1 \input texinfo @c -*- Texinfo -*-
2 @setfilename binutils.info
3 @settitle @sc{gnu} Binary Utilities
12 @c man begin COPYRIGHT
13 Copyright @copyright{} 1991-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
15 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
16 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
17 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
18 with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
19 Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
20 section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
25 @dircategory Software development
27 * Binutils: (binutils). The GNU binary utilities.
30 @dircategory Individual utilities
32 * addr2line: (binutils)addr2line. Convert addresses to file and line.
33 * ar: (binutils)ar. Create, modify, and extract from archives.
34 * c++filt: (binutils)c++filt. Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols.
35 * cxxfilt: (binutils)c++filt. MS-DOS name for c++filt.
36 * dlltool: (binutils)dlltool. Create files needed to build and use DLLs.
37 * nlmconv: (binutils)nlmconv. Converts object code into an NLM.
38 * nm: (binutils)nm. List symbols from object files.
39 * objcopy: (binutils)objcopy. Copy and translate object files.
40 * objdump: (binutils)objdump. Display information from object files.
41 * ranlib: (binutils)ranlib. Generate index to archive contents.
42 * readelf: (binutils)readelf. Display the contents of ELF format files.
43 * size: (binutils)size. List section sizes and total size.
44 * strings: (binutils)strings. List printable strings from files.
45 * strip: (binutils)strip. Discard symbols.
46 * elfedit: (binutils)elfedit. Update the ELF header of ELF files.
47 * windmc: (binutils)windmc. Generator for Windows message resources.
48 * windres: (binutils)windres. Manipulate Windows resources.
52 @title The @sc{gnu} Binary Utilities
53 @ifset VERSION_PACKAGE
54 @subtitle @value{VERSION_PACKAGE}
56 @subtitle Version @value{VERSION}
58 @subtitle @value{UPDATED}
59 @author Roland H. Pesch
60 @author Jeffrey M. Osier
61 @author Cygnus Support
65 {\parskip=0pt \hfill Cygnus Support\par \hfill
66 Texinfo \texinfoversion\par }
69 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
78 This brief manual contains documentation for the @sc{gnu} binary
80 @ifset VERSION_PACKAGE
81 @value{VERSION_PACKAGE}
83 version @value{VERSION}:
88 Create, modify, and extract from archives
91 List symbols from object files
94 Copy and translate object files
97 Display information from object files
100 Generate index to archive contents
103 Display the contents of ELF format files.
106 List file section sizes and total size
109 List printable strings from files
115 Update the ELF header of ELF files.
118 Demangle encoded C++ symbols (on MS-DOS, this program is named
122 Convert addresses into file names and line numbers
125 Convert object code into a Netware Loadable Module
128 Manipulate Windows resources
131 Generator for Windows message resources
134 Create the files needed to build and use Dynamic Link Libraries
138 This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free
139 Documentation License version 1.3. A copy of the license is included
140 in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
143 * ar:: Create, modify, and extract from archives
144 * nm:: List symbols from object files
145 * objcopy:: Copy and translate object files
146 * objdump:: Display information from object files
147 * ranlib:: Generate index to archive contents
148 * size:: List section sizes and total size
149 * strings:: List printable strings from files
150 * strip:: Discard symbols
151 * c++filt:: Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols
152 * cxxfilt: c++filt. MS-DOS name for c++filt
153 * addr2line:: Convert addresses to file and line
154 * nlmconv:: Converts object code into an NLM
155 * windmc:: Generator for Windows message resources
156 * windres:: Manipulate Windows resources
157 * dlltool:: Create files needed to build and use DLLs
158 * readelf:: Display the contents of ELF format files
159 * elfedit:: Update the ELF header of ELF files
160 * Common Options:: Command-line options for all utilities
161 * Selecting the Target System:: How these utilities determine the target
162 * Reporting Bugs:: Reporting Bugs
163 * GNU Free Documentation License:: GNU Free Documentation License
164 * Binutils Index:: Binutils Index
172 @cindex collections of files
174 @c man title ar create, modify, and extract from archives
177 ar [@option{--plugin} @var{name}] [-]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}] [@var{count}]] [@option{--target} @var{bfdname}] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}]
178 ar -M [ <mri-script ]
181 @c man begin DESCRIPTION ar
183 The @sc{gnu} @command{ar} program creates, modifies, and extracts from
184 archives. An @dfn{archive} is a single file holding a collection of
185 other files in a structure that makes it possible to retrieve
186 the original individual files (called @dfn{members} of the archive).
188 The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, and
189 group are preserved in the archive, and can be restored on
193 @sc{gnu} @command{ar} can maintain archives whose members have names of any
194 length; however, depending on how @command{ar} is configured on your
195 system, a limit on member-name length may be imposed for compatibility
196 with archive formats maintained with other tools. If it exists, the
197 limit is often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16
198 characters (typical of formats related to coff).
201 @command{ar} is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort
202 are most often used as @dfn{libraries} holding commonly needed
206 @command{ar} creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable
207 object modules in the archive when you specify the modifier @samp{s}.
208 Once created, this index is updated in the archive whenever @command{ar}
209 makes a change to its contents (save for the @samp{q} update operation).
210 An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and
211 allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to
212 their placement in the archive.
214 You may use @samp{nm -s} or @samp{nm --print-armap} to list this index
215 table. If an archive lacks the table, another form of @command{ar} called
216 @command{ranlib} can be used to add just the table.
218 @cindex thin archives
219 @sc{gnu} @command{ar} can optionally create a @emph{thin} archive,
220 which contains a symbol index and references to the original copies
221 of the member files of the archive. This is useful for building
222 libraries for use within a local build tree, where the relocatable
223 objects are expected to remain available, and copying the contents of
224 each object would only waste time and space.
226 An archive can either be @emph{thin} or it can be normal. It cannot
227 be both at the same time. Once an archive is created its format
228 cannot be changed without first deleting it and then creating a new
229 archive in its place.
231 Thin archives are also @emph{flattened}, so that adding one thin
232 archive to another thin archive does not nest it, as would happen with
233 a normal archive. Instead the elements of the first archive are added
234 individually to the second archive.
236 The paths to the elements of the archive are stored relative to the
239 @cindex compatibility, @command{ar}
240 @cindex @command{ar} compatibility
241 @sc{gnu} @command{ar} is designed to be compatible with two different
242 facilities. You can control its activity using command-line options,
243 like the different varieties of @command{ar} on Unix systems; or, if you
244 specify the single command-line option @option{-M}, you can control it
245 with a script supplied via standard input, like the MRI ``librarian''
251 * ar cmdline:: Controlling @command{ar} on the command line
252 * ar scripts:: Controlling @command{ar} with a script
257 @section Controlling @command{ar} on the Command Line
260 @c man begin SYNOPSIS ar
261 ar [@option{--plugin} @var{name}] [@option{-X32_64}] [@option{-}]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}] [@var{count}]] [@option{--target} @var{bfdname}] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}]
265 @cindex Unix compatibility, @command{ar}
266 When you use @command{ar} in the Unix style, @command{ar} insists on at least two
267 arguments to execute: one keyletter specifying the @emph{operation}
268 (optionally accompanied by other keyletters specifying
269 @emph{modifiers}), and the archive name to act on.
271 Most operations can also accept further @var{member} arguments,
272 specifying particular files to operate on.
274 @c man begin OPTIONS ar
276 @sc{gnu} @command{ar} allows you to mix the operation code @var{p} and modifier
277 flags @var{mod} in any order, within the first command-line argument.
279 If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a
282 @cindex operations on archive
283 The @var{p} keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be
284 any of the following, but you must specify only one of them:
288 @cindex deleting from archive
289 @emph{Delete} modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to
290 be deleted as @var{member}@dots{}; the archive is untouched if you
291 specify no files to delete.
293 If you specify the @samp{v} modifier, @command{ar} lists each module
297 @cindex moving in archive
298 Use this operation to @emph{move} members in an archive.
300 The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how
301 programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in more
304 If no modifiers are used with @code{m}, any members you name in the
305 @var{member} arguments are moved to the @emph{end} of the archive;
306 you can use the @samp{a}, @samp{b}, or @samp{i} modifiers to move them to a
307 specified place instead.
310 @cindex printing from archive
311 @emph{Print} the specified members of the archive, to the standard
312 output file. If the @samp{v} modifier is specified, show the member
313 name before copying its contents to standard output.
315 If you specify no @var{member} arguments, all the files in the archive are
319 @cindex quick append to archive
320 @emph{Quick append}; Historically, add the files @var{member}@dots{} to the end of
321 @var{archive}, without checking for replacement.
323 The modifiers @samp{a}, @samp{b}, and @samp{i} do @emph{not} affect this
324 operation; new members are always placed at the end of the archive.
326 The modifier @samp{v} makes @command{ar} list each file as it is appended.
328 Since the point of this operation is speed, implementations of
329 @command{ar} have the option of not updating the archive's symbol
330 table if one exists. Too many different systems however assume that
331 symbol tables are always up-to-date, so @sc{gnu} @command{ar} will
332 rebuild the table even with a quick append.
334 Note - @sc{gnu} @command{ar} treats the command @samp {qs} as a
335 synonym for @samp{r} - replacing already existing files in the
336 archive and appending new ones at the end.
339 @cindex replacement in archive
340 Insert the files @var{member}@dots{} into @var{archive} (with
341 @emph{replacement}). This operation differs from @samp{q} in that any
342 previously existing members are deleted if their names match those being
345 If one of the files named in @var{member}@dots{} does not exist, @command{ar}
346 displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing members
347 of the archive matching that name.
349 By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you may
350 use one of the modifiers @samp{a}, @samp{b}, or @samp{i} to request
351 placement relative to some existing member.
353 The modifier @samp{v} used with this operation elicits a line of
354 output for each file inserted, along with one of the letters @samp{a} or
355 @samp{r} to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member
356 deleted) or replaced.
360 Add an index to the archive, or update it if it already exists. Note
361 this command is an exception to the rule that there can only be one
362 command letter, as it is possible to use it as either a command or a
363 modifier. In either case it does the same thing.
366 @cindex contents of archive
367 Display a @emph{table} listing the contents of @var{archive}, or those
368 of the files listed in @var{member}@dots{} that are present in the
369 archive. Normally only the member name is shown; if you also want to
370 see the modes (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you can
371 request that by also specifying the @samp{v} modifier.
373 If you do not specify a @var{member}, all files in the archive
376 @cindex repeated names in archive
377 @cindex name duplication in archive
378 If there is more than one file with the same name (say, @samp{fie}) in
379 an archive (say @samp{b.a}), @samp{ar t b.a fie} lists only the
380 first instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete
381 listing---in our example, @samp{ar t b.a}.
382 @c WRS only; per Gumby, this is implementation-dependent, and in a more
383 @c recent case in fact works the other way.
386 @cindex extract from archive
387 @emph{Extract} members (named @var{member}) from the archive. You can
388 use the @samp{v} modifier with this operation, to request that
389 @command{ar} list each name as it extracts it.
391 If you do not specify a @var{member}, all files in the archive
394 Files cannot be extracted from a thin archive.
397 Displays the list of command line options supported by @command{ar}
401 Displays the version information of @command{ar} and then exits.
405 A number of modifiers (@var{mod}) may immediately follow the @var{p}
406 keyletter, to specify variations on an operation's behavior:
410 @cindex relative placement in archive
411 Add new files @emph{after} an existing member of the
412 archive. If you use the modifier @samp{a}, the name of an existing archive
413 member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the
414 @var{archive} specification.
417 Add new files @emph{before} an existing member of the
418 archive. If you use the modifier @samp{b}, the name of an existing archive
419 member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the
420 @var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{i}).
423 @cindex creating archives
424 @emph{Create} the archive. The specified @var{archive} is always
425 created if it did not exist, when you request an update. But a warning is
426 issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it, by
430 @cindex deterministic archives
431 @kindex --enable-deterministic-archives
432 Operate in @emph{deterministic} mode. When adding files and the archive
433 index use zero for UIDs, GIDs, timestamps, and use consistent file modes
434 for all files. When this option is used, if @command{ar} is used with
435 identical options and identical input files, multiple runs will create
436 identical output files regardless of the input files' owners, groups,
437 file modes, or modification times.
439 If @file{binutils} was configured with
440 @option{--enable-deterministic-archives}, then this mode is on by default.
441 It can be disabled with the @samp{U} modifier, below.
444 Truncate names in the archive. @sc{gnu} @command{ar} will normally permit file
445 names of any length. This will cause it to create archives which are
446 not compatible with the native @command{ar} program on some systems. If
447 this is a concern, the @samp{f} modifier may be used to truncate file
448 names when putting them in the archive.
451 Insert new files @emph{before} an existing member of the
452 archive. If you use the modifier @samp{i}, the name of an existing archive
453 member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the
454 @var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{b}).
457 This modifier is accepted but not used.
458 @c whaffor ar l modifier??? presumably compat; with
459 @c what???---doc@@cygnus.com, 25jan91
462 Uses the @var{count} parameter. This is used if there are multiple
463 entries in the archive with the same name. Extract or delete instance
464 @var{count} of the given name from the archive.
467 @cindex dates in archive
468 Preserve the @emph{original} dates of members when extracting them. If
469 you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive
470 are stamped with the time of extraction.
473 Use the full path name when matching names in the archive. @sc{gnu}
474 @command{ar} can not create an archive with a full path name (such archives
475 are not POSIX complaint), but other archive creators can. This option
476 will cause @sc{gnu} @command{ar} to match file names using a complete path
477 name, which can be convenient when extracting a single file from an
478 archive created by another tool.
481 @cindex writing archive index
482 Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing one,
483 even if no other change is made to the archive. You may use this modifier
484 flag either with any operation, or alone. Running @samp{ar s} on an
485 archive is equivalent to running @samp{ranlib} on it.
488 @cindex not writing archive index
489 Do not generate an archive symbol table. This can speed up building a
490 large library in several steps. The resulting archive can not be used
491 with the linker. In order to build a symbol table, you must omit the
492 @samp{S} modifier on the last execution of @samp{ar}, or you must run
493 @samp{ranlib} on the archive.
496 @cindex creating thin archive
497 Make the specified @var{archive} a @emph{thin} archive. If it already
498 exists and is a regular archive, the existing members must be present
499 in the same directory as @var{archive}.
