to compile and work. |
| 863 | |
| 864 | @var{objfile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined. When you |
| 865 | specify archives, @code{objdump} shows information on each of the member |
| 866 | object files. |
| 867 | |
| 868 | The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are |
| 869 | equivalent. At least one option besides @samp{-l} must be given. |
| 870 | |
| 871 | @table @code |
| 872 | @item -a |
| 873 | @itemx --archive-header |
| 874 | @cindex archive headers |
| 875 | If any of the @var{objfile} files are archives, display the archive |
| 876 | header information (in a format similar to @samp{ls -l}). Besides the |
| 877 | information you could list with @samp{ar tv}, @samp{objdump -a} shows |
| 878 | the object file format of each archive member. |
| 879 | |
| 880 | @item -b @var{bfdname} |
| 881 | @itemx --target=@var{bfdname} |
| 882 | @cindex object code format |
| 883 | Specify that the object-code format for the object files is |
| 884 | @var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @var{objdump} can |
| 885 | automatically recognize many formats. |
| 886 | |
| 887 | For example, |
| 888 | @example |
| 889 | objdump -b oasys -m vax -h fu.o |
| 890 | @end example |
| 891 | @noindent |
| 892 | displays summary information from the section headers (@samp{-h}) of |
| 893 | @file{fu.o}, which is explicitly identified (@samp{-m}) as a VAX object |
| 894 | file in the format produced by Oasys compilers. You can list the |
| 895 | formats available with the @samp{-i} option. |
| 896 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. |
| 897 | |
| 898 | @item -d |
| 899 | @itemx --disassemble |
| 900 | @cindex disassembling object code |
| 901 | @cindex machine instructions |
| 902 | Display the assembler mnemonics for the machine |
| 903 | instructions from @var{objfile}. |
| 904 | |
| 905 | @item -f |
| 906 | @itemx --file-header |
| 907 | @cindex object file header |
| 908 | Display summary information from the overall header of |
| 909 | each of the @var{objfile} files. |
| 910 | |
| 911 | @item -h |
| 912 | @itemx --section-header |
| 913 | @itemx --header |
| 914 | @cindex section headers |
| 915 | Display summary information from the section headers of the |
| 916 | object file. |
| 917 | |
| 918 | File segments may be relocated to nonstandard addresses, for example by |
| 919 | using the @samp{-Ttext}, @samp{-Tdata}, or @samp{-Tbss} options to |
| 920 | @code{ld}. However, some object file formats, such as a.out, do not |
| 921 | store the starting address of the file segments. In those situations, |
| 922 | although @code{ld} relocates the sections correctly, using @samp{objdump |
| 923 | -h} to list the file section headers cannot show the correct addresses. |
| 924 | Instead, it shows the usual addresses, which are implicit for the |
| 925 | target. |
| 926 | |
| 927 | @item --help |
| 928 | Print a summary of the options to @code{objdump} and exit. |
| 929 | |
| 930 | @item -i |
| 931 | @itemx --info |
| 932 | @cindex architectures available |
| 933 | @cindex object formats available |
| 934 | Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available |
| 935 | for specification with @samp{-b} or @samp{-m}. |
| 936 | |
| 937 | @item -j @var{name} |
| 938 | @itemx --section=@var{name} |
| 939 | @cindex section information |
| 940 | Display information only for section @var{name}. |
| 941 | |
| 942 | @item -l |
| 943 | @itemx --line-numbers |
| 944 | @cindex source filenames for object files |
| 945 | Label the display (using debugging information) with the filename |
| 946 | and source line numbers corresponding to the object code shown. |
| 947 | Only useful with @samp{-d}. |
| 948 | |
| 949 | @item -m @var{machine} |
| 950 | @itemx --architecture=@var{machine} |
| 951 | @cindex architecture |
| 952 | Specify that the object files @var{objfile} are for architecture |
| 953 | @var{machine}. You can list available architectures using the @samp{-i} |
| 954 | option. |
| 955 | |
| 956 | @item -r |
| 957 | @itemx --reloc |
| 958 | @cindex relocation entries, in object file |
| 959 | Print the relocation entries of the file. |
| 960 | |
| 961 | @item -R |
