1 // Show ToC at a specific location for a GitHub rendering
10 // This is to mimic what GitHub does so that anchors work in an offline
21 image::normand-logo.png[]
24 image:https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/normand.svg?label=Latest%20version[link="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/normand"]
27 _**Normand**_ is a text-to-binary processor with its own language.
29 This package offers both a portable {py3} module and a command-line
32 WARNING: This version of Normand is 0.12, meaning both the Normand
33 language and the module/CLI interface aren't stable.
36 // ToC location for a GitHub rendering
42 The purpose of Normand is to consume human-readable text representing
43 bytes and to produce the corresponding binary data.
47 Consider the following Normand input:
50 4f 55 32 bb $167 fe %10100111 a9 $-32
53 The generated nine bytes are:
56 4f 55 32 bb a7 fe a7 a9 e0
60 As you can see in the last example, the fundamental unit of the Normand
61 language is the _byte_. The order in which you list bytes will be the
62 order of the generated data.
64 The Normand language is more than simple lists of bytes, though. Its
67 Comments, including a bunch of insignificant symbols which may improve readability::
72 ff bb %1101:0010 # This is a comment
73 78 29 af $192 # This too # 99 $-80
74 fe80::6257:18ff:fea3:4229
76 10839636-5d65-4a68-8e6a-21608ddf7258
82 ff bb d2 78 29 af c0 99 b0 fe 80 62 57 18 ff fe
83 a3 42 29 60 57 18 a3 42 29 10 83 96 36 5d 65 4a
84 68 8e 6a 21 60 8d df 72 58
87 Hexadecimal, decimal, and binary byte constants::
92 aa bb $247 $-89 %0011_0010 %11.01= 10/10
101 UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32 literal strings::
107 u16le"stress\nverdict 🤣"
113 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 21 00 73 00 74 ┆ hello world!•s•t
114 00 72 00 65 00 73 00 73 00 0a 00 76 00 65 00 72 ┆ •r•e•s•s•••v•e•r
115 00 64 00 69 00 63 00 74 00 20 00 3e d8 23 dd ┆ •d•i•c•t• •>•#•
118 Labels: special variables holding the offset where they're defined::
121 <beg> b2 52 e3 bc 91 05
122 $100 $50 <chair> 33 9f fe
129 5e 65 {tower = 47} c6 7f f2 c4
130 44 {hurl = tower - 14} b5 {tower = hurl} 26 2d
133 The value of a variable assignment is the evaluation of a valid {py3}
134 expression which may include label and variable names.
136 Fixed-length number with a given length (8{nbsp}bits to 64{nbsp}bits) and byte order::
142 {be} 67 <lbl> 44 $178 {(end - lbl) * 8 + strength : 16} $99 <end>
150 67 44 b2 00 2c 63 37 f8 ff ff 7f bd c2 82 fb 21
154 The encoded number is the evaluation of a valid {py3} expression which
155 may include label and variable names.
157 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEB128[LEB128] integer::
162 aa bb cc {-1993 : sleb128} <meow> dd ee ff
163 {meow * 199 : uleb128}
169 aa bb cc b7 70 dd ee ff e3 07
172 The encoded integer is the evaluation of a valid {py3} expression which
173 may include label and variable names.
194 aa bb cc 66 6f 6f 66 6f 6f 66 6f 6f 62 61 72 66 ┆ •••foofoofoobarf
195 6f 6f 62 61 72 ┆ oobar
203 aa bb * 5 cc <zoom> "yeah\0" * {zoom * 3}
213 aa bb bb bb bb bb cc 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 ┆ •••••••yeah•yeah
214 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 ┆ •yeah•yeah•yeah•
215 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 ┆ yeah•yeah•yeah•y
216 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 ┆ eah•yeah•yeah•ye
217 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 ┆ ah•yeah•yeah•yea
218 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 ┆ h•yeah•yeah•yeah
219 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 79 65 61 68 00 ┆ •yeah•yeah•yeah•
220 ff ee 6a 75 69 63 65 ff ee 6a 75 69 63 65 ff ee ┆ ••juice••juice••
221 6a 75 69 63 65 ┆ juice
240 00 00 00 c7 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2b
241 ff 85 ff ff 00 00 15 d0
263 ef be ad de 37 f8 09 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ ••••7•••••••••••
264 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
265 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
266 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
267 40 6d 65 6f 77 20 6d 69 78 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ┆ @meow mix•••••••
268 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ┆ ••••••••••••••••
269 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ┆ ••••••••••••••••
270 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ┆ ••••••••••••••••
271 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ┆ ••••••••••••••••
272 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ┆ ••••••••••••••••
273 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ┆ ••••••••••••••••
274 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ┆ ••••••••••••••••
275 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff c8 ┆ •••••••••
278 Multilevel grouping::
283 ff ((aa bb "zoom" cc) * 5) * 3 $-34 * 4
289 ff aa bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc aa bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc aa ┆ •••zoom•••zoom••
290 bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc aa bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc aa bb 7a ┆ •zoom•••zoom•••z
291 6f 6f 6d cc aa bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc aa bb 7a 6f 6f ┆ oom•••zoom•••zoo
292 6d cc aa bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc aa bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc ┆ m•••zoom•••zoom•
293 aa bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc aa bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc aa bb ┆ ••zoom•••zoom•••
294 7a 6f 6f 6d cc aa bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc aa bb 7a 6f ┆ zoom•••zoom•••zo
295 6f 6d cc aa bb 7a 6f 6f 6d cc de de de de ┆ om•••zoom•••••
305 !if world " world" !end
310 m:hello({ICITTE > 15 and ICITTE < 60})
317 ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c ┆ ••••hello••••hel
318 6c 6f ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c ┆ lo••••hello worl
319 64 ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 ┆ d••••hello world
320 ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 ff ┆ ••••hello world•
321 ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c ┆ •••hello••••hell
322 6f ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f ff ff ff ff 68 65 ┆ o••••hello••••he
323 6c 6c 6f ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f ff ff ff ff ┆ llo••••hello••••
324 68 65 6c 6c 6f ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f ff ff ┆ hello••••hello••
325 ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f ┆ ••hello••••hello
326 ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c ┆ ••••hello••••hel
327 6c 6f ff ff ff ff 68 65 6c 6c 6f ┆ lo••••hello
330 Precise error reporting::
333 /tmp/meow.normand:10:24 - Expecting a bit (`0` or `1`).