502 @cindex updating an archive
503 Normally, @samp{ar r}@dots{} inserts all files
504 listed into the archive. If you would like to insert @emph{only} those
505 of the files you list that are newer than existing members of the same
506 names, use this modifier. The @samp{u} modifier is allowed only for the
507 operation @samp{r} (replace). In particular, the combination @samp{qu} is
508 not allowed, since checking the timestamps would lose any speed
509 advantage from the operation @samp{q}.
512 @cindex deterministic archives
513 @kindex --enable-deterministic-archives
514 Do @emph{not} operate in @emph{deterministic} mode. This is the inverse
515 of the @samp{D} modifier, above: added files and the archive index will
516 get their actual UID, GID, timestamp, and file mode values.
518 This is the default unless @file{binutils} was configured with
519 @option{--enable-deterministic-archives}.
522 This modifier requests the @emph{verbose} version of an operation. Many
523 operations display additional information, such as filenames processed,
524 when the modifier @samp{v} is appended.
527 This modifier shows the version number of @command{ar}.
530 @command{ar} ignores an initial option spelt @samp{-X32_64}, for
531 compatibility with AIX. The behaviour produced by this option is the
532 default for @sc{gnu} @command{ar}. @command{ar} does not support any of the other
533 @samp{-X} options; in particular, it does not support @option{-X32}
534 which is the default for AIX @command{ar}.
536 The optional command line switch @option{--plugin} @var{name} causes
537 @command{ar} to load the plugin called @var{name} which adds support
538 for more file formats. This option is only available if the toolchain
539 has been built with plugin support enabled.
541 The optional command line switch @option{--target} @var{bfdname}
542 specifies that the archive members are in an object code format
543 different from your system's default format. See
544 @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
549 @c man begin SEEALSO ar
550 nm(1), ranlib(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
555 @section Controlling @command{ar} with a Script
558 ar -M [ <@var{script} ]
561 @cindex MRI compatibility, @command{ar}
562 @cindex scripts, @command{ar}
563 If you use the single command-line option @samp{-M} with @command{ar}, you
564 can control its operation with a rudimentary command language. This
565 form of @command{ar} operates interactively if standard input is coming
566 directly from a terminal. During interactive use, @command{ar} prompts for
567 input (the prompt is @samp{AR >}), and continues executing even after
568 errors. If you redirect standard input to a script file, no prompts are
569 issued, and @command{ar} abandons execution (with a nonzero exit code)
572 The @command{ar} command language is @emph{not} designed to be equivalent
573 to the command-line options; in fact, it provides somewhat less control
574 over archives. The only purpose of the command language is to ease the
575 transition to @sc{gnu} @command{ar} for developers who already have scripts
576 written for the MRI ``librarian'' program.
578 The syntax for the @command{ar} command language is straightforward:
581 commands are recognized in upper or lower case; for example, @code{LIST}
582 is the same as @code{list}. In the following descriptions, commands are
583 shown in upper case for clarity.
586 a single command may appear on each line; it is the first word on the
590 empty lines are allowed, and have no effect.
593 comments are allowed; text after either of the characters @samp{*}
594 or @samp{;} is ignored.
597 Whenever you use a list of names as part of the argument to an @command{ar}
598 command, you can separate the individual names with either commas or
599 blanks. Commas are shown in the explanations below, for clarity.
602 @samp{+} is used as a line continuation character; if @samp{+} appears
603 at the end of a line, the text on the following line is considered part
604 of the current command.
607 Here are the commands you can use in @command{ar} scripts, or when using
608 @command{ar} interactively. Three of them have special significance:
610 @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE} specify a @dfn{current archive}, which is
611 a temporary file required for most of the other commands.
613 @code{SAVE} commits the changes so far specified by the script. Prior
614 to @code{SAVE}, commands affect only the temporary copy of the current
618 @item ADDLIB @var{archive}
619 @itemx ADDLIB @var{archive} (@var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module})
620 Add all the contents of @var{archive} (or, if specified, each named
621 @var{module} from @var{archive}) to the current archive.
623 Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
625 @item ADDMOD @var{member}, @var{member}, @dots{} @var{member}
626 @c FIXME! w/Replacement?? If so, like "ar r @var{archive} @var{names}"
627 @c else like "ar q..."
628 Add each named @var{member} as a module in the current archive.
630 Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
633 Discard the contents of the current archive, canceling the effect of
634 any operations since the last @code{SAVE}. May be executed (with no
635 effect) even if no current archive is specified.
637 @item CREATE @var{archive}
638 Creates an archive, and makes it the current archive (required for many
639 other commands). The new archive is created with a temporary name; it
640 is not actually saved as @var{archive} until you use @code{SAVE}.
641 You can overwrite existing archives; similarly, the contents of any
642 existing file named @var{archive} will not be destroyed until @code{SAVE}.
644 @item DELETE @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}
645 Delete each listed @var{module} from the current archive; equivalent to
646 @samp{ar -d @var{archive} @var{module} @dots{} @var{module}}.
648 Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
650 @item DIRECTORY @var{archive} (@var{module}, @dots{} @var{module})
651 @itemx DIRECTORY @var{archive} (@var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}) @var{outputfile}
652 List each named @var{module} present in @var{archive}. The separate
653 command @code{VERBOSE} specifies the form of the output: when verbose
654 output is off, output is like that of @samp{ar -t @var{archive}
655 @var{module}@dots{}}. When verbose output is on, the listing is like
656 @samp{ar -tv @var{archive} @var{module}@dots{}}.
658 Output normally goes to the standard output stream; however, if you
659 specify @var{outputfile} as a final argument, @command{ar} directs the
663 Exit from @command{ar}, with a @code{0} exit code to indicate successful
664 completion. This command does not save the output file; if you have
665 changed the current archive since the last @code{SAVE} command, those
668 @item EXTRACT @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}
669 Extract each named @var{module} from the current archive, writing them
670 into the current directory as separate files. Equivalent to @samp{ar -x
671 @var{archive} @var{module}@dots{}}.
673 Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
676 @c FIXME Tokens but no commands???
683 Display full contents of the current archive, in ``verbose'' style
684 regardless of the state of @code{VERBOSE}. The effect is like @samp{ar
685 tv @var{archive}}. (This single command is a @sc{gnu} @command{ar}
686 enhancement, rather than present for MRI compatibility.)
688 Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
690 @item OPEN @var{archive}
691 Opens an existing archive for use as the current archive (required for
692 many other commands). Any changes as the result of subsequent commands
693 will not actually affect @var{archive} until you next use @code{SAVE}.
695 @item REPLACE @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}
696 In the current archive, replace each existing @var{module} (named in
697 the @code{REPLACE} arguments) from files in the current working directory.
698 To execute this command without errors, both the file, and the module in
699 the current archive, must exist.
701 Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
704 Toggle an internal flag governing the output from @code{DIRECTORY}.
705 When the flag is on, @code{DIRECTORY} output matches output from
706 @samp{ar -tv }@dots{}.
709 Commit your changes to the current archive, and actually save it as a
710 file with the name specified in the last @code{CREATE} or @code{OPEN}
713 Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
722 The @sc{gnu} linker @command{ld} is now described in a separate manual.
723 @xref{Top,, Overview,, Using LD: the @sc{gnu} linker}.
731 @c man title nm list symbols from object files
734 @c man begin SYNOPSIS nm
735 nm [@option{-A}|@option{-o}|@option{--print-file-name}] [@option{-a}|@option{--debug-syms}]
736 [@option{-B}|@option{--format=bsd}] [@option{-C}|@option{--demangle}[=@var{style}]]
737 [@option{-D}|@option{--dynamic}] [@option{-f}@var{format}|@option{--format=}@var{format}]
738 [@option{-g}|@option{--extern-only}] [@option{-h}|@option{--help}]
739 [@option{-l}|@option{--line-numbers}] [@option{-n}|@option{-v}|@option{--numeric-sort}]
740 [@option{-P}|@option{--portability}] [@option{-p}|@option{--no-sort}]
741 [@option{-r}|@option{--reverse-sort}] [@option{-S}|@option{--print-size}]
742 [@option{-s}|@option{--print-armap}] [@option{-t} @var{radix}|@option{--radix=}@var{radix}]
743 [@option{-u}|@option{--undefined-only}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}]
744 [@option{-X 32_64}] [@option{--defined-only}] [@option{--no-demangle}]
745 [@option{--plugin} @var{name}] [@option{--size-sort}] [@option{--special-syms}]
746 [@option{--synthetic}] [@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}]
747 [@var{objfile}@dots{}]
751 @c man begin DESCRIPTION nm
752 @sc{gnu} @command{nm} lists the symbols from object files @var{objfile}@dots{}.
753 If no object files are listed as arguments, @command{nm} assumes the file
756 For each symbol, @command{nm} shows:
760 The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or
761 hexadecimal by default.
764 The symbol type. At least the following types are used; others are, as
765 well, depending on the object file format. If lowercase, the symbol is
766 usually local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external). There
767 are however a few lowercase symbols that are shown for special global
768 symbols (@code{u}, @code{v} and @code{w}).
770 @c Some more detail on exactly what these symbol types are used for
774 The symbol's value is absolute, and will not be changed by further
779 The symbol is in the uninitialized data section (known as BSS).
782 The symbol is common. Common symbols are uninitialized data. When
783 linking, multiple common symbols may appear with the same name. If the
784 symbol is defined anywhere, the common symbols are treated as undefined
787 For more details on common symbols, see the discussion of
788 --warn-common in @ref{Options,,Linker options,ld.info,The GNU linker}.
793 The symbol is in the initialized data section.
797 The symbol is in an initialized data section for small objects. Some
798 object file formats permit more efficient access to small data objects,
799 such as a global int variable as opposed to a large global array.
802 For PE format files this indicates that the symbol is in a section
803 specific to the implementation of DLLs. For ELF format files this
804 indicates that the symbol is an indirect function. This is a GNU
805 extension to the standard set of ELF symbol types. It indicates a
806 symbol which if referenced by a relocation does not evaluate to its
807 address, but instead must be invoked at runtime. The runtime
808 execution will then return the value to be used in the relocation.
811 The symbol is an indirect reference to another symbol.
814 The symbol is a debugging symbol.
817 The symbols is in a stack unwind section.
821 The symbol is in a read only data section.
825 The symbol is in an uninitialized data section for small objects.
829 The symbol is in the text (code) section.
832 The symbol is undefined.
835 The symbol is a unique global symbol. This is a GNU extension to the
836 standard set of ELF symbol bindings. For such a symbol the dynamic linker
837 will make sure that in the entire process there is just one symbol with
838 this name and type in use.
842 The symbol is a weak object. When a weak defined symbol is linked with
843 a normal defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error.
844 When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined,
845 the value of the weak symbol becomes zero with no error. On some
846 systems, uppercase indicates that a default value has been specified.
850 The symbol is a weak symbol that has not been specifically tagged as a
851 weak object symbol. When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal
852 defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error.
853 When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined,
854 the value of the symbol is determined in a system-specific manner without
855 error. On some systems, uppercase indicates that a default value has been
859 The symbol is a stabs symbol in an a.out object file. In this case, the
860 next values printed are the stabs other field, the stabs desc field, and
861 the stab type. Stabs symbols are used to hold debugging information.
864 The symbol type is unknown, or object file format specific.
873 @c man begin OPTIONS nm
874 The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
880 @itemx --print-file-name
881 @cindex input file name
883 @cindex source file name
884 Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive member)
885 in which it was found, rather than identifying the input file once only,
886 before all of its symbols.
890 @cindex debugging symbols
891 Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are not
895 @cindex @command{nm} format
896 @cindex @command{nm} compatibility
897 The same as @option{--format=bsd} (for compatibility with the MIPS @command{nm}).
900 @itemx --demangle[=@var{style}]
901 @cindex demangling in nm
902 Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
903 Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
904 makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different
905 mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to
906 choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. @xref{c++filt},
907 for more information on demangling.
910 Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default.
914 @cindex dynamic symbols
915 Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols. This is
916 only meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
919 @item -f @var{format}
920 @itemx --format=@var{format}
921 @cindex @command{nm} format
922 @cindex @command{nm} compatibility
923 Use the output format @var{format}, which can be @code{bsd},
924 @code{sysv}, or @code{posix}. The default is @code{bsd}.
925 Only the first character of @var{format} is significant; it can be
926 either upper or lower case.
930 @cindex external symbols
931 Display only external symbols.
935 Show a summary of the options to @command{nm} and exit.
938 @itemx --line-numbers
939 @cindex symbol line numbers
940 For each symbol, use debugging information to try to find a filename and
941 line number. For a defined symbol, look for the line number of the
942 address of the symbol. For an undefined symbol, look for the line
943 number of a relocation entry which refers to the symbol. If line number
944 information can be found, print it after the other symbol information.
948 @itemx --numeric-sort
949 Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than alphabetically
954 @cindex sorting symbols
955 Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the order
960 Use the POSIX.2 standard output format instead of the default format.
961 Equivalent to @samp{-f posix}.
964 @itemx --reverse-sort
965 Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let the
970 Print both value and size of defined symbols for the @code{bsd} output style.
971 This option has no effect for object formats that do not record symbol
972 sizes, unless @samp{--size-sort} is also used in which case a
973 calculated size is displayed.
977 @cindex symbol index, listing
978 When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a mapping
979 (stored in the archive by @command{ar} or @command{ranlib}) of which modules
980 contain definitions for which names.
983 @itemx --radix=@var{radix}
984 Use @var{radix} as the radix for printing the symbol values. It must be
985 @samp{d} for decimal, @samp{o} for octal, or @samp{x} for hexadecimal.
988 @itemx --undefined-only
989 @cindex external symbols
990 @cindex undefined symbols
991 Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file).
995 Show the version number of @command{nm} and exit.
998 This option is ignored for compatibility with the AIX version of
999 @command{nm}. It takes one parameter which must be the string
1000 @option{32_64}. The default mode of AIX @command{nm} corresponds
1001 to @option{-X 32}, which is not supported by @sc{gnu} @command{nm}.
1003 @item --defined-only
1004 @cindex external symbols
1005 @cindex undefined symbols
1006 Display only defined symbols for each object file.
1008 @item --plugin @var{name}
1010 Load the plugin called @var{name} to add support for extra target
1011 types. This option is only available if the toolchain has been built
1012 with plugin support enabled.