| 962 | @itemx --dynamic-reloc |
| 963 | @cindex dynamic relocation entries, in object file |
| 964 | Print the dynamic relocation entries of the file. This is only |
| 965 | meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared |
| 966 | libraries. |
| 967 | |
| 968 | @item -s |
| 969 | @itemx --full-contents |
| 970 | @cindex sections, full contents |
| 971 | @cindex object file sections |
| 972 | Display the full contents of any sections requested. |
| 973 | |
| 974 | @item --stabs |
| 975 | @cindex stab |
| 976 | @cindex .stab |
| 977 | @cindex debug symbols |
| 978 | @cindex ELF object file format |
| 979 | Display the full contents of any sections requested. Display the |
| 980 | contents of the .stab and .stab.index and .stab.excl sections from an |
| 981 | ELF file. This is only useful on systems (such as Solaris 2.0) in which |
| 982 | @code{.stab} debugging symbol-table entries are carried in an ELF |
| 983 | section. In most other file formats, debugging symbol-table entries are |
| 984 | interleaved with linkage symbols, and are visible in the @samp{--syms} |
| 985 | output. |
| 986 | |
| 987 | @item -t |
| 988 | @itemx --syms |
| 989 | @cindex symbol table entries, printing |
| 990 | Print the symbol table entries of the file. |
| 991 | This is similar to the information provided by the @samp{nm} program. |
| 992 | |
| 993 | @item -T |
| 994 | @itemx --dynamic-syms |
| 995 | @cindex dynamic symbol table entries, printing |
| 996 | Print the dynamic symbol table entries of the file. This is only |
| 997 | meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared |
| 998 | libraries. This is similar to the information provided by the @samp{nm} |
| 999 | program when given the @samp{-D} (@samp{--dynamic}) option. |
| 1000 | |
| 1001 | @item --version |
| 1002 | Print the version number of @code{objdump} and exit. |
| 1003 | |
| 1004 | @item -x |
| 1005 | @itemx --all-header |
| 1006 | @cindex all header information, object file |
| 1007 | @cindex header information, all |
| 1008 | Display all available header information, including the symbol table and |
| 1009 | relocation entries. Using @samp{-x} is equivalent to specifying all of |
| 1010 | @samp{-a -f -h -r -t}. |
| 1011 | @end table |
| 1012 | |
| 1013 | @node ranlib |
| 1014 | @chapter ranlib |
| 1015 | |
| 1016 | @kindex ranlib |
| 1017 | @cindex archive contents |
| 1018 | @cindex symbol index |
| 1019 | |
| 1020 | @smallexample |
| 1021 | ranlib [-vV] @var{archive} |
| 1022 | @end smallexample |
| 1023 | |
| 1024 | @code{ranlib} generates an index to the contents of an archive and |
| 1025 | stores it in the archive. The index lists each symbol defined by a |
| 1026 | member of an archive that is a relocatable object file. |
| 1027 | |
| 1028 | You may use @samp{nm -s} or @samp{nm --print-armap} to list this index. |
| 1029 | |
| 1030 | An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library and |
| 1031 | allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to |
| 1032 | their placement in the archive. |
| 1033 | |
| 1034 | The GNU @code{ranlib} program is another form of GNU @code{ar}; running |
| 1035 | @code{ranlib} is completely equivalent to executing @samp{ar -s}. |
| 1036 | @xref{ar}. |
| 1037 | |
| 1038 | @table @code |
| 1039 | @item -v |
| 1040 | @itemx -V |
| 1041 | Show the version number of @code{ranlib}. |
| 1042 | @end table |
| 1043 | |
| 1044 | @node size |
| 1045 | @chapter size |
| 1046 | |
| 1047 | @kindex size |
| 1048 | @cindex section sizes |
| 1049 | |
| 1050 | @smallexample |
| 1051 | size [ -A | -B | --format=@var{compatibility} ] |
| 1052 | [ --help ] [ -d | -o | -x | --radix=@var{number} ] |
| 1053 | [ --target=@var{bfdname} ] [ -V | --version ] |
| 1054 | @var{objfile}@dots{} |
| 1055 | @end smallexample |
| 1056 | |
| 1057 | The GNU @code{size} utility lists the section sizes---and the total |
| 1058 | size---for each of the object or archive files @var{objfile} in its |
| 1059 | argument list. By default, one line of output is generated for each |
| 1060 | object file or each module in an archive. |
| 1061 | |
| 1062 | @var{objfile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined. |
| 1063 | |