337 /tmp/meow.normand:32:6 - Unexpected character `k`.
341 /tmp/meow.normand:24:19 - Illegal (unknown or unreachable) variable/label name `meow` in expression `(meow - 45) // 8`; the legal names are {`ICITTE`, `mix`, `zoom`}.
345 /tmp/meow.normand:18:9 - Value 315 is outside the 8-bit range when evaluating expression `end - ICITTE`.
348 You can use Normand to track data source files in your favorite VCS
349 instead of raw binary files. The binary files that Normand generates can
350 be used to test file format decoding, including malformatted data, for
351 example, as well as for education.
353 See <<learn-normand>> to explore all the Normand features.
357 Normand requires Python ≥ 3.4.
362 $ python3 -m pip install --user normand
366 https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/tutorials/installing-packages/#installing-to-the-user-site[Installing to the User Site]
367 to learn more about a user site installation.
371 Normand has a single module file, `normand.py`, which you can copy as is
372 to your project to use it (both the <<python3-api,`normand.parse()`>>
373 function and the <<command-line-tool,command-line tool>>).
375 `normand.py` has _no external dependencies_, but if you're using
376 Python{nbsp}3.4, you'll need a local copy of the standard `typing`
382 A Normand text input is a sequence of items which represent a sequence
385 [[state]] During the processing of items to data, Normand relies on a
390 |State variable |Description |Initial value: <<python3-api,{py3} API>> |Initial value: <<command-line-tool,CLI>>
392 |[[cur-offset]] Current offset
394 The current offset has an effect on the value of <<label,labels>> and of
395 the special `ICITTE` name in <<fixed-length-number,fixed-length
396 number>>, <<leb-128-integer,LEB128 integer>>,
397 <<variable-assignment,variable assignment>>,
398 <<conditional-block,conditional block>>, <<repetition-block,repetition
399 block>>, <<macro-expansion,macro expansion>>, and
400 <<post-item-repetition,post-item repetition>> expression evaluation.
402 Each generated byte increments the current offset.
404 A <<current-offset-setting,current offset setting>> may change the
405 current offset without generating data.
407 An <<current-offset-alignment,current offset alignment>> generates
408 padding bytes to make the current offset satisfy a given alignment.
409 |`init_offset` parameter of the `parse()` function.
412 |[[cur-bo]] Current byte order
414 The current byte order has an effect on the encoding of
415 <<fixed-length-number,fixed-length numbers>>.
417 A <<current-byte-order-setting,current byte order setting>> may change
418 the current byte order.
419 |`init_byte_order` parameter of the `parse()` function.
420 |`--byte-order` option.
423 |Mapping of label names to integral values.
424 |`init_labels` parameter of the `parse()` function.
425 |One or more `--label` options.
427 |<<variable-assignment,Variables>>
428 |Mapping of variable names to integral or floating point number values.
429 |`init_variables` parameter of the `parse()` function.
430 |One or more `--var` options.
433 The available items are:
435 * A <<byte-constant,constant integer>> representing a single byte.
437 * A <<literal-string,literal string>> representing a sequence of bytes
438 encoding UTF-8, UTF-16, or UTF-32 data.
440 * A <<current-byte-order-setting,current byte order setting>> (big or
443 * A <<fixed-length-number,fixed-length number>> (integer or
444 floating point) using the <<cur-bo,current byte order>> and of which
445 the value is the result of a {py3} expression.
447 * An <<leb128-integer,LEB128 integer>> of which the value is the result
448 of a {py3} expression.
450 * A <<current-offset-setting,current offset setting>>.
452 * A <<current-offset-alignment,current offset alignment>>.
454 * A <<filling,filling>>.
456 * A <<label,label>>, that is, a named constant holding the current
459 This is similar to an assembly label.
461 * A <<variable-assignment,variable assignment>> associating a name to
462 the integral result of an evaluated {py3} expression.
464 * A <<group,group>>, that is, a scoped sequence of items.
466 * A <<conditional-block,conditional block>>.
468 * A <<repetition-block,repetition block>>.
470 * A <<macro-definition-block,macro definition block>>.
472 * A <<macro-expansion,macro expansion>>.
474 Moreover, you can repeat many items above a constant or variable number
475 of times with the ``pass:[*]`` operator _after_ the item to repeat. This
476 is called a <<post-item-repetition,post-item repetition>>.
478 A Normand comment may exist:
480 * Between items, possibly within a group.
481 * Between the nibbles of a constant hexadecimal byte.
482 * Between the bits of a constant binary byte.