1015 Sort symbols by size. The size is computed as the difference between
1016 the value of the symbol and the value of the symbol with the next higher
1017 value. If the @code{bsd} output format is used the size of the symbol
1018 is printed, rather than the value, and @samp{-S} must be used in order
1019 both size and value to be printed.
1021 @item --special-syms
1022 Display symbols which have a target-specific special meaning. These
1023 symbols are usually used by the target for some special processing and
1024 are not normally helpful when included included in the normal symbol
1025 lists. For example for ARM targets this option would skip the mapping
1026 symbols used to mark transitions between ARM code, THUMB code and
1030 Include synthetic symbols in the output. These are special symbols
1031 created by the linker for various purposes. They are not shown by
1032 default since they are not part of the binary's original source code.
1034 @item --target=@var{bfdname}
1035 @cindex object code format
1036 Specify an object code format other than your system's default format.
1037 @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
1044 @c man begin SEEALSO nm
1045 ar(1), objdump(1), ranlib(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
1052 @c man title objcopy copy and translate object files
1055 @c man begin SYNOPSIS objcopy
1056 objcopy [@option{-F} @var{bfdname}|@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}]
1057 [@option{-I} @var{bfdname}|@option{--input-target=}@var{bfdname}]
1058 [@option{-O} @var{bfdname}|@option{--output-target=}@var{bfdname}]
1059 [@option{-B} @var{bfdarch}|@option{--binary-architecture=}@var{bfdarch}]
1060 [@option{-S}|@option{--strip-all}]
1061 [@option{-g}|@option{--strip-debug}]
1062 [@option{-K} @var{symbolname}|@option{--keep-symbol=}@var{symbolname}]
1063 [@option{-N} @var{symbolname}|@option{--strip-symbol=}@var{symbolname}]
1064 [@option{--strip-unneeded-symbol=}@var{symbolname}]
1065 [@option{-G} @var{symbolname}|@option{--keep-global-symbol=}@var{symbolname}]
1066 [@option{--localize-hidden}]
1067 [@option{-L} @var{symbolname}|@option{--localize-symbol=}@var{symbolname}]
1068 [@option{--globalize-symbol=}@var{symbolname}]
1069 [@option{-W} @var{symbolname}|@option{--weaken-symbol=}@var{symbolname}]
1070 [@option{-w}|@option{--wildcard}]
1071 [@option{-x}|@option{--discard-all}]
1072 [@option{-X}|@option{--discard-locals}]
1073 [@option{-b} @var{byte}|@option{--byte=}@var{byte}]
1074 [@option{-i} [@var{breadth}]|@option{--interleave}[=@var{breadth}]]
1075 [@option{--interleave-width=}@var{width}]
1076 [@option{-j} @var{sectionpattern}|@option{--only-section=}@var{sectionpattern}]
1077 [@option{-R} @var{sectionpattern}|@option{--remove-section=}@var{sectionpattern}]
1078 [@option{-p}|@option{--preserve-dates}]
1079 [@option{-D}|@option{--enable-deterministic-archives}]
1080 [@option{-U}|@option{--disable-deterministic-archives}]
1081 [@option{--debugging}]
1082 [@option{--gap-fill=}@var{val}]
1083 [@option{--pad-to=}@var{address}]
1084 [@option{--set-start=}@var{val}]
1085 [@option{--adjust-start=}@var{incr}]
1086 [@option{--change-addresses=}@var{incr}]
1087 [@option{--change-section-address} @var{sectionpattern}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}]
1088 [@option{--change-section-lma} @var{sectionpattern}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}]
1089 [@option{--change-section-vma} @var{sectionpattern}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}]
1090 [@option{--change-warnings}] [@option{--no-change-warnings}]
1091 [@option{--set-section-flags} @var{sectionpattern}=@var{flags}]
1092 [@option{--add-section} @var{sectionname}=@var{filename}]
1093 [@option{--rename-section} @var{oldname}=@var{newname}[,@var{flags}]]
1094 [@option{--long-section-names} @{enable,disable,keep@}]
1095 [@option{--change-leading-char}] [@option{--remove-leading-char}]
1096 [@option{--reverse-bytes=}@var{num}]
1097 [@option{--srec-len=}@var{ival}] [@option{--srec-forceS3}]
1098 [@option{--redefine-sym} @var{old}=@var{new}]
1099 [@option{--redefine-syms=}@var{filename}]
1101 [@option{--keep-symbols=}@var{filename}]
1102 [@option{--strip-symbols=}@var{filename}]
1103 [@option{--strip-unneeded-symbols=}@var{filename}]
1104 [@option{--keep-global-symbols=}@var{filename}]
1105 [@option{--localize-symbols=}@var{filename}]
1106 [@option{--globalize-symbols=}@var{filename}]
1107 [@option{--weaken-symbols=}@var{filename}]
1108 [@option{--alt-machine-code=}@var{index}]
1109 [@option{--prefix-symbols=}@var{string}]
1110 [@option{--prefix-sections=}@var{string}]
1111 [@option{--prefix-alloc-sections=}@var{string}]
1112 [@option{--add-gnu-debuglink=}@var{path-to-file}]
1113 [@option{--keep-file-symbols}]
1114 [@option{--only-keep-debug}]
1115 [@option{--strip-dwo}]
1116 [@option{--extract-dwo}]
1117 [@option{--extract-symbol}]
1118 [@option{--writable-text}]
1119 [@option{--readonly-text}]
1122 [@option{--file-alignment=}@var{num}]
1123 [@option{--heap=}@var{size}]
1124 [@option{--image-base=}@var{address}]
1125 [@option{--section-alignment=}@var{num}]
1126 [@option{--stack=}@var{size}]
1127 [@option{--subsystem=}@var{which}:@var{major}.@var{minor}]
1128 [@option{--compress-debug-sections}]
1129 [@option{--decompress-debug-sections}]
1130 [@option{--dwarf-depth=@var{n}}]
1131 [@option{--dwarf-start=@var{n}}]
1132 [@option{-v}|@option{--verbose}]
1133 [@option{-V}|@option{--version}]
1134 [@option{--help}] [@option{--info}]
1135 @var{infile} [@var{outfile}]
1139 @c man begin DESCRIPTION objcopy
1140 The @sc{gnu} @command{objcopy} utility copies the contents of an object
1141 file to another. @command{objcopy} uses the @sc{gnu} @sc{bfd} Library to
1142 read and write the object files. It can write the destination object
1143 file in a format different from that of the source object file. The
1144 exact behavior of @command{objcopy} is controlled by command-line options.
1145 Note that @command{objcopy} should be able to copy a fully linked file
1146 between any two formats. However, copying a relocatable object file
1147 between any two formats may not work as expected.
1149 @command{objcopy} creates temporary files to do its translations and
1150 deletes them afterward. @command{objcopy} uses @sc{bfd} to do all its
1151 translation work; it has access to all the formats described in @sc{bfd}
1152 and thus is able to recognize most formats without being told
1153 explicitly. @xref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}.
1155 @command{objcopy} can be used to generate S-records by using an output
1156 target of @samp{srec} (e.g., use @samp{-O srec}).
1158 @command{objcopy} can be used to generate a raw binary file by using an
1159 output target of @samp{binary} (e.g., use @option{-O binary}). When
1160 @command{objcopy} generates a raw binary file, it will essentially produce
1161 a memory dump of the contents of the input object file. All symbols and
1162 relocation information will be discarded. The memory dump will start at
1163 the load address of the lowest section copied into the output file.
1165 When generating an S-record or a raw binary file, it may be helpful to
1166 use @option{-S} to remove sections containing debugging information. In
1167 some cases @option{-R} will be useful to remove sections which contain
1168 information that is not needed by the binary file.
1170 Note---@command{objcopy} is not able to change the endianness of its input
1171 files. If the input format has an endianness (some formats do not),
1172 @command{objcopy} can only copy the inputs into file formats that have the
1173 same endianness or which have no endianness (e.g., @samp{srec}).
1174 (However, see the @option{--reverse-bytes} option.)
1178 @c man begin OPTIONS objcopy
1182 @itemx @var{outfile}
1183 The input and output files, respectively.
1184 If you do not specify @var{outfile}, @command{objcopy} creates a
1185 temporary file and destructively renames the result with
1186 the name of @var{infile}.
1188 @item -I @var{bfdname}
1189 @itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname}
1190 Consider the source file's object format to be @var{bfdname}, rather than
1191 attempting to deduce it. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
1193 @item -O @var{bfdname}
1194 @itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname}
1195 Write the output file using the object format @var{bfdname}.
1196 @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
1198 @item -F @var{bfdname}
1199 @itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
1200 Use @var{bfdname} as the object format for both the input and the output
1201 file; i.e., simply transfer data from source to destination with no
1202 translation. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
1204 @item -B @var{bfdarch}
1205 @itemx --binary-architecture=@var{bfdarch}
1206 Useful when transforming a architecture-less input file into an object file.
1207 In this case the output architecture can be set to @var{bfdarch}. This
1208 option will be ignored if the input file has a known @var{bfdarch}. You
1209 can access this binary data inside a program by referencing the special
1210 symbols that are created by the conversion process. These symbols are
1211 called _binary_@var{objfile}_start, _binary_@var{objfile}_end and
1212 _binary_@var{objfile}_size. e.g. you can transform a picture file into
1213 an object file and then access it in your code using these symbols.
1215 @item -j @var{sectionpattern}
1216 @itemx --only-section=@var{sectionpattern}
1217 Copy only the indicated sections from the input file to the output file.
1218 This option may be given more than once. Note that using this option
1219 inappropriately may make the output file unusable. Wildcard
1220 characters are accepted in @var{sectionpattern}.
1222 @item -R @var{sectionpattern}
1223 @itemx --remove-section=@var{sectionpattern}
1224 Remove any section matching @var{sectionpattern} from the output file.
1225 This option may be given more than once. Note that using this option
1226 inappropriately may make the output file unusable. Wildcard
1227 characters are accepted in @var{sectionpattern}. Using both the
1228 @option{-j} and @option{-R} options together results in undefined
1233 Do not copy relocation and symbol information from the source file.
1236 @itemx --strip-debug
1237 Do not copy debugging symbols or sections from the source file.
1239 @item --strip-unneeded
1240 Strip all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing.
1242 @item -K @var{symbolname}
1243 @itemx --keep-symbol=@var{symbolname}
1244 When stripping symbols, keep symbol @var{symbolname} even if it would
1245 normally be stripped. This option may be given more than once.
1247 @item -N @var{symbolname}
1248 @itemx --strip-symbol=@var{symbolname}
1249 Do not copy symbol @var{symbolname} from the source file. This option
1250 may be given more than once.
1252 @item --strip-unneeded-symbol=@var{symbolname}
1253 Do not copy symbol @var{symbolname} from the source file unless it is needed
1254 by a relocation. This option may be given more than once.
1256 @item -G @var{symbolname}
1257 @itemx --keep-global-symbol=@var{symbolname}
1258 Keep only symbol @var{symbolname} global. Make all other symbols local
1259 to the file, so that they are not visible externally. This option may
1260 be given more than once.
1262 @item --localize-hidden
1263 In an ELF object, mark all symbols that have hidden or internal visibility
1264 as local. This option applies on top of symbol-specific localization options
1265 such as @option{-L}.
1267 @item -L @var{symbolname}
1268 @itemx --localize-symbol=@var{symbolname}
1269 Make symbol @var{symbolname} local to the file, so that it is not
1270 visible externally. This option may be given more than once.
1272 @item -W @var{symbolname}
1273 @itemx --weaken-symbol=@var{symbolname}
1274 Make symbol @var{symbolname} weak. This option may be given more than once.
1276 @item --globalize-symbol=@var{symbolname}
1277 Give symbol @var{symbolname} global scoping so that it is visible
1278 outside of the file in which it is defined. This option may be given
1283 Permit regular expressions in @var{symbolname}s used in other command
1284 line options. The question mark (?), asterisk (*), backslash (\) and
1285 square brackets ([]) operators can be used anywhere in the symbol
1286 name. If the first character of the symbol name is the exclamation
1287 point (!) then the sense of the switch is reversed for that symbol.
1294 would cause objcopy to weaken all symbols that start with ``fo''
1295 except for the symbol ``foo''.
1298 @itemx --discard-all
1299 Do not copy non-global symbols from the source file.
1300 @c FIXME any reason to prefer "non-global" to "local" here?
1303 @itemx --discard-locals
1304 Do not copy compiler-generated local symbols.
1305 (These usually start with @samp{L} or @samp{.}.)
1308 @itemx --byte=@var{byte}
1309 If interleaving has been enabled via the @option{--interleave} option
1310 then start the range of bytes to keep at the @var{byte}th byte.
1311 @var{byte} can be in the range from 0 to @var{breadth}-1, where
1312 @var{breadth} is the value given by the @option{--interleave} option.
1314 @item -i [@var{breadth}]
1315 @itemx --interleave[=@var{breadth}]
1316 Only copy a range out of every @var{breadth} bytes. (Header data is
1317 not affected). Select which byte in the range begins the copy with
1318 the @option{--byte} option. Select the width of the range with the
1319 @option{--interleave-width} option.
1321 This option is useful for creating files to program @sc{rom}. It is
1322 typically used with an @code{srec} output target. Note that
1323 @command{objcopy} will complain if you do not specify the
1324 @option{--byte} option as well.
1326 The default interleave breadth is 4, so with @option{--byte} set to 0,
1327 @command{objcopy} would copy the first byte out of every four bytes
1328 from the input to the output.
1330 @item --interleave-width=@var{width}
1331 When used with the @option{--interleave} option, copy @var{width}
1332 bytes at a time. The start of the range of bytes to be copied is set
1333 by the @option{--byte} option, and the extent of the range is set with
1334 the @option{--interleave} option.
1336 The default value for this option is 1. The value of @var{width} plus
1337 the @var{byte} value set by the @option{--byte} option must not exceed
1338 the interleave breadth set by the @option{--interleave} option.
1340 This option can be used to create images for two 16-bit flashes interleaved
1341 in a 32-bit bus by passing @option{-b 0 -i 4 --interleave-width=2}
1342 and @option{-b 2 -i 4 --interleave-width=2} to two @command{objcopy}
1343 commands. If the input was '12345678' then the outputs would be
1344 '1256' and '3478' respectively.