| 1064 | The command line options have the following meanings: |
| 1065 | |
| 1066 | @table @code |
| 1067 | @item -A |
| 1068 | @itemx -B |
| 1069 | @itemx --format=@var{compatibility} |
| 1070 | @cindex @code{size} display format |
| 1071 | Using one of these options, you can choose whether the output from GNU |
| 1072 | @code{size} resembles output from System V @code{size} (using @samp{-A}, |
| 1073 | or @samp{--format=sysv}), or Berkeley @code{size} (using @samp{-B}, or |
| 1074 | @samp{--format=berkeley}). The default is the one-line format similar to |
| 1075 | Berkeley's. |
| 1076 | @c Bonus for doc-source readers: you can also say --format=strange (or |
| 1077 | @c anything else that starts with 's') for sysv, and --format=boring (or |
| 1078 | @c anything else that starts with 'b') for Berkeley. |
| 1079 | |
| 1080 | Here is an example of the Berkeley (default) format of output from |
| 1081 | @code{size}: |
| 1082 | @smallexample |
| 1083 | size --format=Berkeley ranlib size |
| 1084 | text data bss dec hex filename |
| 1085 | 294880 81920 11592 388392 5ed28 ranlib |
| 1086 | 294880 81920 11888 388688 5ee50 size |
| 1087 | @end smallexample |
| 1088 | |
| 1089 | @noindent |
| 1090 | This is the same data, but displayed closer to System V conventions: |
| 1091 | |
| 1092 | @smallexample |
| 1093 | size --format=SysV ranlib size |
| 1094 | ranlib : |
| 1095 | section size addr |
| 1096 | .text 294880 8192 |
| 1097 | .data 81920 303104 |
| 1098 | .bss 11592 385024 |
| 1099 | Total 388392 |
| 1100 | |
| 1101 | |
| 1102 | size : |
| 1103 | section size addr |
| 1104 | .text 294880 8192 |
| 1105 | .data 81920 303104 |
| 1106 | .bss 11888 385024 |
| 1107 | Total 388688 |
| 1108 | @end smallexample |
| 1109 | |
| 1110 | @item --help |
| 1111 | Show a summary of acceptable arguments and options. |
| 1112 | |
| 1113 | @item -d |
| 1114 | @itemx -o |
| 1115 | @itemx -x |
| 1116 | @itemx --radix=@var{number} |
| 1117 | @cindex @code{size} number format |
| 1118 | @cindex radix for section sizes |
| 1119 | Using one of these options, you can control whether the size of each |
| 1120 | section is given in decimal (@samp{-d}, or @samp{--radix=10}); octal |
| 1121 | (@samp{-o}, or @samp{--radix=8}); or hexadecimal (@samp{-x}, or |
| 1122 | @samp{--radix=16}). In @samp{--radix=@var{number}}, only the three |
| 1123 | values (8, 10, 16) are supported. The total size is always given in two |
| 1124 | radices; decimal and hexadecimal for @samp{-d} or @samp{-x} output, or |
| 1125 | octal and hexadecimal if you're using @samp{-o}. |
| 1126 | |
| 1127 | @item --target=@var{bfdname} |
| 1128 | @cindex object code format |
| 1129 | Specify that the object-code format for @var{objfile} is |
| 1130 | @var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @code{size} can |
| 1131 | automatically recognize many formats. |
| 1132 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. |
| 1133 | |
| 1134 | @item -V |
| 1135 | @itemx --version |
| 1136 | Display the version number of @code{size}. |
| 1137 | @end table |
| 1138 | |
| 1139 | @node strings |
| 1140 | @chapter strings |
| 1141 | @kindex strings |
| 1142 | @cindex listings strings |
| 1143 | @cindex printing strings |
| 1144 | @cindex strings, printing |
| 1145 | |
| 1146 | @smallexample |
| 1147 | strings [-afov] [-@var{min-len}] [-n @var{min-len}] [-t @var{radix}] [-] |
| 1148 | [--all] [--print-file-name] [--bytes=@var{min-len}] |
| 1149 | [--radix=@var{radix}] [--target=@var{bfdname}] |
| 1150 | [--help] [--version] @var{file}@dots{} |
| 1151 | @end smallexample |
| 1152 | |
| 1153 | For each @var{file} given, GNU @code{strings} prints the printable |
| 1154 | character sequences that are at least 4 characters long (or the number |
| 1155 | given with the options below) and are followed by a NUL or newline |
| 1156 | character. By default, it only prints the strings from the initialized |
| 1157 | data sections of object files; for other types of files, it prints the |
| 1158 | strings from the whole file. |
| 1159 | |
| 1160 | @code{strings} is mainly useful for determining the contents of non-text |
| 1161 | files. |
| 1162 | |
| 1163 | @table @code |
| 1164 | @item -a |