483 * Between the last item and the ``pass:[*]`` character of a post-item
484 repetition, and between that ``pass:[*]`` character and the following
485 number or expression.
486 * Between the ``!repeat``/``!r`` block opening and the following
487 constant integer, name, or expression of a repetition block.
488 * Between the ``!if`` block opening and the following name or expression
489 of a conditional block.
491 A comment is anything between two ``pass:[#]`` characters on the same
492 line, or from ``pass:[#]`` until the end of the line. Whitespaces and
493 the following symbol characters are also considered comments where a
497 / \ ? & : ; . , [ ] _ = | -
500 The latter serve to improve readability so that you may write, for
501 example, a MAC address or a UUID as is.
503 You can test the examples of this section with the `normand`
504 <<command-line-tool,command-line tool>> as such:
507 $ normand file | hexdump -C
510 where `file` is the name of a file containing the Normand input.
514 A _byte constant_ represents a single byte.
519 Two consecutive hexits.
522 A decimal number after the `$` prefix.
525 Eight bits after the `%` prefix.
545 $192 %1100/0011 $ -77
559 58f64689-6316-4d55-8a1a-04cada366172
560 fe80::6257:18ff:fea3:4229
566 58 f6 46 89 63 16 4d 55 8a 1a 04 ca da 36 61 72 ┆ X•F•c•MU•••••6ar
567 fe 80 62 57 18 ff fe a3 42 29 ┆ ••bW••••B)
575 %01110011 %01100001 %01101100 %01110101 %01110100
581 73 61 6c 75 74 ┆ salut
587 A _literal string_ represents the UTF-8-, UTF-16-, or UTF-32-encoded
590 The string to encode isn't implicitly null-terminated: use `\0` at the
591 end of the string to add a null character.
595 . **Optional**: one of the following encodings instead of UTF-8:
605 . The ``pass:["]`` prefix.
607 . A sequence of zero or more characters, possibly containing escape
610 An escape sequence is the ``\`` character followed by one of:
616 `b`:: Backspace (U+0008)
617 `e`:: Escape (U+001B)
618 `f`:: Form feed (U+000C)
619 `n`:: End of line (U+000A)
620 `r`:: Carriage return (U+000D)
621 `t`:: Character tabulation (U+0009)
622 `v`:: Line tabulation (U+000B)
623 ``\``:: Reverse solidus (U+005C)
624 ``pass:["]``:: Quotation mark (U+0022)
627 . The ``pass:["]`` suffix.
633 "coucou tout le monde!"
639 63 6f 75 63 6f 75 20 74 6f 75 74 20 6c 65 20 6d ┆ coucou tout le m
640 6f 6e 64 65 21 ┆ onde!
648 u16le"I am not young enough to know everything."
654 49 00 20 00 61 00 6d 00 20 00 6e 00 6f 00 74 00 ┆ I• •a•m• •n•o•t•
655 20 00 79 00 6f 00 75 00 6e 00 67 00 20 00 65 00 ┆ •y•o•u•n•g• •e•
656 6e 00 6f 00 75 00 67 00 68 00 20 00 74 00 6f 00 ┆ n•o•u•g•h• •t•o•
657 20 00 6b 00 6e 00 6f 00 77 00 20 00 65 00 76 00 ┆ •k•n•o•w• •e•v•
658 65 00 72 00 79 00 74 00 68 00 69 00 6e 00 67 00 ┆ e•r•y•t•h•i•n•g•
667 u32be "\"illusion is the first\nof all pleasures\" 🦉"
673 00 00 00 22 00 00 00 69 00 00 00 6c 00 00 00 6c ┆ •••"•••i•••l•••l
674 00 00 00 75 00 00 00 73 00 00 00 69 00 00 00 6f ┆ •••u•••s•••i•••o
675 00 00 00 6e 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 69 00 00 00 73 ┆ •••n••• •••i•••s
676 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 74 00 00 00 68 00 00 00 65 ┆ ••• •••t•••h•••e
677 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 66 00 00 00 69 00 00 00 72 ┆ ••• •••f•••i•••r
678 00 00 00 73 00 00 00 74 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 6f ┆ •••s•••t•••••••o
679 00 00 00 66 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 61 00 00 00 6c ┆ •••f••• •••a•••l
680 00 00 00 6c 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 70 00 00 00 6c ┆ •••l••• •••p•••l
681 00 00 00 65 00 00 00 61 00 00 00 73 00 00 00 75 ┆ •••e•••a•••s•••u
682 00 00 00 72 00 00 00 65 00 00 00 73 00 00 00 22 ┆ •••r•••e•••s•••"
683 00 00 00 20 00 01 f9 89 ┆ ••• ••••
687 === Current byte order setting
689 This special item sets the <<cur-bo,_current byte order_>>.
691 The two accepted forms are:
694 ``pass:[{be}]``:: Set the current byte order to big endian.
695 ``pass:[{le}]``:: Set the current byte order to little endian.
697 === Fixed-length number
699 A _fixed-length number_ represents a fixed number of bytes encoding
702 * An unsigned or signed integer (two's complement).
704 The available lengths are 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, and 64.
706 * A floating point number
707 ([IEEE{nbsp}754-2008[https://standards.ieee.org/standard/754-2008.html]).
709 The available length are 32 (_binary32_) and 64 (_binary64_).
711 The value is the result of evaluating a {py3} expression using the
712 <<cur-bo,current byte order>>.
714 A fixed-length number is:
716 . The ``pass:[{]`` prefix.
718 . A valid {py3} expression.