1347 @itemx --preserve-dates
1348 Set the access and modification dates of the output file to be the same
1349 as those of the input file.
1352 @itemx --enable-deterministic-archives
1353 @cindex deterministic archives
1354 @kindex --enable-deterministic-archives
1355 Operate in @emph{deterministic} mode. When copying archive members
1356 and writing the archive index, use zero for UIDs, GIDs, timestamps,
1357 and use consistent file modes for all files.
1359 If @file{binutils} was configured with
1360 @option{--enable-deterministic-archives}, then this mode is on by default.
1361 It can be disabled with the @samp{-U} option, below.
1364 @itemx --disable-deterministic-archives
1365 @cindex deterministic archives
1366 @kindex --enable-deterministic-archives
1367 Do @emph{not} operate in @emph{deterministic} mode. This is the
1368 inverse of the @option{-D} option, above: when copying archive members
1369 and writing the archive index, use their actual UID, GID, timestamp,
1370 and file mode values.
1372 This is the default unless @file{binutils} was configured with
1373 @option{--enable-deterministic-archives}.
1376 Convert debugging information, if possible. This is not the default
1377 because only certain debugging formats are supported, and the
1378 conversion process can be time consuming.
1380 @item --gap-fill @var{val}
1381 Fill gaps between sections with @var{val}. This operation applies to
1382 the @emph{load address} (LMA) of the sections. It is done by increasing
1383 the size of the section with the lower address, and filling in the extra
1384 space created with @var{val}.
1386 @item --pad-to @var{address}
1387 Pad the output file up to the load address @var{address}. This is
1388 done by increasing the size of the last section. The extra space is
1389 filled in with the value specified by @option{--gap-fill} (default zero).
1391 @item --set-start @var{val}
1392 Set the start address of the new file to @var{val}. Not all object file
1393 formats support setting the start address.
1395 @item --change-start @var{incr}
1396 @itemx --adjust-start @var{incr}
1397 @cindex changing start address
1398 Change the start address by adding @var{incr}. Not all object file
1399 formats support setting the start address.
1401 @item --change-addresses @var{incr}
1402 @itemx --adjust-vma @var{incr}
1403 @cindex changing object addresses
1404 Change the VMA and LMA addresses of all sections, as well as the start
1405 address, by adding @var{incr}. Some object file formats do not permit
1406 section addresses to be changed arbitrarily. Note that this does not
1407 relocate the sections; if the program expects sections to be loaded at a
1408 certain address, and this option is used to change the sections such
1409 that they are loaded at a different address, the program may fail.
1411 @item --change-section-address @var{sectionpattern}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}
1412 @itemx --adjust-section-vma @var{sectionpattern}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}
1413 @cindex changing section address
1414 Set or change both the VMA address and the LMA address of any section
1415 matching @var{sectionpattern}. If @samp{=} is used, the section
1416 address is set to @var{val}. Otherwise, @var{val} is added to or
1417 subtracted from the section address. See the comments under
1418 @option{--change-addresses}, above. If @var{sectionpattern} does not
1419 match any sections in the input file, a warning will be issued, unless
1420 @option{--no-change-warnings} is used.
1422 @item --change-section-lma @var{sectionpattern}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}
1423 @cindex changing section LMA
1424 Set or change the LMA address of any sections matching
1425 @var{sectionpattern}. The LMA address is the address where the
1426 section will be loaded into memory at program load time. Normally
1427 this is the same as the VMA address, which is the address of the
1428 section at program run time, but on some systems, especially those
1429 where a program is held in ROM, the two can be different. If @samp{=}
1430 is used, the section address is set to @var{val}. Otherwise,
1431 @var{val} is added to or subtracted from the section address. See the
1432 comments under @option{--change-addresses}, above. If
1433 @var{sectionpattern} does not match any sections in the input file, a
1434 warning will be issued, unless @option{--no-change-warnings} is used.
1436 @item --change-section-vma @var{sectionpattern}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}
1437 @cindex changing section VMA
1438 Set or change the VMA address of any section matching
1439 @var{sectionpattern}. The VMA address is the address where the
1440 section will be located once the program has started executing.
1441 Normally this is the same as the LMA address, which is the address
1442 where the section will be loaded into memory, but on some systems,
1443 especially those where a program is held in ROM, the two can be
1444 different. If @samp{=} is used, the section address is set to
1445 @var{val}. Otherwise, @var{val} is added to or subtracted from the
1446 section address. See the comments under @option{--change-addresses},
1447 above. If @var{sectionpattern} does not match any sections in the
1448 input file, a warning will be issued, unless
1449 @option{--no-change-warnings} is used.
1451 @item --change-warnings
1452 @itemx --adjust-warnings
1453 If @option{--change-section-address} or @option{--change-section-lma} or
1454 @option{--change-section-vma} is used, and the section pattern does not
1455 match any sections, issue a warning. This is the default.
1457 @item --no-change-warnings
1458 @itemx --no-adjust-warnings
1459 Do not issue a warning if @option{--change-section-address} or
1460 @option{--adjust-section-lma} or @option{--adjust-section-vma} is used, even
1461 if the section pattern does not match any sections.
1463 @item --set-section-flags @var{sectionpattern}=@var{flags}
1464 Set the flags for any sections matching @var{sectionpattern}. The
1465 @var{flags} argument is a comma separated string of flag names. The
1466 recognized names are @samp{alloc}, @samp{contents}, @samp{load},
1467 @samp{noload}, @samp{readonly}, @samp{code}, @samp{data}, @samp{rom},
1468 @samp{share}, and @samp{debug}. You can set the @samp{contents} flag
1469 for a section which does not have contents, but it is not meaningful
1470 to clear the @samp{contents} flag of a section which does have
1471 contents--just remove the section instead. Not all flags are
1472 meaningful for all object file formats.
1474 @item --add-section @var{sectionname}=@var{filename}
1475 Add a new section named @var{sectionname} while copying the file. The
1476 contents of the new section are taken from the file @var{filename}. The
1477 size of the section will be the size of the file. This option only
1478 works on file formats which can support sections with arbitrary names.
1480 @item --rename-section @var{oldname}=@var{newname}[,@var{flags}]
1481 Rename a section from @var{oldname} to @var{newname}, optionally
1482 changing the section's flags to @var{flags} in the process. This has
1483 the advantage over usng a linker script to perform the rename in that
1484 the output stays as an object file and does not become a linked
1487 This option is particularly helpful when the input format is binary,
1488 since this will always create a section called .data. If for example,
1489 you wanted instead to create a section called .rodata containing binary
1490 data you could use the following command line to achieve it:
1493 objcopy -I binary -O <output_format> -B <architecture> \
1494 --rename-section .data=.rodata,alloc,load,readonly,data,contents \
1495 <input_binary_file> <output_object_file>
1498 @item --long-section-names @{enable,disable,keep@}
1499 Controls the handling of long section names when processing @code{COFF}
1500 and @code{PE-COFF} object formats. The default behaviour, @samp{keep},
1501 is to preserve long section names if any are present in the input file.
1502 The @samp{enable} and @samp{disable} options forcibly enable or disable
1503 the use of long section names in the output object; when @samp{disable}
1504 is in effect, any long section names in the input object will be truncated.
1505 The @samp{enable} option will only emit long section names if any are
1506 present in the inputs; this is mostly the same as @samp{keep}, but it
1507 is left undefined whether the @samp{enable} option might force the
1508 creation of an empty string table in the output file.
1510 @item --change-leading-char
1511 Some object file formats use special characters at the start of
1512 symbols. The most common such character is underscore, which compilers
1513 often add before every symbol. This option tells @command{objcopy} to
1514 change the leading character of every symbol when it converts between
1515 object file formats. If the object file formats use the same leading
1516 character, this option has no effect. Otherwise, it will add a
1517 character, or remove a character, or change a character, as
1520 @item --remove-leading-char
1521 If the first character of a global symbol is a special symbol leading
1522 character used by the object file format, remove the character. The
1523 most common symbol leading character is underscore. This option will
1524 remove a leading underscore from all global symbols. This can be useful
1525 if you want to link together objects of different file formats with
1526 different conventions for symbol names. This is different from
1527 @option{--change-leading-char} because it always changes the symbol name
1528 when appropriate, regardless of the object file format of the output
1531 @item --reverse-bytes=@var{num}
1532 Reverse the bytes in a section with output contents. A section length must
1533 be evenly divisible by the value given in order for the swap to be able to
1534 take place. Reversing takes place before the interleaving is performed.
1536 This option is used typically in generating ROM images for problematic
1537 target systems. For example, on some target boards, the 32-bit words
1538 fetched from 8-bit ROMs are re-assembled in little-endian byte order
1539 regardless of the CPU byte order. Depending on the programming model, the
1540 endianness of the ROM may need to be modified.
1542 Consider a simple file with a section containing the following eight
1543 bytes: @code{12345678}.
1545 Using @samp{--reverse-bytes=2} for the above example, the bytes in the
1546 output file would be ordered @code{21436587}.
1548 Using @samp{--reverse-bytes=4} for the above example, the bytes in the
1549 output file would be ordered @code{43218765}.
1551 By using @samp{--reverse-bytes=2} for the above example, followed by
1552 @samp{--reverse-bytes=4} on the output file, the bytes in the second
1553 output file would be ordered @code{34127856}.
1555 @item --srec-len=@var{ival}
1556 Meaningful only for srec output. Set the maximum length of the Srecords
1557 being produced to @var{ival}. This length covers both address, data and
1560 @item --srec-forceS3
1561 Meaningful only for srec output. Avoid generation of S1/S2 records,
1562 creating S3-only record format.
1564 @item --redefine-sym @var{old}=@var{new}
1565 Change the name of a symbol @var{old}, to @var{new}. This can be useful
1566 when one is trying link two things together for which you have no
1567 source, and there are name collisions.
1569 @item --redefine-syms=@var{filename}
1570 Apply @option{--redefine-sym} to each symbol pair "@var{old} @var{new}"
1571 listed in the file @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file,
1572 with one symbol pair per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash
1573 character. This option may be given more than once.
1576 Change all global symbols in the file to be weak. This can be useful
1577 when building an object which will be linked against other objects using
1578 the @option{-R} option to the linker. This option is only effective when
1579 using an object file format which supports weak symbols.
1581 @item --keep-symbols=@var{filename}
1582 Apply @option{--keep-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file
1583 @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol
1584 name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character.
1585 This option may be given more than once.
1587 @item --strip-symbols=@var{filename}
1588 Apply @option{--strip-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file
1589 @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol
1590 name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character.
1591 This option may be given more than once.
1593 @item --strip-unneeded-symbols=@var{filename}
1594 Apply @option{--strip-unneeded-symbol} option to each symbol listed in
1595 the file @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one
1596 symbol name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash
1597 character. This option may be given more than once.
1599 @item --keep-global-symbols=@var{filename}
1600 Apply @option{--keep-global-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the
1601 file @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one
1602 symbol name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash
1603 character. This option may be given more than once.
1605 @item --localize-symbols=@var{filename}
1606 Apply @option{--localize-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file
1607 @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol
1608 name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character.
1609 This option may be given more than once.
1611 @item --globalize-symbols=@var{filename}
1612 Apply @option{--globalize-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file
1613 @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol
1614 name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character.
1615 This option may be given more than once.
1617 @item --weaken-symbols=@var{filename}
1618 Apply @option{--weaken-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file
1619 @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol
1620 name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character.
1621 This option may be given more than once.
1623 @item --alt-machine-code=@var{index}
1624 If the output architecture has alternate machine codes, use the
1625 @var{index}th code instead of the default one. This is useful in case
1626 a machine is assigned an official code and the tool-chain adopts the
1627 new code, but other applications still depend on the original code
1628 being used. For ELF based architectures if the @var{index}
1629 alternative does not exist then the value is treated as an absolute
1630 number to be stored in the e_machine field of the ELF header.
1632 @item --writable-text
1633 Mark the output text as writable. This option isn't meaningful for all
1634 object file formats.
1636 @item --readonly-text
1637 Make the output text write protected. This option isn't meaningful for all
1638 object file formats.
1641 Mark the output file as demand paged. This option isn't meaningful for all
1642 object file formats.
1645 Mark the output file as impure. This option isn't meaningful for all
1646 object file formats.
1648 @item --prefix-symbols=@var{string}
1649 Prefix all symbols in the output file with @var{string}.
1651 @item --prefix-sections=@var{string}
1652 Prefix all section names in the output file with @var{string}.
1654 @item --prefix-alloc-sections=@var{string}
1655 Prefix all the names of all allocated sections in the output file with
1658 @item --add-gnu-debuglink=@var{path-to-file}
1659 Creates a .gnu_debuglink section which contains a reference to @var{path-to-file}
1660 and adds it to the output file.
1662 @item --keep-file-symbols
1663 When stripping a file, perhaps with @option{--strip-debug} or
1664 @option{--strip-unneeded}, retain any symbols specifying source file names,
1665 which would otherwise get stripped.
1667 @item --only-keep-debug
1668 Strip a file, removing contents of any sections that would not be
1669 stripped by @option{--strip-debug} and leaving the debugging sections
1670 intact. In ELF files, this preserves all note sections in the output.
1672 The intention is that this option will be used in conjunction with
1673 @option{--add-gnu-debuglink} to create a two part executable. One a
1674 stripped binary which will occupy less space in RAM and in a
1675 distribution and the second a debugging information file which is only
1676 needed if debugging abilities are required. The suggested procedure
1677 to create these files is as follows:
1680 @item Link the executable as normal. Assuming that is is called
1682 @item Run @code{objcopy --only-keep-debug foo foo.dbg} to
1683 create a file containing the debugging info.
1684 @item Run @code{objcopy --strip-debug foo} to create a
1685 stripped executable.
1686 @item Run @code{objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.dbg foo}
1687 to add a link to the debugging info into the stripped executable.
1690 Note---the choice of @code{.dbg} as an extension for the debug info
1691 file is arbitrary. Also the @code{--only-keep-debug} step is
1692 optional. You could instead do this:
1695 @item Link the executable as normal.