| 1165 | @itemx --all |
| 1166 | @itemx - |
| 1167 | Do not scan only the initialized data section of object files; scan |
| 1168 | the whole files. |
| 1169 | |
| 1170 | @item -f |
| 1171 | @itemx --print-file-name |
| 1172 | Print the name of the file before each string. |
| 1173 | |
| 1174 | @item --help |
| 1175 | Print a summary of the program usage on the standard output and exit. |
| 1176 | |
| 1177 | @itemx -@var{min-len} |
| 1178 | @item -n @var{min-len} |
| 1179 | @itemx --bytes=@var{min-len} |
| 1180 | Print sequences of characters that are at least @var{min-len} characters |
| 1181 | long, instead of the default 4. |
| 1182 | |
| 1183 | @item -o |
| 1184 | Like @samp{-t o}. Some other versions of @code{strings} have @samp{-o} |
| 1185 | act like @samp{-t d} instead. Since we can not be compatible with both |
| 1186 | ways, we simply chose one. |
| 1187 | |
| 1188 | @item -t @var{radix} |
| 1189 | @itemx --radix=@var{radix} |
| 1190 | Print the offset within the file before each string. The single |
| 1191 | character argument specifies the radix of the offset---@samp{o} for |
| 1192 | octal, @samp{x} for hexadecimal, or @samp{d} for decimal. |
| 1193 | |
| 1194 | @item --target=@var{bfdname} |
| 1195 | @cindex object code format |
| 1196 | Specify an object code format other than your system's default format. |
| 1197 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. |
| 1198 | |
| 1199 | @item -v |
| 1200 | @itemx --version |
| 1201 | Print the program version number on the standard output and exit. |
| 1202 | @end table |
| 1203 | |
| 1204 | @node strip |
| 1205 | @chapter strip |
| 1206 | |
| 1207 | @kindex strip |
| 1208 | @cindex removing symbols |
| 1209 | @cindex discarding symbols |
| 1210 | @cindex symbols, discarding |
| 1211 | |
| 1212 | @smallexample |
| 1213 | strip [ -F @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ] |
| 1214 | [ -I @var{bfdname} | --input-target=@var{bfdname} ] |
| 1215 | [ -O @var{bfdname} | --output-target=@var{bfdname} ] |
| 1216 | [ -s | --strip-all ] [ -S | -g | --strip-debug ] |
| 1217 | [ -x | --discard-all ] [ -X | --discard-locals ] |
| 1218 | [ -R @var{sectionname} | --remove-section=@var{sectionname} ] |
| 1219 | [ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ] |
| 1220 | @var{objfile}@dots{} |
| 1221 | @end smallexample |
| 1222 | |
| 1223 | GNU @code{strip} discards all symbols from object files |
| 1224 | @var{objfile}. The list of object files may include archives. |
| 1225 | At least one object file must be given. |
| 1226 | |
| 1227 | @code{strip} modifies the files named in its argument, |
| 1228 | rather than writing modified copies under different names. |
| 1229 | |
| 1230 | @table @code |
| 1231 | @item -F @var{bfdname} |
| 1232 | @itemx --target=@var{bfdname} |
| 1233 | Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object |
| 1234 | code format @var{bfdname}, and rewrite it in the same format. |
| 1235 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. |
| 1236 | |
| 1237 | @item --help |
| 1238 | Show a summary of the options to @code{strip} and exit. |
| 1239 | |
| 1240 | @item -I @var{bfdname} |
| 1241 | @itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname} |
| 1242 | Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object |
| 1243 | code format @var{bfdname}. |
| 1244 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. |
| 1245 | |
| 1246 | @item -O @var{bfdname} |
| 1247 | @itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname} |
| 1248 | Replace @var{objfile} with a file in the output format @var{bfdname}. |
| 1249 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. |
| 1250 | |
| 1251 | @item -R @var{sectionname} |
| 1252 | @itemx --remove-section=@var{sectionname} |
| 1253 | Remove any section named @var{sectionname} from the output file. This |
| 1254 | option may be given more than once. Note that using this option |
| 1255 | inappropriately may make the output file unusable. |
| 1256 | |
| 1257 | @item -s |
| 1258 | @itemx --strip-all |
| 1259 | Remove all symbols. |
| 1260 | |
| 1261 | @item -g |
| 1262 | @itemx -S |
| 1263 | @itemx --strip-debug |
| 1264 | Remove debugging symbols only. |