720 For a fixed-length number at some source location{nbsp}__**L**__, this
721 expression may contain the name of any accessible <<label,label>> (not
722 within a nested group), including the name of a label defined
723 after{nbsp}__**L**__, as well as the name of any
724 <<variable-assignment,variable>> known at{nbsp}__**L**__.
726 The value of the special name `ICITTE` (`int` type) in this expression
727 is the <<cur-offset,current offset>> (before encoding the number).
731 . An encoding length in bits amongst:
734 The expression evaluates to an `int` or `bool` value::
735 `8`, `16`, `24`, `32`, `40`, `48`, `56`, and `64`.
737 NOTE: Normand automatically converts a `bool` value to `int`.
739 The expression evaluates to a `float` value::
766 # String length in bits
767 {8 * (str_end - str_beg) : 16}
778 00 60 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 21 ┆ •`hello world!
786 {20 - ICITTE : 8} * 10
792 14 13 12 11 10 0f 0e 0d 0c 0b
813 An _LEB128 integer_ represents a variable number of bytes encoding an
814 unsigned or signed integer which is the result of evaluating a {py3}
815 expression following the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEB128[LEB128]
818 An LEB128 integer is:
820 . The ``pass:[{]`` prefix.
822 . A valid {py3} expression of which the evaluation result type
823 is `int` or `bool` (automatically converted to `int`).
825 For an LEB128 integer at some source location{nbsp}__**L**__, this
826 expression may contain:
829 * The name of any <<label,label>> defined before{nbsp}__**L**__.
830 * The name of any <<variable-assignment,variable>> known
834 The value of the special name `ICITTE` (`int` type) in this expression
835 is the <<cur-offset,current offset>> (before encoding the integer).
843 `uleb128`:: Use the unsigned LEB128 format.
844 `sleb128`:: Use the signed LEB128 format.
870 {-981238311 + (meow * -23) : sleb128}
877 aa bb cc dd ee ff fd fa 8d ac 7c 68 65 6c 6c 6f ┆ ••••••••••|hello
881 === Current offset setting
883 This special item sets the <<cur-offset,_current offset_>>.
885 A current offset setting is:
889 . A positive integer (hexadecimal starting with `0x` or `0X` accepted)
890 which is the new current offset.
899 <0x61> {ICITTE : 8} * 8
905 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 ┆ ••••••••abcdefgh
913 aa bb cc dd <meow> ee ff
914 <12> 11 22 33 <mix> 44 55
921 aa bb cc dd ee ff 11 22 33 44 55 04 0f ┆ •••••••"3DU••
925 === Current offset alignment
927 A _current offset alignment_ represents zero or more padding bytes to
928 make the <<cur-offset,current offset>> meet a given
929 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structure_alignment[alignment] value.
931 More specifically, for an alignment value of{nbsp}__**N**__{nbsp}bits,
932 a current offset alignment represents the required padding bytes until
933 the current offset is a multiple of __**N**__{nbsp}/{nbsp}8.
935 A current offset alignment is:
939 . A positive integer (hexadecimal starting with `0x` or `0X` accepted)
940 which is the alignment value in _bits_.
942 This value must be greater than zero and a multiple of{nbsp}8.
947 . The ``pass:[~]`` prefix.
948 . A positive integer (hexadecimal starting with `0x` or `0X` accepted)
949 which is the value of the byte to use as padding to align the
950 <<cur-offset,current offset>>.
953 Without this section, the padding byte value is zero.
959 11 22 (@32 aa bb cc) * 3
965 11 22 00 00 aa bb cc 00 aa bb cc 00 aa bb cc
982 77 88 cc cc 00 60 5f c4 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 ┆ w••••`_•UUUUUUUU
991 aa bb cc <29> @64~255 "zoom"
997 aa bb cc ff ff ff 7a 6f 6f 6d ┆ ••••••zoom
1003 A _filling_ represents zero or more padding bytes to make the
1004 <<cur-offset,current offset>> reach a given value.
1008 . The ``pass:[+]`` prefix.
1012 ** A positive integer (hexadecimal starting with `0x` or `0X` accepted)
1013 which is the current offset target.
1015 ** The ``pass:[{]`` prefix, a valid {py3} expression of which the
1016 evaluation result type is `int` or `bool` (automatically converted to
1017 `int`), and the ``pass:[}]`` suffix.
1019 For a filling at some source location{nbsp}__**L**__, this expression
1023 * The name of any <<label,label>> defined before{nbsp}__**L**__
1024 which isn't within a nested group.
1025 * The name of any <<variable-assignment,variable>> known
1029 The value of the special name `ICITTE` (`int` type) in this expression
1030 is the <<cur-offset,current offset>> (before handling the items to
1033 ** A valid {py3} name.
1035 For the name `__NAME__`, this is equivalent to the
1036 `pass:[{]__NAME__pass:[}]` form above.
1039 This value must be greater than or equal to the current offset where
1045 . The ``pass:[~]`` prefix.
1046 . A positive integer (hexadecimal starting with `0x` or `0X` accepted)
1047 which is the value of the byte to use as padding to reach the
1048 current offset target.