1696 @item Copy @code{foo} to @code{foo.full}
1697 @item Run @code{objcopy --strip-debug foo}
1698 @item Run @code{objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.full foo}
1701 i.e., the file pointed to by the @option{--add-gnu-debuglink} can be the
1702 full executable. It does not have to be a file created by the
1703 @option{--only-keep-debug} switch.
1705 Note---this switch is only intended for use on fully linked files. It
1706 does not make sense to use it on object files where the debugging
1707 information may be incomplete. Besides the gnu_debuglink feature
1708 currently only supports the presence of one filename containing
1709 debugging information, not multiple filenames on a one-per-object-file
1713 Remove the contents of all DWARF .dwo sections, leaving the
1714 remaining debugging sections and all symbols intact.
1715 This option is intended for use by the compiler as part of
1716 the @option{-gsplit-dwarf} option, which splits debug information
1717 between the .o file and a separate .dwo file. The compiler
1718 generates all debug information in the same file, then uses
1719 the @option{--extract-dwo} option to copy the .dwo sections to
1720 the .dwo file, then the @option{--strip-dwo} option to remove
1721 those sections from the original .o file.
1724 Extract the contents of all DWARF .dwo sections. See the
1725 @option{--strip-dwo} option for more information.
1727 @item --file-alignment @var{num}
1728 Specify the file alignment. Sections in the file will always begin at
1729 file offsets which are multiples of this number. This defaults to
1731 [This option is specific to PE targets.]
1733 @item --heap @var{reserve}
1734 @itemx --heap @var{reserve},@var{commit}
1735 Specify the number of bytes of memory to reserve (and optionally commit)
1736 to be used as heap for this program.
1737 [This option is specific to PE targets.]
1739 @item --image-base @var{value}
1740 Use @var{value} as the base address of your program or dll. This is
1741 the lowest memory location that will be used when your program or dll
1742 is loaded. To reduce the need to relocate and improve performance of
1743 your dlls, each should have a unique base address and not overlap any
1744 other dlls. The default is 0x400000 for executables, and 0x10000000
1746 [This option is specific to PE targets.]
1748 @item --section-alignment @var{num}
1749 Sets the section alignment. Sections in memory will always begin at
1750 addresses which are a multiple of this number. Defaults to 0x1000.
1751 [This option is specific to PE targets.]
1753 @item --stack @var{reserve}
1754 @itemx --stack @var{reserve},@var{commit}
1755 Specify the number of bytes of memory to reserve (and optionally commit)
1756 to be used as stack for this program.
1757 [This option is specific to PE targets.]
1759 @item --subsystem @var{which}
1760 @itemx --subsystem @var{which}:@var{major}
1761 @itemx --subsystem @var{which}:@var{major}.@var{minor}
1762 Specifies the subsystem under which your program will execute. The
1763 legal values for @var{which} are @code{native}, @code{windows},
1764 @code{console}, @code{posix}, @code{efi-app}, @code{efi-bsd},
1765 @code{efi-rtd}, @code{sal-rtd}, and @code{xbox}. You may optionally set
1766 the subsystem version also. Numeric values are also accepted for
1768 [This option is specific to PE targets.]
1770 @item --extract-symbol
1771 Keep the file's section flags and symbols but remove all section data.
1772 Specifically, the option:
1775 @item removes the contents of all sections;
1776 @item sets the size of every section to zero; and
1777 @item sets the file's start address to zero.
1780 This option is used to build a @file{.sym} file for a VxWorks kernel.
1781 It can also be a useful way of reducing the size of a @option{--just-symbols}
1784 @item --compress-debug-sections
1785 Compress DWARF debug sections using zlib.
1787 @item --decompress-debug-sections
1788 Decompress DWARF debug sections using zlib.
1792 Show the version number of @command{objcopy}.
1796 Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of
1797 archives, @samp{objcopy -V} lists all members of the archive.
1800 Show a summary of the options to @command{objcopy}.
1803 Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available.
1809 @c man begin SEEALSO objcopy
1810 ld(1), objdump(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
1817 @cindex object file information
1820 @c man title objdump display information from object files.
1823 @c man begin SYNOPSIS objdump
1824 objdump [@option{-a}|@option{--archive-headers}]
1825 [@option{-b} @var{bfdname}|@option{--target=@var{bfdname}}]
1826 [@option{-C}|@option{--demangle}[=@var{style}] ]
1827 [@option{-d}|@option{--disassemble}]
1828 [@option{-D}|@option{--disassemble-all}]
1829 [@option{-z}|@option{--disassemble-zeroes}]
1830 [@option{-EB}|@option{-EL}|@option{--endian=}@{big | little @}]
1831 [@option{-f}|@option{--file-headers}]
1832 [@option{-F}|@option{--file-offsets}]
1833 [@option{--file-start-context}]
1834 [@option{-g}|@option{--debugging}]
1835 [@option{-e}|@option{--debugging-tags}]
1836 [@option{-h}|@option{--section-headers}|@option{--headers}]
1837 [@option{-i}|@option{--info}]
1838 [@option{-j} @var{section}|@option{--section=}@var{section}]
1839 [@option{-l}|@option{--line-numbers}]
1840 [@option{-S}|@option{--source}]
1841 [@option{-m} @var{machine}|@option{--architecture=}@var{machine}]
1842 [@option{-M} @var{options}|@option{--disassembler-options=}@var{options}]
1843 [@option{-p}|@option{--private-headers}]
1844 [@option{-P} @var{options}|@option{--private=}@var{options}]
1845 [@option{-r}|@option{--reloc}]
1846 [@option{-R}|@option{--dynamic-reloc}]
1847 [@option{-s}|@option{--full-contents}]
1848 [@option{-W[lLiaprmfFsoRt]}|
1849 @option{--dwarf}[=rawline,=decodedline,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=aranges,=macro,=frames,=frames-interp,=str,=loc,=Ranges,=pubtypes,=trace_info,=trace_abbrev,=trace_aranges,=gdb_index]]
1850 [@option{-G}|@option{--stabs}]
1851 [@option{-t}|@option{--syms}]
1852 [@option{-T}|@option{--dynamic-syms}]
1853 [@option{-x}|@option{--all-headers}]
1854 [@option{-w}|@option{--wide}]
1855 [@option{--start-address=}@var{address}]
1856 [@option{--stop-address=}@var{address}]
1857 [@option{--prefix-addresses}]
1858 [@option{--[no-]show-raw-insn}]
1859 [@option{--adjust-vma=}@var{offset}]
1860 [@option{--special-syms}]
1861 [@option{--prefix=}@var{prefix}]
1862 [@option{--prefix-strip=}@var{level}]
1863 [@option{--insn-width=}@var{width}]
1864 [@option{-V}|@option{--version}]
1865 [@option{-H}|@option{--help}]
1866 @var{objfile}@dots{}
1870 @c man begin DESCRIPTION objdump
1872 @command{objdump} displays information about one or more object files.
1873 The options control what particular information to display. This
1874 information is mostly useful to programmers who are working on the
1875 compilation tools, as opposed to programmers who just want their
1876 program to compile and work.
1878 @var{objfile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined. When you
1879 specify archives, @command{objdump} shows information on each of the member
1884 @c man begin OPTIONS objdump
1886 The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
1887 equivalent. At least one option from the list
1888 @option{-a,-d,-D,-e,-f,-g,-G,-h,-H,-p,-P,-r,-R,-s,-S,-t,-T,-V,-x} must be given.
1892 @itemx --archive-header
1893 @cindex archive headers
1894 If any of the @var{objfile} files are archives, display the archive
1895 header information (in a format similar to @samp{ls -l}). Besides the
1896 information you could list with @samp{ar tv}, @samp{objdump -a} shows
1897 the object file format of each archive member.
1899 @item --adjust-vma=@var{offset}
1900 @cindex section addresses in objdump
1901 @cindex VMA in objdump
1902 When dumping information, first add @var{offset} to all the section
1903 addresses. This is useful if the section addresses do not correspond to
1904 the symbol table, which can happen when putting sections at particular
1905 addresses when using a format which can not represent section addresses,
1908 @item -b @var{bfdname}
1909 @itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
1910 @cindex object code format
1911 Specify that the object-code format for the object files is
1912 @var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @var{objdump} can
1913 automatically recognize many formats.
1917 objdump -b oasys -m vax -h fu.o
1920 displays summary information from the section headers (@option{-h}) of
1921 @file{fu.o}, which is explicitly identified (@option{-m}) as a VAX object
1922 file in the format produced by Oasys compilers. You can list the
1923 formats available with the @option{-i} option.
1924 @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
1927 @itemx --demangle[=@var{style}]
1928 @cindex demangling in objdump
1929 Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
1930 Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
1931 makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different
1932 mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to
1933 choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. @xref{c++filt},
1934 for more information on demangling.
1938 Display debugging information. This attempts to parse STABS and IEEE
1939 debugging format information stored in the file and print it out using
1940 a C like syntax. If neither of these formats are found this option
1941 falls back on the @option{-W} option to print any DWARF information in
1945 @itemx --debugging-tags
1946 Like @option{-g}, but the information is generated in a format compatible
1950 @itemx --disassemble
1951 @cindex disassembling object code
1952 @cindex machine instructions
1953 Display the assembler mnemonics for the machine instructions from
1954 @var{objfile}. This option only disassembles those sections which are
1955 expected to contain instructions.
1958 @itemx --disassemble-all
1959 Like @option{-d}, but disassemble the contents of all sections, not just
1960 those expected to contain instructions.
1962 If the target is an ARM architecture this switch also has the effect
1963 of forcing the disassembler to decode pieces of data found in code
1964 sections as if they were instructions.
1966 @item --prefix-addresses
1967 When disassembling, print the complete address on each line. This is
1968 the older disassembly format.
1972 @itemx --endian=@{big|little@}
1974 @cindex disassembly endianness
1975 Specify the endianness of the object files. This only affects
1976 disassembly. This can be useful when disassembling a file format which
1977 does not describe endianness information, such as S-records.
1980 @itemx --file-headers
1981 @cindex object file header
1982 Display summary information from the overall header of
1983 each of the @var{objfile} files.
1986 @itemx --file-offsets
1987 @cindex object file offsets
1988 When disassembling sections, whenever a symbol is displayed, also
1989 display the file offset of the region of data that is about to be
1990 dumped. If zeroes are being skipped, then when disassembly resumes,
1991 tell the user how many zeroes were skipped and the file offset of the
1992 location from where the disassembly resumes. When dumping sections,
1993 display the file offset of the location from where the dump starts.
1995 @item --file-start-context
1996 @cindex source code context
1997 Specify that when displaying interlisted source code/disassembly
1998 (assumes @option{-S}) from a file that has not yet been displayed, extend the
1999 context to the start of the file.
2002 @itemx --section-headers
2004 @cindex section headers
2005 Display summary information from the section headers of the
2008 File segments may be relocated to nonstandard addresses, for example by
2009 using the @option{-Ttext}, @option{-Tdata}, or @option{-Tbss} options to
2010 @command{ld}. However, some object file formats, such as a.out, do not
2011 store the starting address of the file segments. In those situations,
2012 although @command{ld} relocates the sections correctly, using @samp{objdump
2013 -h} to list the file section headers cannot show the correct addresses.
2014 Instead, it shows the usual addresses, which are implicit for the
2019 Print a summary of the options to @command{objdump} and exit.
2023 @cindex architectures available
2024 @cindex object formats available
2025 Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available
2026 for specification with @option{-b} or @option{-m}.
2029 @itemx --section=@var{name}
2030 @cindex section information
2031 Display information only for section @var{name}.
2034 @itemx --line-numbers
2035 @cindex source filenames for object files
2036 Label the display (using debugging information) with the filename and
2037 source line numbers corresponding to the object code or relocs shown.
2038 Only useful with @option{-d}, @option{-D}, or @option{-r}.
2040 @item -m @var{machine}
2041 @itemx --architecture=@var{machine}
2042 @cindex architecture
2043 @cindex disassembly architecture
2044 Specify the architecture to use when disassembling object files. This
2045 can be useful when disassembling object files which do not describe
2046 architecture information, such as S-records. You can list the available
2047 architectures with the @option{-i} option.
2049 If the target is an ARM architecture then this switch has an
2050 additional effect. It restricts the disassembly to only those
2051 instructions supported by the architecture specified by @var{machine}.
2052 If it is necessary to use this switch because the input file does not
2053 contain any architecture information, but it is also desired to
2054 disassemble all the instructions use @option{-marm}.
2056 @item -M @var{options}
2057 @itemx --disassembler-options=@var{options}
2058 Pass target specific information to the disassembler. Only supported on
2059 some targets. If it is necessary to specify more than one
2060 disassembler option then multiple @option{-M} options can be used or
2061 can be placed together into a comma separated list.
2063 If the target is an ARM architecture then this switch can be used to
2064 select which register name set is used during disassembler. Specifying
2065 @option{-M reg-names-std} (the default) will select the register names as
2066 used in ARM's instruction set documentation, but with register 13 called
2067 'sp', register 14 called 'lr' and register 15 called 'pc'. Specifying
2068 @option{-M reg-names-apcs} will select the name set used by the ARM
2069 Procedure Call Standard, whilst specifying @option{-M reg-names-raw} will
2070 just use @samp{r} followed by the register number.
2072 There are also two variants on the APCS register naming scheme enabled
2073 by @option{-M reg-names-atpcs} and @option{-M reg-names-special-atpcs} which
2074 use the ARM/Thumb Procedure Call Standard naming conventions. (Either
2075 with the normal register names or the special register names).
2077 This option can also be used for ARM architectures to force the
2078 disassembler to interpret all instructions as Thumb instructions by
2079 using the switch @option{--disassembler-options=force-thumb}. This can be
2080 useful when attempting to disassemble thumb code produced by other
2083 For the x86, some of the options duplicate functions of the @option{-m}
2084 switch, but allow finer grained control. Multiple selections from the
2085 following may be specified as a comma separated string.
2086 @option{x86-64}, @option{i386} and @option{i8086} select disassembly for
2087 the given architecture. @option{intel} and @option{att} select between
2088 intel syntax mode and AT&T syntax mode.
2089 @option{intel-mnemonic} and @option{att-mnemonic} select between
2090 intel mnemonic mode and AT&T mnemonic mode. @option{intel-mnemonic}
2091 implies @option{intel} and @option{att-mnemonic} implies @option{att}.