| 1265 | |
| 1266 | @item -x |
| 1267 | @itemx --discard-all |
| 1268 | Remove non-global symbols. |
| 1269 | |
| 1270 | @item -X |
| 1271 | @itemx --discard-locals |
| 1272 | Remove compiler-generated local symbols. |
| 1273 | (These usually start with @samp{L} or @samp{.}.) |
| 1274 | |
| 1275 | @item -V |
| 1276 | @itemx --version |
| 1277 | Show the version number for @code{strip}. |
| 1278 | |
| 1279 | @item -v |
| 1280 | @itemx --verbose |
| 1281 | Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of |
| 1282 | archives, @samp{strip -v} lists all members of the archive. |
| 1283 | @end table |
| 1284 | |
| 1285 | @node c++filt |
| 1286 | @chapter c++filt |
| 1287 | |
| 1288 | @kindex c++filt |
| 1289 | @cindex demangling C++ symbols |
| 1290 | |
| 1291 | @smallexample |
| 1292 | c++filt [ -_ | --strip-underscores ] |
| 1293 | [ -n | --no-strip-underscores ] |
| 1294 | [ -s @var{format} | --format=@var{format} ] |
| 1295 | [ --help ] [ --version ] [ @var{symbol}@dots{} ] |
| 1296 | @end smallexample |
| 1297 | |
| 1298 | The C++ language provides function overloading, which means that you can |
| 1299 | write many functions with the same name (providing each takes parameters |
| 1300 | of different types). All C++ function names are encoded into a |
| 1301 | low-level assembly label (this process is known as |
| 1302 | @dfn{mangling}). The @code{c++filt} program does the inverse mapping: it |
| 1303 | decodes (@dfn{demangles}) low-level names into user-level names so that |
| 1304 | the linker can keep these overloaded functions from clashing. |
| 1305 | |
| 1306 | Every alphanumeric word (consisting of letters, digits, underscores, |
| 1307 | dollars, or periods) seen in the input is a potential label. If the |
| 1308 | label decodes into a C++ name, the C++ name replaces the low-level |
| 1309 | name in the output. |
| 1310 | |
| 1311 | You can use @code{c++filt} to decipher individual symbols: |
| 1312 | |
| 1313 | @example |
| 1314 | c++filt @var{symbol} |
| 1315 | @end example |
| 1316 | |
| 1317 | If no @var{symbol} arguments are given, @code{c++filt} reads symbol |
| 1318 | names from the standard input and writes the demangled names to the |
| 1319 | standard output. All results are printed on the standard output. |
| 1320 | |
| 1321 | @table @code |
| 1322 | @item -_ |
| 1323 | @itemx --strip-underscores |
| 1324 | On some systems, both the C and C++ compilers put an underscore in front |
| 1325 | of every name. For example, the C name @code{foo} gets the low-level |
| 1326 | name @code{_foo}. This option removes the initial underscore. Whether |
| 1327 | @code{c++filt} removes the underscore by default is target dependent. |
| 1328 | |
| 1329 | @item -n |
| 1330 | @itemx --no-strip-underscores |
| 1331 | Do not remove the initial underscore. |
| 1332 | |
| 1333 | @item -s @var{format} |
| 1334 | @itemx --format=@var{format} |
| 1335 | GNU @code{nm} can decode three different methods of mangling, used by |
| 1336 | different C++ compilers. The argument to this option selects which |
| 1337 | method it uses: |
| 1338 | |
| 1339 | @table @code |
| 1340 | @item gnu |
| 1341 | the one used by the GNU compiler (the default method) |
| 1342 | @item lucid |
| 1343 | the one used by the Lucid compiler |
| 1344 | @item arm |
| 1345 | the one specified by the C++ Annotated Reference Manual |
| 1346 | @end table |
| 1347 | |
| 1348 | @item --help |
| 1349 | Print a summary of the options to @code{c++filt} and exit. |
| 1350 | |
| 1351 | @item --version |
| 1352 | Print the version number of @code{c++filt} and exit. |
| 1353 | @end table |
| 1354 | |
| 1355 | @quotation |
| 1356 | @emph{Warning:} @code{c++filt} is a new utility, and the details of its |
| 1357 | user interface are subject to change in future releases. In particular, |
| 1358 | a command-line option may be required in the the future to decode a name |
| 1359 | passed as an argument on the command line; in other words, |
| 1360 | |
| 1361 | @example |
| 1362 | c++filt @var{symbol} |
| 1363 | @end example |
| 1364 | |
| 1365 | @noindent |
| 1366 | may in a future release become |
| 1367 | |
| 1368 | @example |
| 1369 | c++filt @var{option} @var{symbol} |