1051 Without this section, the padding byte value is zero.
1065 aa bb cc dd 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1066 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1067 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1068 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1069 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 ┆ hello world
1077 !macro part(iter, fill)
1078 <0> "particular security " {ord('0') + iter : 8} +fill~0x80
1084 m:part(iter, {32 + 4 * iter})
1092 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 73 65 63 75 72 ┆ particular secur
1093 69 74 79 20 31 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 ┆ ity 1•••••••••••
1094 80 80 80 80 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 73 ┆ ••••particular s
1095 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 20 32 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 ┆ ecurity 2•••••••
1096 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 70 61 72 74 ┆ ••••••••••••part
1097 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 73 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 20 ┆ icular security
1098 33 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 ┆ 3•••••••••••••••
1099 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c ┆ ••••••••particul
1100 61 72 20 73 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 20 34 80 80 80 ┆ ar security 4•••
1101 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1102 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c ┆ ••••••••particul
1103 61 72 20 73 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 20 35 80 80 80 ┆ ar security 5•••
1104 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1105 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 ┆ ••••••••••••
1111 A _label_ associates a name to the <<cur-offset,current offset>>.
1113 All the labels of a whole Normand input must have unique names.
1115 A label must not share the name of a <<variable-assignment,variable>>
1122 . A valid {py3} name which is not `ICITTE`.
1126 === Variable assignment
1128 A _variable assignment_ associates a name to the integral result of an
1129 evaluated {py3} expression.
1131 A variable assignment is:
1133 . The ``pass:[{]`` prefix.
1135 . A valid {py3} name which is not `ICITTE`.
1137 . The `=` character.
1139 . A valid {py3} expression of which the evaluation result type
1140 is `int`, `float`, or `bool` (automatically converted to `int`).
1142 For a variable assignment at some source location{nbsp}__**L**__, this
1143 expression may contain:
1146 * The name of any <<label,label>> defined before{nbsp}__**L**__
1147 which isn't within a nested group.
1148 * The name of any <<variable-assignment,variable>> known
1152 The value of the special name `ICITTE` (`int` type) in this expression
1153 is the <<cur-offset,current offset>>.
1162 {meow = 42} 11 22 {meow:8} 33 {meow = ICITTE + 17}
1163 "yooo" {meow + mix : 16}
1169 11 22 2a 33 79 6f 6f 6f 7a 00 ┆ •"*3yoooz•
1175 A _group_ is a scoped sequence of items.
1177 The <<label,labels>> within a group aren't visible outside of it.
1179 The main purpose of a group is to <<post-item-repetition,repeat>> more
1180 than a single item and to isolate labels.
1184 . The `(`, `!group`, or `!g` opening.
1186 . Zero or more items.
1188 . Depending on the group opening:
1203 ((aa bb cc) dd () ee) "leclerc"
1209 aa bb cc dd ee 6c 65 63 6c 65 72 63 ┆ •••••leclerc
1218 (aa bb cc) * 3 dd ee
1225 aa bb cc aa bb cc aa bb cc dd ee aa bb cc aa bb
1226 cc aa bb cc dd ee aa bb cc aa bb cc aa bb cc dd
1227 ee aa bb cc aa bb cc aa bb cc dd ee aa bb cc aa
1228 bb cc aa bb cc dd ee
1238 <str_beg> u16le"sébastien diaz" <str_end>
1239 {ICITTE - str_beg : 8}
1240 {(end - str_beg) * 5 : 24}
1248 73 00 e9 00 62 00 61 00 73 00 74 00 69 00 65 00 ┆ s•••b•a•s•t•i•e•
1249 6e 00 20 00 64 00 69 00 61 00 7a 00 1c 00 01 e0 ┆ n• •d•i•a•z•••••
1250 73 00 e9 00 62 00 61 00 73 00 74 00 69 00 65 00 ┆ s•••b•a•s•t•i•e•
1251 6e 00 20 00 64 00 69 00 61 00 7a 00 1c 00 01 40 ┆ n• •d•i•a•z••••@
1252 73 00 e9 00 62 00 61 00 73 00 74 00 69 00 65 00 ┆ s•••b•a•s•t•i•e•
1253 6e 00 20 00 64 00 69 00 61 00 7a 00 1c 00 00 a0 ┆ n• •d•i•a•z•••••
1257 === Conditional block
1259 A _conditional block_ represents either the bytes of one or more items
1260 if some expression is true, or no bytes at all if it's false.
1262 A conditional block is:
1264 . The `!if` opening.
1268 ** The ``pass:[{]`` prefix, a valid {py3} expression of which the
1269 evaluation result type is `int` or `bool` (automatically converted to
1270 `int`), and the ``pass:[}]`` suffix.
1272 For a conditional block at some source location{nbsp}__**L**__, this
1273 expression may contain:
1276 * The name of any <<label,label>> defined before{nbsp}__**L**__
1277 which isn't within a nested group.
1278 * The name of any <<variable-assignment,variable>> known
1282 The value of the special name `ICITTE` (`int` type) in this expression
1283 is the <<cur-offset,current offset>> (before handling the contained
1286 ** A valid {py3} name.
1288 For the name `__NAME__`, this is equivalent to the
1289 `pass:[{]__NAME__pass:[}]` form above.
1291 . Zero or more items.
1293 . The `!end` closing.
1308 !if {at < rep_count} 20 !end
1318 6d 65 6f 77 20 6d 65 6f 77 20 6d 65 6f 77 20 6d ┆ meow meow meow m
1319 65 6f 77 20 6d 65 6f 77 20 6d 65 6f 77 20 6d 69 ┆ eow meow meow mi
1320 78 20 6d 65 6f 77 20 6d 69 78 20 6d 65 6f 77 20 ┆ x meow mix meow
1321 6d 69 78 20 6d 65 6f 77 20 6d 69 78 ┆ mix meow mix
1333 !if {str_end - str_beg > 10}
1341 6d 00 65 00 6f 00 77 00 20 00 6d 00 69 00 78 00 ┆ m•e•o•w• •m•i•x•
1342 21 00 20 42 49 47 ┆ !• BIG
1346 === Repetition block
1348 A _repetition block_ represents the bytes of one or more items repeated
1349 a given number of times.