2092 @option{addr64}, @option{addr32},
2093 @option{addr16}, @option{data32} and @option{data16} specify the default
2094 address size and operand size. These four options will be overridden if
2095 @option{x86-64}, @option{i386} or @option{i8086} appear later in the
2096 option string. Lastly, @option{suffix}, when in AT&T mode,
2097 instructs the disassembler to print a mnemonic suffix even when the
2098 suffix could be inferred by the operands.
2100 For PowerPC, @option{booke} controls the disassembly of BookE
2101 instructions. @option{32} and @option{64} select PowerPC and
2102 PowerPC64 disassembly, respectively. @option{e300} selects
2103 disassembly for the e300 family. @option{440} selects disassembly for
2104 the PowerPC 440. @option{ppcps} selects disassembly for the paired
2105 single instructions of the PPC750CL.
2107 For MIPS, this option controls the printing of instruction mnemonic
2108 names and register names in disassembled instructions. Multiple
2109 selections from the following may be specified as a comma separated
2110 string, and invalid options are ignored:
2114 Print the 'raw' instruction mnemonic instead of some pseudo
2115 instruction mnemonic. I.e., print 'daddu' or 'or' instead of 'move',
2116 'sll' instead of 'nop', etc.
2119 Disassemble the virtualization ASE instructions.
2121 @item gpr-names=@var{ABI}
2122 Print GPR (general-purpose register) names as appropriate
2123 for the specified ABI. By default, GPR names are selected according to
2124 the ABI of the binary being disassembled.
2126 @item fpr-names=@var{ABI}
2127 Print FPR (floating-point register) names as
2128 appropriate for the specified ABI. By default, FPR numbers are printed
2131 @item cp0-names=@var{ARCH}
2132 Print CP0 (system control coprocessor; coprocessor 0) register names
2133 as appropriate for the CPU or architecture specified by
2134 @var{ARCH}. By default, CP0 register names are selected according to
2135 the architecture and CPU of the binary being disassembled.
2137 @item hwr-names=@var{ARCH}
2138 Print HWR (hardware register, used by the @code{rdhwr} instruction) names
2139 as appropriate for the CPU or architecture specified by
2140 @var{ARCH}. By default, HWR names are selected according to
2141 the architecture and CPU of the binary being disassembled.
2143 @item reg-names=@var{ABI}
2144 Print GPR and FPR names as appropriate for the selected ABI.
2146 @item reg-names=@var{ARCH}
2147 Print CPU-specific register names (CP0 register and HWR names)
2148 as appropriate for the selected CPU or architecture.
2151 For any of the options listed above, @var{ABI} or
2152 @var{ARCH} may be specified as @samp{numeric} to have numbers printed
2153 rather than names, for the selected types of registers.
2154 You can list the available values of @var{ABI} and @var{ARCH} using
2155 the @option{--help} option.
2157 For VAX, you can specify function entry addresses with @option{-M
2158 entry:0xf00ba}. You can use this multiple times to properly
2159 disassemble VAX binary files that don't contain symbol tables (like
2160 ROM dumps). In these cases, the function entry mask would otherwise
2161 be decoded as VAX instructions, which would probably lead the rest
2162 of the function being wrongly disassembled.
2165 @itemx --private-headers
2166 Print information that is specific to the object file format. The exact
2167 information printed depends upon the object file format. For some
2168 object file formats, no additional information is printed.
2170 @item -P @var{options}
2171 @itemx --private=@var{options}
2172 Print information that is specific to the object file format. The
2173 argument @var{options} is a comma separated list that depends on the
2174 format (the lists of options is displayed with the help).
2176 For XCOFF, the available options are: @option{header}, @option{aout},
2177 @option{sections}, @option{syms}, @option{relocs}, @option{lineno},
2178 @option{loader}, @option{except}, @option{typchk}, @option{traceback},
2179 @option{toc} and @option{ldinfo}.
2183 @cindex relocation entries, in object file
2184 Print the relocation entries of the file. If used with @option{-d} or
2185 @option{-D}, the relocations are printed interspersed with the
2189 @itemx --dynamic-reloc
2190 @cindex dynamic relocation entries, in object file
2191 Print the dynamic relocation entries of the file. This is only
2192 meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
2193 libraries. As for @option{-r}, if used with @option{-d} or
2194 @option{-D}, the relocations are printed interspersed with the
2198 @itemx --full-contents
2199 @cindex sections, full contents
2200 @cindex object file sections
2201 Display the full contents of any sections requested. By default all
2202 non-empty sections are displayed.
2206 @cindex source disassembly
2207 @cindex disassembly, with source
2208 Display source code intermixed with disassembly, if possible. Implies
2211 @item --prefix=@var{prefix}
2212 @cindex Add prefix to absolute paths
2213 Specify @var{prefix} to add to the absolute paths when used with
2216 @item --prefix-strip=@var{level}
2217 @cindex Strip absolute paths
2218 Indicate how many initial directory names to strip off the hardwired
2219 absolute paths. It has no effect without @option{--prefix=}@var{prefix}.
2221 @item --show-raw-insn
2222 When disassembling instructions, print the instruction in hex as well as
2223 in symbolic form. This is the default except when
2224 @option{--prefix-addresses} is used.
2226 @item --no-show-raw-insn
2227 When disassembling instructions, do not print the instruction bytes.
2228 This is the default when @option{--prefix-addresses} is used.
2230 @item --insn-width=@var{width}
2231 @cindex Instruction width
2232 Display @var{width} bytes on a single line when disassembling
2235 @item -W[lLiaprmfFsoRt]
2236 @itemx --dwarf[=rawline,=decodedline,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=aranges,=macro,=frames,=frames-interp,=str,=loc,=Ranges,=pubtypes,=trace_info,=trace_abbrev,=trace_aranges,=gdb_index]
2238 @cindex debug symbols
2239 Displays the contents of the debug sections in the file, if any are
2240 present. If one of the optional letters or words follows the switch
2241 then only data found in those specific sections will be dumped.
2243 Note that there is no single letter option to display the content of
2244 trace sections or .gdb_index.
2246 Note: the output from the @option{=info} option can also be affected
2247 by the options @option{--dwarf-depth}, the @option{--dwarf-start} and
2248 the @option{--dwarf-check}.
2250 @item --dwarf-depth=@var{n}
2251 Limit the dump of the @code{.debug_info} section to @var{n} children.
2252 This is only useful with @option{--dwarf=info}. The default is
2253 to print all DIEs; the special value 0 for @var{n} will also have this
2256 With a non-zero value for @var{n}, DIEs at or deeper than @var{n}
2257 levels will not be printed. The range for @var{n} is zero-based.
2259 @item --dwarf-start=@var{n}
2260 Print only DIEs beginning with the DIE numbered @var{n}. This is only
2261 useful with @option{--dwarf=info}.
2263 If specified, this option will suppress printing of any header
2264 information and all DIEs before the DIE numbered @var{n}. Only
2265 siblings and children of the specified DIE will be printed.
2267 This can be used in conjunction with @option{--dwarf-depth}.
2270 Enable additional checks for consistency of Dwarf information.
2276 @cindex debug symbols
2277 @cindex ELF object file format
2278 Display the full contents of any sections requested. Display the
2279 contents of the .stab and .stab.index and .stab.excl sections from an
2280 ELF file. This is only useful on systems (such as Solaris 2.0) in which
2281 @code{.stab} debugging symbol-table entries are carried in an ELF
2282 section. In most other file formats, debugging symbol-table entries are
2283 interleaved with linkage symbols, and are visible in the @option{--syms}
2286 @item --start-address=@var{address}
2287 @cindex start-address
2288 Start displaying data at the specified address. This affects the output
2289 of the @option{-d}, @option{-r} and @option{-s} options.
2291 @item --stop-address=@var{address}
2292 @cindex stop-address
2293 Stop displaying data at the specified address. This affects the output
2294 of the @option{-d}, @option{-r} and @option{-s} options.
2298 @cindex symbol table entries, printing
2299 Print the symbol table entries of the file.
2300 This is similar to the information provided by the @samp{nm} program,
2301 although the display format is different. The format of the output
2302 depends upon the format of the file being dumped, but there are two main
2303 types. One looks like this:
2306 [ 4](sec 3)(fl 0x00)(ty 0)(scl 3) (nx 1) 0x00000000 .bss
2307 [ 6](sec 1)(fl 0x00)(ty 0)(scl 2) (nx 0) 0x00000000 fred
2310 where the number inside the square brackets is the number of the entry
2311 in the symbol table, the @var{sec} number is the section number, the
2312 @var{fl} value are the symbol's flag bits, the @var{ty} number is the
2313 symbol's type, the @var{scl} number is the symbol's storage class and
2314 the @var{nx} value is the number of auxilary entries associated with
2315 the symbol. The last two fields are the symbol's value and its name.
2317 The other common output format, usually seen with ELF based files,
2321 00000000 l d .bss 00000000 .bss
2322 00000000 g .text 00000000 fred
2325 Here the first number is the symbol's value (sometimes refered to as
2326 its address). The next field is actually a set of characters and
2327 spaces indicating the flag bits that are set on the symbol. These
2328 characters are described below. Next is the section with which the
2329 symbol is associated or @emph{*ABS*} if the section is absolute (ie
2330 not connected with any section), or @emph{*UND*} if the section is
2331 referenced in the file being dumped, but not defined there.
2333 After the section name comes another field, a number, which for common
2334 symbols is the alignment and for other symbol is the size. Finally
2335 the symbol's name is displayed.
2337 The flag characters are divided into 7 groups as follows:
2343 The symbol is a local (l), global (g), unique global (u), neither
2344 global nor local (a space) or both global and local (!). A
2345 symbol can be neither local or global for a variety of reasons, e.g.,
2346 because it is used for debugging, but it is probably an indication of
2347 a bug if it is ever both local and global. Unique global symbols are
2348 a GNU extension to the standard set of ELF symbol bindings. For such
2349 a symbol the dynamic linker will make sure that in the entire process
2350 there is just one symbol with this name and type in use.
2353 The symbol is weak (w) or strong (a space).
2356 The symbol denotes a constructor (C) or an ordinary symbol (a space).
2359 The symbol is a warning (W) or a normal symbol (a space). A warning
2360 symbol's name is a message to be displayed if the symbol following the
2361 warning symbol is ever referenced.
2365 The symbol is an indirect reference to another symbol (I), a function
2366 to be evaluated during reloc processing (i) or a normal symbol (a
2371 The symbol is a debugging symbol (d) or a dynamic symbol (D) or a
2372 normal symbol (a space).
2377 The symbol is the name of a function (F) or a file (f) or an object
2378 (O) or just a normal symbol (a space).
2382 @itemx --dynamic-syms
2383 @cindex dynamic symbol table entries, printing
2384 Print the dynamic symbol table entries of the file. This is only
2385 meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
2386 libraries. This is similar to the information provided by the @samp{nm}
2387 program when given the @option{-D} (@option{--dynamic}) option.
2389 @item --special-syms
2390 When displaying symbols include those which the target considers to be
2391 special in some way and which would not normally be of interest to the
2396 Print the version number of @command{objdump} and exit.
2399 @itemx --all-headers
2400 @cindex all header information, object file
2401 @cindex header information, all
2402 Display all available header information, including the symbol table and
2403 relocation entries. Using @option{-x} is equivalent to specifying all of
2404 @option{-a -f -h -p -r -t}.
2408 @cindex wide output, printing
2409 Format some lines for output devices that have more than 80 columns.
2410 Also do not truncate symbol names when they are displayed.
2413 @itemx --disassemble-zeroes
2414 Normally the disassembly output will skip blocks of zeroes. This
2415 option directs the disassembler to disassemble those blocks, just like
2422 @c man begin SEEALSO objdump
2423 nm(1), readelf(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
2431 @cindex archive contents
2432 @cindex symbol index
2434 @c man title ranlib generate index to archive.
2437 @c man begin SYNOPSIS ranlib
2438 ranlib [@option{--plugin} @var{name}] [@option{-DhHvVt}] @var{archive}
2442 @c man begin DESCRIPTION ranlib
2444 @command{ranlib} generates an index to the contents of an archive and
2445 stores it in the archive. The index lists each symbol defined by a
2446 member of an archive that is a relocatable object file.
2448 You may use @samp{nm -s} or @samp{nm --print-armap} to list this index.
2450 An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library and
2451 allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to
2452 their placement in the archive.
2454 The @sc{gnu} @command{ranlib} program is another form of @sc{gnu} @command{ar}; running
2455 @command{ranlib} is completely equivalent to executing @samp{ar -s}.
2460 @c man begin OPTIONS ranlib
2466 Show usage information for @command{ranlib}.
2471 Show the version number of @command{ranlib}.
2474 @cindex deterministic archives
2475 @kindex --enable-deterministic-archives
2476 Operate in @emph{deterministic} mode. The symbol map archive member's
2477 header will show zero for the UID, GID, and timestamp. When this
2478 option is used, multiple runs will produce identical output files.
2480 If @file{binutils} was configured with
2481 @option{--enable-deterministic-archives}, then this mode is on by
2482 default. It can be disabled with the @samp{-U} option, described
2486 Update the timestamp of the symbol map of an archive.
2489 @cindex deterministic archives
2490 @kindex --enable-deterministic-archives
2491 Do @emph{not} operate in @emph{deterministic} mode. This is the
2492 inverse of the @samp{-D} option, above: the archive index will get
2493 actual UID, GID, timestamp, and file mode values.
2495 If @file{binutils} was configured @emph{without}
2496 @option{--enable-deterministic-archives}, then this mode is on by
2504 @c man begin SEEALSO ranlib
2505 ar(1), nm(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
2513 @cindex section sizes
2515 @c man title size list section sizes and total size.
2518 @c man begin SYNOPSIS size
2519 size [@option{-A}|@option{-B}|@option{--format=}@var{compatibility}]
2521 [@option{-d}|@option{-o}|@option{-x}|@option{--radix=}@var{number}]
2523 [@option{-t}|@option{--totals}]
2524 [@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}]
2525 [@var{objfile}@dots{}]
2529 @c man begin DESCRIPTION size
2531 The @sc{gnu} @command{size} utility lists the section sizes---and the total
2532 size---for each of the object or archive files @var{objfile} in its
2533 argument list. By default, one line of output is generated for each
2534 object file or each module in an archive.