| 1370 | @end example |
| 1371 | @end quotation |
| 1372 | |
| 1373 | @node nlmconv |
| 1374 | @chapter nlmconv |
| 1375 | |
| 1376 | @code{nlmconv} converts a relocatable object file into a NetWare |
| 1377 | Loadable Module. |
| 1378 | |
| 1379 | @ignore |
| 1380 | @code{nlmconv} currently works with @samp{i386} object |
| 1381 | files in @code{coff}, @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format, and @sc{SPARC} |
| 1382 | object files in @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format@footnote{ |
| 1383 | @code{nlmconv} should work with any @samp{i386} or @sc{sparc} object |
| 1384 | format in the Binary File Descriptor library. It has only been tested |
| 1385 | with the above formats.}. |
| 1386 | @end ignore |
| 1387 | |
| 1388 | @quotation |
| 1389 | @emph{Warning:} @code{nlmconv} is not always built as part of the binary |
| 1390 | utilities, since it is only useful for NLM targets. |
| 1391 | @end quotation |
| 1392 | |
| 1393 | @smallexample |
| 1394 | nlmconv [ -I @var{bfdname} | --input-target=@var{bfdname} ] |
| 1395 | [ -O @var{bfdname} | --output-target=@var{bfdname} ] |
| 1396 | [ -T @var{headerfile} | --header-file=@var{headerfile} ] |
| 1397 | [ -d | --debug] [ -l @var{linker} | --linker=@var{linker} ] |
| 1398 | [ -h | --help ] [ -V | --version ] |
| 1399 | @var{infile} @var{outfile} |
| 1400 | @end smallexample |
| 1401 | |
| 1402 | @code{nlmconv} converts the relocatable @samp{i386} object file |
| 1403 | @var{infile} into the NetWare Loadable Module @var{outfile}, optionally |
| 1404 | reading @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions |
| 1405 | on writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see the |
| 1406 | @samp{linkers} section, @samp{NLMLINK} in particular, of the @cite{NLM |
| 1407 | Development and Tools Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software |
| 1408 | Developer's Kit (``NLM SDK''), available from Novell, Inc. |
| 1409 | @code{nlmconv} uses the @sc{gnu} Binary File Descriptor library to read |
| 1410 | @var{infile}; see @ref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}, for |
| 1411 | more information. |
| 1412 | |
| 1413 | @code{nlmconv} can perform a link step. In other words, you can list |
| 1414 | more than one object file for input if you list them in the definitions |
| 1415 | file (rather than simply specifying one input file on the command line). |
| 1416 | In this case, @code{nlmconv} calls the linker for you. |
| 1417 | |
| 1418 | @table @code |
| 1419 | @item -I @var{bfdname} |
| 1420 | @itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname} |
| 1421 | Object format of the input file. @code{nlmconv} can usually determine |
| 1422 | the format of a given file (so no default is necessary). |
| 1423 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. |
| 1424 | |
| 1425 | @item -O @var{bfdname} |
| 1426 | @itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname} |
| 1427 | Object format of the output file. @code{nlmconv} infers the output |
| 1428 | format based on the input format, e.g. for a @samp{i386} input file the |
| 1429 | output format is @samp{nlm32-i386}. |
| 1430 | @xref{Target Selection}, for more information. |
| 1431 | |
| 1432 | @item -T @var{headerfile} |
| 1433 | @itemx --header-file=@var{headerfile} |
| 1434 | Reads @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions on |
| 1435 | writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see@ see the |
| 1436 | @samp{linkers} section, of the @cite{NLM Development and Tools |
| 1437 | Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software Developer's Kit, available |
| 1438 | from Novell, Inc. |
| 1439 | |
| 1440 | @item -d |
| 1441 | @itemx --debug |
| 1442 | Displays (on standard error) the linker command line used by @code{nlmconv}. |
| 1443 | |
| 1444 | @item -l @var{linker} |
| 1445 | @itemx --linker=@var{linker} |
| 1446 | Use @var{linker} for any linking. @var{linker} can be an abosolute or a |
| 1447 | relative pathname. |
| 1448 | |
| 1449 | @item -h |
| 1450 | @itemx --help |
| 1451 | Prints a usage summary. |
| 1452 | |
| 1453 | @item -V |
| 1454 | @itemx --version |