1351 A repetition block is:
1353 . The `!repeat` or `!r` opening.
1357 ** A positive integer (hexadecimal starting with `0x` or `0X` accepted)
1358 which is the number of times to repeat the previous item.
1360 ** The ``pass:[{]`` prefix, a valid {py3} expression of which the
1361 evaluation result type is `int` or `bool` (automatically converted to
1362 `int`), and the ``pass:[}]`` suffix.
1364 For a repetition block at some source location{nbsp}__**L**__, this
1365 expression may contain:
1368 * The name of any <<label,label>> defined before{nbsp}__**L**__
1369 which isn't within a nested group.
1370 * The name of any <<variable-assignment,variable>> known
1374 The value of the special name `ICITTE` (`int` type) in this expression
1375 is the <<cur-offset,current offset>> (before handling the items to
1378 ** A valid {py3} name.
1380 For the name `__NAME__`, this is equivalent to the
1381 `pass:[{]__NAME__pass:[}]` form above.
1383 . Zero or more items.
1385 . The `!end` closing.
1387 You may also use a <<post-item-repetition,post-item repetition>> after
1388 some items. The form ``!repeat{nbsp}__X__{nbsp}__ITEMS__{nbsp}!end``
1389 is equivalent to ``(__ITEMS__){nbsp}pass:[*]{nbsp}__X__``.
1396 {end - ICITTE - 1 : 8}
1405 ff fe fd fc fb fa f9 f8 f7 f6 f5 f4 f3 f2 f1 f0 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1406 ef ee ed ec eb ea e9 e8 e7 e6 e5 e4 e3 e2 e1 e0 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1407 df de dd dc db da d9 d8 d7 d6 d5 d4 d3 d2 d1 d0 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1408 cf ce cd cc cb ca c9 c8 c7 c6 c5 c4 c3 c2 c1 c0 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1409 bf be bd bc bb ba b9 b8 b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1410 af ae ad ac ab aa a9 a8 a7 a6 a5 a4 a3 a2 a1 a0 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1411 9f 9e 9d 9c 9b 9a 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1412 8f 8e 8d 8c 8b 8a 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1413 7f 7e 7d 7c 7b 7a 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 ┆ •~}|{zyxwvutsrqp
1414 6f 6e 6d 6c 6b 6a 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 ┆ onmlkjihgfedcba`
1415 5f 5e 5d 5c 5b 5a 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 ┆ _^]\[ZYXWVUTSRQP
1416 4f 4e 4d 4c 4b 4a 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 ┆ ONMLKJIHGFEDCBA@
1417 3f 3e 3d 3c 3b 3a 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 ┆ ?>=<;:9876543210
1418 2f 2e 2d 2c 2b 2a 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 ┆ /.-,+*)('&%$#"!
1419 1f 1e 1d 1c 1b 1a 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1420 0f 0e 0d 0c 0b 0a 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1439 11 22 !repeat times 33 !end
1450 aa bb cc dd ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff 11 22 ┆ •••••••••••••••"
1451 33 ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ 3•••••••••••••••
1452 ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1453 ff ee ff ee ff 11 22 33 33 ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ ••••••"33•••••••
1454 ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1455 ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1456 ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1457 ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1458 ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1459 ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1460 ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff 11 22 33 ┆ ••••••••••••••"3
1461 33 33 63 6f 75 63 6f 75 21 ┆ 33coucou!
1465 === Macro definition block
1467 A _macro definition block_ associates a name and parameter names to
1470 A macro definition block doesn't lead to generated bytes itself: a
1471 <<macro-expansion,macro expansion>> does so.
1473 A macro definition may only exist at the root level, that is, not within
1474 a <<group,group>>, a <<repetition-block,repetition block>>, a
1475 <<conditional-block,conditional block>>, or another
1476 <<macro-definition-block,macro definition block>>.
1478 All macro definitions must have unique names.
1480 A macro definition is:
1482 . The `!macro` or `!m` opening.
1484 . A valid {py3} name (the macro name).
1486 . The `(` parameter name list prefix.
1488 . A comma-separated list of zero or more unique parameter names,
1489 each one being a valid {py3} name.
1491 . The `)` parameter name list suffix.
1493 . Zero or more items except, recursively, a macro definition block.
1495 . The `!end` closing.
1500 {le} {ICITTE * 8 : 16}
1501 u16le"predict explode"
1508 !macro nail(rep, with_extra, val)
1512 {val + iter : uleb128}
1526 A _macro expansion_ expands the items of a defined
1527 <<macro-definition-block,macro>>.
1529 The macro to expand must be defined _before_ the expansion.
1531 The <<state,state>> before handling the first item of the chosen macro
1534 <<cur-offset,Current offset>>::
1537 <<cur-bo,Current byte order>>::
1541 The only available variables initially are the macro parameters.
1546 The state after having handled the last item of the chosen macro is:
1549 The one before handling the first item of the macro plus the size
1550 of the generated data of the macro expansion.
1552 IMPORTANT: This means <<current-offset-setting,current offset setting>>
1553 items within the expanded macro don't impact the final current offset.