2536 @var{objfile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined.
2537 If none are specified, the file @code{a.out} will be used.
2541 @c man begin OPTIONS size
2543 The command line options have the following meanings:
2548 @itemx --format=@var{compatibility}
2549 @cindex @command{size} display format
2550 Using one of these options, you can choose whether the output from @sc{gnu}
2551 @command{size} resembles output from System V @command{size} (using @option{-A},
2552 or @option{--format=sysv}), or Berkeley @command{size} (using @option{-B}, or
2553 @option{--format=berkeley}). The default is the one-line format similar to
2555 @c Bonus for doc-source readers: you can also say --format=strange (or
2556 @c anything else that starts with 's') for sysv, and --format=boring (or
2557 @c anything else that starts with 'b') for Berkeley.
2559 Here is an example of the Berkeley (default) format of output from
2562 $ size --format=Berkeley ranlib size
2563 text data bss dec hex filename
2564 294880 81920 11592 388392 5ed28 ranlib
2565 294880 81920 11888 388688 5ee50 size
2569 This is the same data, but displayed closer to System V conventions:
2572 $ size --format=SysV ranlib size
2590 Show a summary of acceptable arguments and options.
2595 @itemx --radix=@var{number}
2596 @cindex @command{size} number format
2597 @cindex radix for section sizes
2598 Using one of these options, you can control whether the size of each
2599 section is given in decimal (@option{-d}, or @option{--radix=10}); octal
2600 (@option{-o}, or @option{--radix=8}); or hexadecimal (@option{-x}, or
2601 @option{--radix=16}). In @option{--radix=@var{number}}, only the three
2602 values (8, 10, 16) are supported. The total size is always given in two
2603 radices; decimal and hexadecimal for @option{-d} or @option{-x} output, or
2604 octal and hexadecimal if you're using @option{-o}.
2607 Print total size of common symbols in each file. When using Berkeley
2608 format these are included in the bss size.
2612 Show totals of all objects listed (Berkeley format listing mode only).
2614 @item --target=@var{bfdname}
2615 @cindex object code format
2616 Specify that the object-code format for @var{objfile} is
2617 @var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @command{size} can
2618 automatically recognize many formats.
2619 @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
2623 Display the version number of @command{size}.
2629 @c man begin SEEALSO size
2630 ar(1), objdump(1), readelf(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
2637 @cindex listings strings
2638 @cindex printing strings
2639 @cindex strings, printing
2641 @c man title strings print the strings of printable characters in files.
2644 @c man begin SYNOPSIS strings
2645 strings [@option{-afovV}] [@option{-}@var{min-len}]
2646 [@option{-n} @var{min-len}] [@option{--bytes=}@var{min-len}]
2647 [@option{-t} @var{radix}] [@option{--radix=}@var{radix}]
2648 [@option{-e} @var{encoding}] [@option{--encoding=}@var{encoding}]
2649 [@option{-}] [@option{--all}] [@option{--print-file-name}]
2650 [@option{-T} @var{bfdname}] [@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}]
2651 [@option{--help}] [@option{--version}] @var{file}@dots{}
2655 @c man begin DESCRIPTION strings
2657 For each @var{file} given, @sc{gnu} @command{strings} prints the printable
2658 character sequences that are at least 4 characters long (or the number
2659 given with the options below) and are followed by an unprintable
2660 character. By default, it only prints the strings from the initialized
2661 and loaded sections of object files; for other types of files, it prints
2662 the strings from the whole file.
2664 @command{strings} is mainly useful for determining the contents of non-text
2669 @c man begin OPTIONS strings
2675 Do not scan only the initialized and loaded sections of object files;
2676 scan the whole files.
2679 @itemx --print-file-name
2680 Print the name of the file before each string.
2683 Print a summary of the program usage on the standard output and exit.
2685 @item -@var{min-len}
2686 @itemx -n @var{min-len}
2687 @itemx --bytes=@var{min-len}
2688 Print sequences of characters that are at least @var{min-len} characters
2689 long, instead of the default 4.
2692 Like @samp{-t o}. Some other versions of @command{strings} have @option{-o}
2693 act like @samp{-t d} instead. Since we can not be compatible with both
2694 ways, we simply chose one.
2696 @item -t @var{radix}
2697 @itemx --radix=@var{radix}
2698 Print the offset within the file before each string. The single
2699 character argument specifies the radix of the offset---@samp{o} for
2700 octal, @samp{x} for hexadecimal, or @samp{d} for decimal.
2702 @item -e @var{encoding}
2703 @itemx --encoding=@var{encoding}
2704 Select the character encoding of the strings that are to be found.
2705 Possible values for @var{encoding} are: @samp{s} = single-7-bit-byte
2706 characters (ASCII, ISO 8859, etc., default), @samp{S} =
2707 single-8-bit-byte characters, @samp{b} = 16-bit bigendian, @samp{l} =
2708 16-bit littleendian, @samp{B} = 32-bit bigendian, @samp{L} = 32-bit
2709 littleendian. Useful for finding wide character strings. (@samp{l}
2710 and @samp{b} apply to, for example, Unicode UTF-16/UCS-2 encodings).
2712 @item -T @var{bfdname}
2713 @itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
2714 @cindex object code format
2715 Specify an object code format other than your system's default format.
2716 @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
2721 Print the program version number on the standard output and exit.
2727 @c man begin SEEALSO strings
2728 ar(1), nm(1), objdump(1), ranlib(1), readelf(1)
2729 and the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
2737 @cindex removing symbols
2738 @cindex discarding symbols
2739 @cindex symbols, discarding
2741 @c man title strip Discard symbols from object files.
2744 @c man begin SYNOPSIS strip
2745 strip [@option{-F} @var{bfdname} |@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}]
2746 [@option{-I} @var{bfdname} |@option{--input-target=}@var{bfdname}]
2747 [@option{-O} @var{bfdname} |@option{--output-target=}@var{bfdname}]
2748 [@option{-s}|@option{--strip-all}]
2749 [@option{-S}|@option{-g}|@option{-d}|@option{--strip-debug}]
2750 [@option{--strip-dwo}]
2751 [@option{-K} @var{symbolname} |@option{--keep-symbol=}@var{symbolname}]
2752 [@option{-N} @var{symbolname} |@option{--strip-symbol=}@var{symbolname}]
2753 [@option{-w}|@option{--wildcard}]
2754 [@option{-x}|@option{--discard-all}] [@option{-X} |@option{--discard-locals}]
2755 [@option{-R} @var{sectionname} |@option{--remove-section=}@var{sectionname}]
2756 [@option{-o} @var{file}] [@option{-p}|@option{--preserve-dates}]
2757 [@option{-D}|@option{--enable-deterministic-archives}]
2758 [@option{-U}|@option{--disable-deterministic-archives}]
2759 [@option{--keep-file-symbols}]
2760 [@option{--only-keep-debug}]
2761 [@option{-v} |@option{--verbose}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}]
2762 [@option{--help}] [@option{--info}]
2763 @var{objfile}@dots{}
2767 @c man begin DESCRIPTION strip
2769 @sc{gnu} @command{strip} discards all symbols from object files
2770 @var{objfile}. The list of object files may include archives.
2771 At least one object file must be given.
2773 @command{strip} modifies the files named in its argument,
2774 rather than writing modified copies under different names.
2778 @c man begin OPTIONS strip
2781 @item -F @var{bfdname}
2782 @itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
2783 Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object
2784 code format @var{bfdname}, and rewrite it in the same format.
2785 @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
2788 Show a summary of the options to @command{strip} and exit.
2791 Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available.
2793 @item -I @var{bfdname}
2794 @itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname}
2795 Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object
2796 code format @var{bfdname}.
2797 @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
2799 @item -O @var{bfdname}
2800 @itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname}
2801 Replace @var{objfile} with a file in the output format @var{bfdname}.
2802 @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
2804 @item -R @var{sectionname}
2805 @itemx --remove-section=@var{sectionname}
2806 Remove any section named @var{sectionname} from the output file. This
2807 option may be given more than once. Note that using this option
2808 inappropriately may make the output file unusable. The wildcard
2809 character @samp{*} may be given at the end of @var{sectionname}. If
2810 so, then any section starting with @var{sectionname} will be removed.
2819 @itemx --strip-debug
2820 Remove debugging symbols only.
2823 Remove the contents of all DWARF .dwo sections, leaving the
2824 remaining debugging sections and all symbols intact.
2825 See the description of this option in the @command{objcopy} section
2826 for more information.
2828 @item --strip-unneeded
2829 Remove all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing.
2831 @item -K @var{symbolname}
2832 @itemx --keep-symbol=@var{symbolname}
2833 When stripping symbols, keep symbol @var{symbolname} even if it would
2834 normally be stripped. This option may be given more than once.
2836 @item -N @var{symbolname}
2837 @itemx --strip-symbol=@var{symbolname}
2838 Remove symbol @var{symbolname} from the source file. This option may be
2839 given more than once, and may be combined with strip options other than
2843 Put the stripped output in @var{file}, rather than replacing the
2844 existing file. When this argument is used, only one @var{objfile}
2845 argument may be specified.
2848 @itemx --preserve-dates
2849 Preserve the access and modification dates of the file.
2852 @itemx --enable-deterministic-archives
2853 @cindex deterministic archives
2854 @kindex --enable-deterministic-archives
2855 Operate in @emph{deterministic} mode. When copying archive members
2856 and writing the archive index, use zero for UIDs, GIDs, timestamps,
2857 and use consistent file modes for all files.
2859 If @file{binutils} was configured with
2860 @option{--enable-deterministic-archives}, then this mode is on by default.
2861 It can be disabled with the @samp{-U} option, below.
2864 @itemx --disable-deterministic-archives
2865 @cindex deterministic archives
2866 @kindex --enable-deterministic-archives
2867 Do @emph{not} operate in @emph{deterministic} mode. This is the
2868 inverse of the @option{-D} option, above: when copying archive members
2869 and writing the archive index, use their actual UID, GID, timestamp,
2870 and file mode values.
2872 This is the default unless @file{binutils} was configured with
2873 @option{--enable-deterministic-archives}.
2877 Permit regular expressions in @var{symbolname}s used in other command
2878 line options. The question mark (?), asterisk (*), backslash (\) and
2879 square brackets ([]) operators can be used anywhere in the symbol
2880 name. If the first character of the symbol name is the exclamation
2881 point (!) then the sense of the switch is reversed for that symbol.
2888 would cause strip to only keep symbols that start with the letters
2889 ``fo'', but to discard the symbol ``foo''.
2892 @itemx --discard-all
2893 Remove non-global symbols.
2896 @itemx --discard-locals
2897 Remove compiler-generated local symbols.
2898 (These usually start with @samp{L} or @samp{.}.)
2900 @item --keep-file-symbols
2901 When stripping a file, perhaps with @option{--strip-debug} or
2902 @option{--strip-unneeded}, retain any symbols specifying source file names,
2903 which would otherwise get stripped.
2905 @item --only-keep-debug
2906 Strip a file, removing contents of any sections that would not be
2907 stripped by @option{--strip-debug} and leaving the debugging sections
2908 intact. In ELF files, this preserves all note sections in the output.
2910 The intention is that this option will be used in conjunction with
2911 @option{--add-gnu-debuglink} to create a two part executable. One a
2912 stripped binary which will occupy less space in RAM and in a
2913 distribution and the second a debugging information file which is only
2914 needed if debugging abilities are required. The suggested procedure
2915 to create these files is as follows:
2918 @item Link the executable as normal. Assuming that is is called
2920 @item Run @code{objcopy --only-keep-debug foo foo.dbg} to
2921 create a file containing the debugging info.
2922 @item Run @code{objcopy --strip-debug foo} to create a
2923 stripped executable.
2924 @item Run @code{objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.dbg foo}
2925 to add a link to the debugging info into the stripped executable.
2928 Note---the choice of @code{.dbg} as an extension for the debug info
2929 file is arbitrary. Also the @code{--only-keep-debug} step is
2930 optional. You could instead do this:
2933 @item Link the executable as normal.
2934 @item Copy @code{foo} to @code{foo.full}
2935 @item Run @code{strip --strip-debug foo}
2936 @item Run @code{objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.full foo}
2939 i.e., the file pointed to by the @option{--add-gnu-debuglink} can be the
2940 full executable. It does not have to be a file created by the
2941 @option{--only-keep-debug} switch.
2943 Note---this switch is only intended for use on fully linked files. It
2944 does not make sense to use it on object files where the debugging
2945 information may be incomplete. Besides the gnu_debuglink feature
2946 currently only supports the presence of one filename containing
2947 debugging information, not multiple filenames on a one-per-object-file
2952 Show the version number for @command{strip}.
2956 Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of
2957 archives, @samp{strip -v} lists all members of the archive.
2963 @c man begin SEEALSO strip
2964 the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
2968 @node c++filt, addr2line, strip, Top
2972 @cindex demangling C++ symbols
2974 @c man title cxxfilt Demangle C++ and Java symbols.
2977 @c man begin SYNOPSIS cxxfilt
2978 c++filt [@option{-_}|@option{--strip-underscore}]
2979 [@option{-n}|@option{--no-strip-underscore}]
2980 [@option{-p}|@option{--no-params}]
2981 [@option{-t}|@option{--types}]
2982 [@option{-i}|@option{--no-verbose}]
2983 [@option{-s} @var{format}|@option{--format=}@var{format}]
2984 [@option{--help}] [@option{--version}] [@var{symbol}@dots{}]
2988 @c man begin DESCRIPTION cxxfilt
2991 The C++ and Java languages provide function overloading, which means
2992 that you can write many functions with the same name, providing that
2993 each function takes parameters of different types. In order to be
2994 able to distinguish these similarly named functions C++ and Java
2995 encode them into a low-level assembler name which uniquely identifies
2996 each different version. This process is known as @dfn{mangling}. The
2998 @footnote{MS-DOS does not allow @kbd{+} characters in file names, so on
2999 MS-DOS this program is named @command{CXXFILT}.}
3000 program does the inverse mapping: it decodes (@dfn{demangles}) low-level
3001 names into user-level names so that they can be read.