| 1455 | Prints the version number for @code{nlmconv}. |
| 1456 | @end table |
| 1457 | |
| 1458 | @node Selecting The Target System |
| 1459 | @chapter Selecting the target system |
| 1460 | |
| 1461 | You can specify three aspects of the target system to the @sc{gnu} |
| 1462 | binary file utilities, each in several ways: |
| 1463 | |
| 1464 | @itemize @bullet |
| 1465 | @item |
| 1466 | the target |
| 1467 | |
| 1468 | @item |
| 1469 | the architecture |
| 1470 | |
| 1471 | @item |
| 1472 | the linker emulation (which applies to the linker only) |
| 1473 | @end itemize |
| 1474 | |
| 1475 | In the following summaries, the lists of ways to specify values are in |
| 1476 | order of decreasing precedence. The ways listed first override those |
| 1477 | listed later. |
| 1478 | |
| 1479 | The commands to list valid values only list the values for which the |
| 1480 | programs you are running were configured. If they were configured with |
| 1481 | @samp{--with-targets=all}, the commands list most of the available |
| 1482 | values, but a few are left out; not all targets can be configured in at |
| 1483 | once because some of them can only be configured @dfn{native} (on hosts |
| 1484 | with the same type as the target system). |
| 1485 | |
| 1486 | @menu |
| 1487 | * Target Selection:: |
| 1488 | * Architecture Selection:: |
| 1489 | * Linker Emulation Selection:: |
| 1490 | @end menu |
| 1491 | |
| 1492 | @node Target Selection |
| 1493 | @section Target Selection |
| 1494 | |
| 1495 | A @dfn{target} is an object file format. A given target may be |
| 1496 | supported for multiple architectures (@pxref{Architecture Selection}). |
| 1497 | A target selection may also have variations for different operating |
| 1498 | systems or architectures. |
| 1499 | |
| 1500 | The command to list valid target values is @samp{objdump -i} |
| 1501 | (the first column of output contains the relevant information). |
| 1502 | |
| 1503 | Some sample values are: @samp{a.out-hp300bsd}, @samp{ecoff-littlemips}, |
| 1504 | @samp{a.out-sunos-big}. |
| 1505 | |
| 1506 | @subheading @code{objdump} Target |
| 1507 | |
| 1508 | Ways to specify: |
| 1509 | |
| 1510 | @enumerate |
| 1511 | @item |
| 1512 | command line option: @samp{-b} or @samp{--target} |
| 1513 | |
| 1514 | @item |
| 1515 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} |
| 1516 | |
| 1517 | @item |
| 1518 | deduced from the input file |
| 1519 | @end enumerate |
| 1520 | |
| 1521 | @subheading @code{objcopy} and @code{strip} Input Target |
| 1522 | |
| 1523 | Ways to specify: |
| 1524 | |
| 1525 | @enumerate |
| 1526 | @item |
| 1527 | command line options: @samp{-I} or @samp{--input-target}, or @samp{-F} or @samp{--target} |
| 1528 | |
| 1529 | @item |
| 1530 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} |
| 1531 | |
| 1532 | @item |
| 1533 | deduced from the input file |
| 1534 | @end enumerate |
| 1535 | |
| 1536 | @subheading @code{objcopy} and @code{strip} Output Target |
| 1537 | |
| 1538 | Ways to specify: |
| 1539 | |
| 1540 | @enumerate |
| 1541 | @item |
| 1542 | command line options: @samp{-O} or @samp{--output-target}, or @samp{-F} or @samp{--target} |
| 1543 | |
| 1544 | @item |
| 1545 | the input target (see ``@code{objcopy} and @code{strip} Input Target'' above) |
| 1546 | |
| 1547 | @item |
| 1548 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} |
| 1549 | |
| 1550 | @item |
| 1551 | deduced from the input file |
| 1552 | @end enumerate |
| 1553 | |
| 1554 | @subheading @code{nm}, @code{size}, and @code{strings} Target |
| 1555 | |
| 1556 | Ways to specify: |
| 1557 | |
| 1558 | @enumerate |
| 1559 | @item |
| 1560 | command line option: @samp{--target} |
| 1561 | |
| 1562 | @item |
| 1563 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} |
| 1564 | |
| 1565 | @item |
| 1566 | deduced from the input file |
| 1567 | @end enumerate |
| 1568 | |
| 1569 | @subheading Linker Input Target |
| 1570 | |
| 1571 | Ways to specify: |
| 1572 | |
| 1573 | @enumerate |
| 1574 | @item |
| 1575 | command line option: @samp{-b} or @samp{--format} |
| 1576 | (@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD}) |
| 1577 | |
| 1578 | @item |