1555 Current byte order::
1556 The one before handling the first item of the macro.
1559 The ones before handling the first item of the macro.
1562 The ones before handling the first item of the macro.
1564 A macro expansion is:
1568 . A valid {py3} name (the name of the macro to expand).
1570 . The `(` parameter value list prefix.
1572 . A comma-separated list of zero or more unique parameter values.
1574 The number of parameter values must match the number of parameter
1575 names of the definition of the chosen macro.
1577 A parameter value is one of:
1580 * A positive integer (hexadecimal starting with `0x` or `0X` accepted).
1582 * The ``pass:[{]`` prefix, a valid {py3} expression of which the
1583 evaluation result type is `int` or `bool` (automatically converted to
1584 `int`), and the ``pass:[}]`` suffix.
1586 For a macro expansion at some source location{nbsp}__**L**__, this
1587 expression may contain:
1589 ** The name of any <<label,label>> defined before{nbsp}__**L**__
1590 which isn't within a nested group.
1591 ** The name of any <<variable-assignment,variable>> known
1595 The value of the special name `ICITTE` (`int` type) in this expression
1596 is the <<cur-offset,current offset>> (before handling the items of the
1599 * A valid {py3} name.
1601 For the name `__NAME__`, this is equivalent to the
1602 `pass:[{]__NAME__pass:[}]` form above.
1605 . The `)` parameter value list suffix.
1612 {le} {ICITTE * 8 : 16}
1613 u16le"predict explode"
1616 "hello [" m:bake() "] world"
1624 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 5b 38 00 70 00 72 00 65 00 64 ┆ hello [8•p•r•e•d
1625 00 69 00 63 00 74 00 20 00 65 00 78 00 70 00 6c ┆ •i•c•t• •e•x•p•l
1626 00 6f 00 64 00 65 00 5d 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 70 01 ┆ •o•d•e•] worldp•
1627 70 00 72 00 65 00 64 00 69 00 63 00 74 00 20 00 ┆ p•r•e•d•i•c•t• •
1628 65 00 78 00 70 00 6c 00 6f 00 64 00 65 00 70 02 ┆ e•x•p•l•o•d•e•p•
1629 70 00 72 00 65 00 64 00 69 00 63 00 74 00 20 00 ┆ p•r•e•d•i•c•t• •
1630 65 00 78 00 70 00 6c 00 6f 00 64 00 65 00 70 03 ┆ e•x•p•l•o•d•e•p•
1631 70 00 72 00 65 00 64 00 69 00 63 00 74 00 20 00 ┆ p•r•e•d•i•c•t• •
1632 65 00 78 00 70 00 6c 00 6f 00 64 00 65 00 70 04 ┆ e•x•p•l•o•d•e•p•
1633 70 00 72 00 65 00 64 00 69 00 63 00 74 00 20 00 ┆ p•r•e•d•i•c•t• •
1634 65 00 78 00 70 00 6c 00 6f 00 64 00 65 00 70 05 ┆ e•x•p•l•o•d•e•p•
1635 70 00 72 00 65 00 64 00 69 00 63 00 74 00 20 00 ┆ p•r•e•d•i•c•t• •
1636 65 00 78 00 70 00 6c 00 6f 00 64 00 65 00 ┆ e•x•p•l•o•d•e•
1644 !macro A(val, is_be)
1654 !macro B(rep, is_be)
1658 m:A({iter * 3}, is_be)
1670 00 03 00 06 00 09 00 0c 00 0f 03 00 06 00 09 00
1674 === Post-item repetition
1676 A _post-item repetition_ represents the bytes of an item repeated a
1677 given number of times.
1679 A post-item repetition is:
1681 . One of those items:
1683 ** A <<byte-constant,byte constant>>.
1684 ** A <<literal-string,literal string>>.
1685 ** A <<fixed-length-number,fixed-length number>>.
1686 ** An <<leb128-integer,LEB128 integer>>.
1687 ** A <<macro-expansion,macro-expansion>>.
1688 ** A <<group,group>>.
1690 . The ``pass:[*]`` character.
1694 ** A positive integer (hexadecimal starting with `0x` or `0X` accepted)
1695 which is the number of times to repeat the previous item.
1697 ** The ``pass:[{]`` prefix, a valid {py3} expression of which the
1698 evaluation result type is `int` or `bool` (automatically converted to
1699 `int`), and the ``pass:[}]`` suffix.
1701 For a post-item repetition at some source location{nbsp}__**L**__, this
1702 expression may contain:
1705 * The name of any <<label,label>> defined before{nbsp}__**L**__
1706 which isn't within a nested group and
1707 which isn't part of the repeated item.
1708 * The name of any <<variable-assignment,variable>> known
1709 at{nbsp}__**L**__, which isn't part of its repeated item, and which
1713 The value of the special name `ICITTE` (`int` type) in this expression
1714 is the <<cur-offset,current offset>> (before handling the items to
1717 ** A valid {py3} name.
1719 For the name `__NAME__`, this is equivalent to the
1720 `pass:[{]__NAME__pass:[}]` form above.
1722 You may also use a <<repetition-block,repetition block>>. The form
1723 ``__ITEM__{nbsp}pass:[*]{nbsp}__X__`` is equivalent to
1724 ``!repeat{nbsp}__X__{nbsp}__ITEM__{nbsp}!end``.
1730 {end - ICITTE - 1 : 8} * 0x100 <end>
1736 ff fe fd fc fb fa f9 f8 f7 f6 f5 f4 f3 f2 f1 f0 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1737 ef ee ed ec eb ea e9 e8 e7 e6 e5 e4 e3 e2 e1 e0 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1738 df de dd dc db da d9 d8 d7 d6 d5 d4 d3 d2 d1 d0 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1739 cf ce cd cc cb ca c9 c8 c7 c6 c5 c4 c3 c2 c1 c0 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1740 bf be bd bc bb ba b9 b8 b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1741 af ae ad ac ab aa a9 a8 a7 a6 a5 a4 a3 a2 a1 a0 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1742 9f 9e 9d 9c 9b 9a 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1743 8f 8e 8d 8c 8b 8a 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1744 7f 7e 7d 7c 7b 7a 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 ┆ •~}|{zyxwvutsrqp
1745 6f 6e 6d 6c 6b 6a 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 ┆ onmlkjihgfedcba`
1746 5f 5e 5d 5c 5b 5a 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 ┆ _^]\[ZYXWVUTSRQP
1747 4f 4e 4d 4c 4b 4a 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 ┆ ONMLKJIHGFEDCBA@
1748 3f 3e 3d 3c 3b 3a 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 ┆ ?>=<;:9876543210
1749 2f 2e 2d 2c 2b 2a 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 ┆ /.-,+*)('&%$#"!
1750 1f 1e 1d 1c 1b 1a 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1751 0f 0e 0d 0c 0b 0a 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1763 (ee ff) * {here + 1}
1773 aa bb cc dd ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff 11 22 ┆ •••••••••••••••"
1774 33 ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ 3•••••••••••••••
1775 ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1776 ff ee ff ee ff 11 22 33 33 ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ ••••••"33•••••••
1777 ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1778 ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1779 ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1780 ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1781 ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1782 ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ┆ ••••••••••••••••
1783 ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff ee ff 11 22 33 ┆ ••••••••••••••"3
1784 33 33 63 6f 75 63 6f 75 21 ┆ 33coucou!
1788 == Command-line tool
1790 If you <<install-normand,installed>> the `normand` package, then you
1791 can use the `normand` command-line tool:
1794 $ normand <<< '"ma gang de malades"' | hexdump -C
1798 00000000 6d 61 20 67 61 6e 67 20 64 65 20 6d 61 6c 61 64 |ma gang de malad|
1802 If you copy the `normand.py` module to your own project, then you can
1803 run the module itself:
1806 $ python3 -m normand <<< '"ma gang de malades"' | hexdump -C
1810 00000000 6d 61 20 67 61 6e 67 20 64 65 20 6d 61 6c 61 64 |ma gang de malad|
1814 Without a path argument, the `normand` tool reads from the standard
1817 The `normand` tool prints the generated binary data to the standard
1820 Various options control the initial <<state,state>> of the processor:
1821 use the `--help` option to learn more.
1825 The whole `normand` package/module public API is:
1830 class ByteOrder(enum.Enum):
1842 def line_no(self) -> int:
1847 def col_no(self) -> int:
1852 class ParseError(RuntimeError):
1853 # Source text location.
1855 def text_loc(self) -> TextLocation:
1859 # Variables dictionary type (for type hints).
1860 VariablesT = typing.Dict[str, typing.Union[int, float]]
1863 # Labels dictionary type (for type hints).
1864 LabelsT = typing.Dict[str, int]
1871 def data(self) -> bytearray:
1874 # Updated variable values.
1876 def variables(self) -> SymbolsT:
1879 # Updated main group label values.
1881 def labels(self) -> SymbolsT:
1886 def offset(self) -> int:
1891 def byte_order(self) -> typing.Optional[ByteOrder]:
1895 # Parses the `normand` input using the initial state defined by
1896 # `init_variables`, `init_labels`, `init_offset`, and `init_byte_order`,
1897 # and returns the corresponding parsing result.
1898 def parse(normand: str,
1899 init_variables: typing.Optional[SymbolsT] = None,
1900 init_labels: typing.Optional[SymbolsT] = None,
1901 init_offset: int = 0,
1902 init_byte_order: typing.Optional[ByteOrder] = None) -> ParseResult:
1906 The `normand` parameter is the actual <<learn-normand,Normand input>>
1907 while the other parameters control the initial <<state,state>>.
1909 The `parse()` function raises a `ParseError` instance should it fail to
1910 parse the `normand` string for any reason.
1914 Normand is a https://python-poetry.org/[Poetry] project.
1916 To develop it, install it through Poetry and enter the virtual
1922 $ normand <<< '"lol" * 10 0a'
1925 `normand.py` is processed by:
1927 * https://microsoft.github.io/pyright/[Pyright]
1928 * https://github.com/psf/black[Black]
1929 * https://pycqa.github.io/isort/[isort]
1933 Use https://docs.pytest.org/[pytest] to test Normand once the package is
1934 part of your virtual environment, for example:
1938 $ poetry run pip3 install pytest
1942 The `pytest` project is currently not a development dependency in
1943 `pyproject.toml` due to backward compatibiliy issues with
1946 In the `tests` directory, each `*.nt` file is a test. The file name
1947 prefix indicates what it's meant to test:
1950 Everything above the `---` line is the valid Normand input
1953 Everything below the `---` line is the expected data
1954 (whitespace-separated hexadecimal bytes).
1957 Everything above the `---` line is the invalid Normand input
1960 Everything below the `---` line is the expected error message having
1969 Normand uses https://review.lttng.org/admin/repos/normand,general[Gerrit]
1972 To report a bug, https://github.com/efficios/normand/issues/new[create a