| 1579 | script command @code{TARGET} |
| 1580 | (@pxref{Option Commands,,Option Commands,ld.info,Using LD}) |
| 1581 | |
| 1582 | @item |
| 1583 | environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} |
| 1584 | (@pxref{Environment,,Environment,ld.info,Using LD}) |
| 1585 | |
| 1586 | @item |
| 1587 | the default target of the selected linker emulation |
| 1588 | (@pxref{Linker Emulation Selection}) |
| 1589 | @end enumerate |
| 1590 | |
| 1591 | @subheading Linker Output Target |
| 1592 | |
| 1593 | Ways to specify: |
| 1594 | |
| 1595 | @enumerate |
| 1596 | @item |
| 1597 | command line option: @samp{-oformat} |
| 1598 | (@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD}) |
| 1599 | |
| 1600 | @item |
| 1601 | script command @code{OUTPUT_FORMAT} |
| 1602 | (@pxref{Option Commands,,Option Commands,ld.info,Using LD}) |
| 1603 | |
| 1604 | @item |
| 1605 | the linker input target (see ``Linker Input Target'' above) |
| 1606 | @end enumerate |
| 1607 | |
| 1608 | @node Architecture Selection |
| 1609 | @section Architecture selection |
| 1610 | |
| 1611 | An @dfn{architecture} is a type of @sc{cpu} on which an object file is |
| 1612 | to run. Its name may contain a colon, separating the name of the |
| 1613 | processor family from the name of the particular @sc{cpu}. |
| 1614 | |
| 1615 | The command to list valid architecture values is @samp{objdump -i} (the |
| 1616 | second column contains the relevant information). |
| 1617 | |
| 1618 | Sample values: @samp{m68k:68020}, @samp{mips:3000}, @samp{sparc}. |
| 1619 | |
| 1620 | @subheading @code{objdump} Architecture |
| 1621 | |
| 1622 | Ways to specify: |
| 1623 | |
| 1624 | @enumerate |
| 1625 | @item |
| 1626 | command line option: @samp{-m} or @samp{--architecture} |
| 1627 | |
| 1628 | @item |
| 1629 | deduced from the input file |
| 1630 | @end enumerate |
| 1631 | |
| 1632 | @subheading @code{objcopy}, @code{nm}, @code{size}, @code{strings} Architecture |
| 1633 | |
| 1634 | Ways to specify: |
| 1635 | |
| 1636 | @enumerate |
| 1637 | @item |
| 1638 | deduced from the input file |
| 1639 | @end enumerate |
| 1640 | |
| 1641 | @subheading Linker Input Architecture |
| 1642 | |
| 1643 | Ways to specify: |
| 1644 | |
| 1645 | @enumerate |
| 1646 | @item |
| 1647 | deduced from the input file |
| 1648 | @end enumerate |
| 1649 | |
| 1650 | @subheading Linker Output Architecture |
| 1651 | |
| 1652 | Ways to specify: |
| 1653 | |
| 1654 | @enumerate |
| 1655 | @item |
| 1656 | script command @code{OUTPUT_ARCH} |
| 1657 | (@pxref{Option Commands,,Option Commands,ld.info,Using LD}) |
| 1658 | |
| 1659 | @item |
| 1660 | the default architecture from the linker output target |
| 1661 | (@pxref{Target Selection}) |
| 1662 | @end enumerate |
| 1663 | |
| 1664 | @node Linker Emulation Selection |
| 1665 | @section Linker emulation selection |
| 1666 | |
| 1667 | A linker @dfn{emulation} is a ``personality'' of the linker, which gives |
| 1668 | the linker default values for the other aspects of the target system. |
| 1669 | In particular, it consists of |
| 1670 | |
| 1671 | @itemize @bullet |
| 1672 | @item |
| 1673 | the linker script |
| 1674 | |
| 1675 | @item |
| 1676 | the target |
| 1677 | |
| 1678 | @item |
| 1679 | several ``hook'' functions that are run at certain stages of the linking |
| 1680 | process to do special things that some targets require |
| 1681 | @end itemize |
| 1682 | |
| 1683 | The command to list valid linker emulation values is @samp{ld -V}. |
| 1684 | |
| 1685 | Sample values: @samp{hp300bsd}, @samp{mipslit}, @samp{sun4}. |
| 1686 | |
| 1687 | Ways to specify: |
| 1688 | |
| 1689 | @enumerate |
| 1690 | @item |
| 1691 | command line option: @samp{-m} |
| 1692 | (@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD}) |
| 1693 | |
| 1694 | @item |
| 1695 | environment variable @code{LDEMULATION} |
| 1696 | |
| 1697 | @item |
| 1698 | compiled-in @code{DEFAULT_EMULATION} from @file{Makefile}, |
| 1699 | which comes from @code{EMUL} in @file{config/@var{target}.mt} |
| 1700 | @end enumerate |
| 1701 | |
| 1702 | @node Index |
| 1703 | @unnumbered Index |
| 1704 | |
| 1705 | @printindex cp |
| 1706 | |
| 1707 | @contents |
| 1708 | @bye |