3003 Every alphanumeric word (consisting of letters, digits, underscores,
3004 dollars, or periods) seen in the input is a potential mangled name.
3005 If the name decodes into a C++ name, the C++ name replaces the
3006 low-level name in the output, otherwise the original word is output.
3007 In this way you can pass an entire assembler source file, containing
3008 mangled names, through @command{c++filt} and see the same source file
3009 containing demangled names.
3011 You can also use @command{c++filt} to decipher individual symbols by
3012 passing them on the command line:
3015 c++filt @var{symbol}
3018 If no @var{symbol} arguments are given, @command{c++filt} reads symbol
3019 names from the standard input instead. All the results are printed on
3020 the standard output. The difference between reading names from the
3021 command line versus reading names from the standard input is that
3022 command line arguments are expected to be just mangled names and no
3023 checking is performed to separate them from surrounding text. Thus
3030 will work and demangle the name to ``f()'' whereas:
3036 will not work. (Note the extra comma at the end of the mangled
3037 name which makes it invalid). This command however will work:
3040 echo _Z1fv, | c++filt -n
3043 and will display ``f(),'', i.e., the demangled name followed by a
3044 trailing comma. This behaviour is because when the names are read
3045 from the standard input it is expected that they might be part of an
3046 assembler source file where there might be extra, extraneous
3047 characters trailing after a mangled name. For example:
3050 .type _Z1fv, @@function
3055 @c man begin OPTIONS cxxfilt
3059 @itemx --strip-underscore
3060 On some systems, both the C and C++ compilers put an underscore in front
3061 of every name. For example, the C name @code{foo} gets the low-level
3062 name @code{_foo}. This option removes the initial underscore. Whether
3063 @command{c++filt} removes the underscore by default is target dependent.
3066 @itemx --no-strip-underscore
3067 Do not remove the initial underscore.
3071 When demangling the name of a function, do not display the types of
3072 the function's parameters.
3076 Attempt to demangle types as well as function names. This is disabled
3077 by default since mangled types are normally only used internally in
3078 the compiler, and they can be confused with non-mangled names. For example,
3079 a function called ``a'' treated as a mangled type name would be
3080 demangled to ``signed char''.
3084 Do not include implementation details (if any) in the demangled
3087 @item -s @var{format}
3088 @itemx --format=@var{format}
3089 @command{c++filt} can decode various methods of mangling, used by
3090 different compilers. The argument to this option selects which
3095 Automatic selection based on executable (the default method)
3097 the one used by the @sc{gnu} C++ compiler (g++)
3099 the one used by the Lucid compiler (lcc)
3101 the one specified by the C++ Annotated Reference Manual
3103 the one used by the HP compiler (aCC)
3105 the one used by the EDG compiler
3107 the one used by the @sc{gnu} C++ compiler (g++) with the V3 ABI.
3109 the one used by the @sc{gnu} Java compiler (gcj)
3111 the one used by the @sc{gnu} Ada compiler (GNAT).
3115 Print a summary of the options to @command{c++filt} and exit.
3118 Print the version number of @command{c++filt} and exit.
3124 @c man begin SEEALSO cxxfilt
3125 the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
3130 @emph{Warning:} @command{c++filt} is a new utility, and the details of its
3131 user interface are subject to change in future releases. In particular,
3132 a command-line option may be required in the future to decode a name
3133 passed as an argument on the command line; in other words,
3136 c++filt @var{symbol}
3140 may in a future release become
3143 c++filt @var{option} @var{symbol}
3151 @cindex address to file name and line number
3153 @c man title addr2line convert addresses into file names and line numbers.
3156 @c man begin SYNOPSIS addr2line
3157 addr2line [@option{-a}|@option{--addresses}]
3158 [@option{-b} @var{bfdname}|@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}]
3159 [@option{-C}|@option{--demangle}[=@var{style}]]
3160 [@option{-e} @var{filename}|@option{--exe=}@var{filename}]
3161 [@option{-f}|@option{--functions}] [@option{-s}|@option{--basename}]
3162 [@option{-i}|@option{--inlines}]
3163 [@option{-p}|@option{--pretty-print}]
3164 [@option{-j}|@option{--section=}@var{name}]
3165 [@option{-H}|@option{--help}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}]
3170 @c man begin DESCRIPTION addr2line
3172 @command{addr2line} translates addresses into file names and line numbers.
3173 Given an address in an executable or an offset in a section of a relocatable
3174 object, it uses the debugging information to figure out which file name and
3175 line number are associated with it.
3177 The executable or relocatable object to use is specified with the @option{-e}
3178 option. The default is the file @file{a.out}. The section in the relocatable
3179 object to use is specified with the @option{-j} option.
3181 @command{addr2line} has two modes of operation.
3183 In the first, hexadecimal addresses are specified on the command line,
3184 and @command{addr2line} displays the file name and line number for each
3187 In the second, @command{addr2line} reads hexadecimal addresses from
3188 standard input, and prints the file name and line number for each
3189 address on standard output. In this mode, @command{addr2line} may be used
3190 in a pipe to convert dynamically chosen addresses.
3192 The format of the output is @samp{FILENAME:LINENO}. The file name and
3193 line number for each input address is printed on separate lines.
3195 If the @option{-f} option is used, then each @samp{FILENAME:LINENO}
3196 line is preceded by @samp{FUNCTIONNAME} which is the name of the
3197 function containing the address.
3199 If the @option{-i} option is used and the code at the given address is
3200 present there because of inlining by the compiler then the
3201 @samp{@{FUNCTIONNAME@} FILENAME:LINENO} information for the inlining
3202 function will be displayed afterwards. This continues recursively
3203 until there is no more inlining to report.
3205 If the @option{-a} option is used then the output is prefixed by the
3208 If the @option{-p} option is used then the output for each input
3209 address is displayed on one, possibly quite long, line. If
3210 @option{-p} is not used then the output is broken up into multiple
3211 lines, based on the paragraphs above.
3213 If the file name or function name can not be determined,
3214 @command{addr2line} will print two question marks in their place. If the
3215 line number can not be determined, @command{addr2line} will print 0.
3219 @c man begin OPTIONS addr2line
3221 The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
3227 Display the address before the function name, file and line number
3228 information. The address is printed with a @samp{0x} prefix to easily
3231 @item -b @var{bfdname}
3232 @itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
3233 @cindex object code format
3234 Specify that the object-code format for the object files is
3238 @itemx --demangle[=@var{style}]
3239 @cindex demangling in objdump
3240 Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
3241 Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
3242 makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different
3243 mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to
3244 choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. @xref{c++filt},
3245 for more information on demangling.
3247 @item -e @var{filename}
3248 @itemx --exe=@var{filename}
3249 Specify the name of the executable for which addresses should be
3250 translated. The default file is @file{a.out}.
3254 Display function names as well as file and line number information.
3258 Display only the base of each file name.
3262 If the address belongs to a function that was inlined, the source
3263 information for all enclosing scopes back to the first non-inlined
3264 function will also be printed. For example, if @code{main} inlines
3265 @code{callee1} which inlines @code{callee2}, and address is from
3266 @code{callee2}, the source information for @code{callee1} and @code{main}
3267 will also be printed.
3271 Read offsets relative to the specified section instead of absolute addresses.
3274 @itemx --pretty-print
3275 Make the output more human friendly: each location are printed on one line.
3276 If option @option{-i} is specified, lines for all enclosing scopes are
3277 prefixed with @samp{(inlined by)}.
3283 @c man begin SEEALSO addr2line
3284 Info entries for @file{binutils}.
3291 @command{nlmconv} converts a relocatable object file into a NetWare
3295 @command{nlmconv} currently works with @samp{i386} object
3296 files in @code{coff}, @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format, and @sc{SPARC}
3297 object files in @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format@footnote{
3298 @command{nlmconv} should work with any @samp{i386} or @sc{sparc} object
3299 format in the Binary File Descriptor library. It has only been tested
3300 with the above formats.}.
3304 @emph{Warning:} @command{nlmconv} is not always built as part of the binary
3305 utilities, since it is only useful for NLM targets.
3308 @c man title nlmconv converts object code into an NLM.
3311 @c man begin SYNOPSIS nlmconv
3312 nlmconv [@option{-I} @var{bfdname}|@option{--input-target=}@var{bfdname}]
3313 [@option{-O} @var{bfdname}|@option{--output-target=}@var{bfdname}]
3314 [@option{-T} @var{headerfile}|@option{--header-file=}@var{headerfile}]
3315 [@option{-d}|@option{--debug}] [@option{-l} @var{linker}|@option{--linker=}@var{linker}]
3316 [@option{-h}|@option{--help}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}]
3317 @var{infile} @var{outfile}
3321 @c man begin DESCRIPTION nlmconv
3323 @command{nlmconv} converts the relocatable @samp{i386} object file
3324 @var{infile} into the NetWare Loadable Module @var{outfile}, optionally
3325 reading @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions
3326 on writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see the
3327 @samp{linkers} section, @samp{NLMLINK} in particular, of the @cite{NLM
3328 Development and Tools Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software
3329 Developer's Kit (``NLM SDK''), available from Novell, Inc.
3330 @command{nlmconv} uses the @sc{gnu} Binary File Descriptor library to read
3333 see @ref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}, for more information.
3336 @command{nlmconv} can perform a link step. In other words, you can list
3337 more than one object file for input if you list them in the definitions
3338 file (rather than simply specifying one input file on the command line).
3339 In this case, @command{nlmconv} calls the linker for you.
3343 @c man begin OPTIONS nlmconv
3346 @item -I @var{bfdname}
3347 @itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname}
3348 Object format of the input file. @command{nlmconv} can usually determine
3349 the format of a given file (so no default is necessary).
3350 @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
3352 @item -O @var{bfdname}
3353 @itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname}
3354 Object format of the output file. @command{nlmconv} infers the output
3355 format based on the input format, e.g. for a @samp{i386} input file the
3356 output format is @samp{nlm32-i386}.
3357 @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
3359 @item -T @var{headerfile}
3360 @itemx --header-file=@var{headerfile}
3361 Reads @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions on
3362 writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see@ see the
3363 @samp{linkers} section, of the @cite{NLM Development and Tools
3364 Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software Developer's Kit, available
3369 Displays (on standard error) the linker command line used by @command{nlmconv}.
3371 @item -l @var{linker}
3372 @itemx --linker=@var{linker}
3373 Use @var{linker} for any linking. @var{linker} can be an absolute or a
3378 Prints a usage summary.
3382 Prints the version number for @command{nlmconv}.
3388 @c man begin SEEALSO nlmconv
3389 the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
3396 @command{windmc} may be used to generator Windows message resources.
3399 @emph{Warning:} @command{windmc} is not always built as part of the binary
3400 utilities, since it is only useful for Windows targets.
3403 @c man title windmc generates Windows message resources.
3406 @c man begin SYNOPSIS windmc
3407 windmc [options] input-file
3411 @c man begin DESCRIPTION windmc
3413 @command{windmc} reads message definitions from an input file (.mc) and
3414 translate them into a set of output files. The output files may be of
3419 A C header file containing the message definitions.
3422 A resource file compilable by the @command{windres} tool.
3425 One or more binary files containing the resource data for a specific
3429 A C include file that maps message id's to their symbolic name.
3432 The exact description of these different formats is available in
3433 documentation from Microsoft.
3435 When @command{windmc} converts from the @code{mc} format to the @code{bin}
3436 format, @code{rc}, @code{h}, and optional @code{dbg} it is acting like the
3437 Windows Message Compiler.
3441 @c man begin OPTIONS windmc
3446 Specifies that the input file specified is ASCII. This is the default
3451 Specifies that messages in the output @code{bin} files should be in ASCII
3456 Specifies that @code{bin} filenames should have to be prefixed by the
3457 basename of the source file.
3461 Sets the customer bit in all message id's.
3463 @item -C @var{codepage}
3464 @itemx --codepage_in @var{codepage}
3465 Sets the default codepage to be used to convert input file to UTF16. The
3466 default is ocdepage 1252.
3469 @itemx --decimal_values
3470 Outputs the constants in the header file in decimal. Default is using
3474 @itemx --extension @var{ext}
3475 The extension for the header file. The default is .h extension.
3477 @item -F @var{target}
3478 @itemx --target @var{target}
3479 Specify the BFD format to use for a bin file as output. This
3480 is a BFD target name; you can use the @option{--help} option to see a list
3481 of supported targets. Normally @command{windmc} will use the default
3482 format, which is the first one listed by the @option{--help} option.
3484 @ref{Target Selection}.
3488 @itemx --headerdir @var{path}
3489 The target directory of the generated header file. The default is the
3494 Displays a list of command line options and then exits.
3496 @item -m @var{characters}
3497 @itemx --maxlength @var{characters}
3498 Instructs @command{windmc} to generate a warning if the length
3499 of any message exceeds the number specified.
3502 @itemx --nullterminate
3503 Terminate message text in @code{bin} files by zero. By default they are
3504 terminated by CR/LF.
3507 @itemx --hresult_use
3508 Not yet implemented. Instructs @code{windmc} to generate an OLE2 header
3509 file, using HRESULT definitions. Status codes are used if the flag is not
3512 @item -O @var{codepage}
3513 @itemx --codepage_out @var{codepage}
3514 Sets the default codepage to be used to output text files. The default
3518 @itemx --rcdir @var{path}
3519 The target directory for the generated @code{rc} script and the generated
3520 @code{bin} files that the resource compiler script includes. The default
3521 is the current directory.
3525 Specifies that the input file is UTF16.
3528 @itemx --unicode_out
3529 Specifies that messages in the output @code{bin} file should be in UTF16
3530 format. This is the default behaviour.
3534 Enable verbose mode.
3538 Prints the version number for @command{windmc}.
3541 @itemx --xdgb @var{path}
3542 The path of the @code{dbg} C include file that maps message id's to the
3543 symbolic name. No such file is generated without specifying the switch.
3549 @c man begin SEEALSO windmc
3550 the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
3557 @command{windres} may be used to manipulate Windows resources.
3560 @emph{Warning:} @command{windres} is not always built as part of the binary
3561 utilities, since it is only useful for Windows targets.
3564 @c man title windres manipulate Windows resources.
3567 @c man begin SYNOPSIS windres
3568 windres [options] [input-file] [output-file]
3572 @c man begin DESCRIPTION windres
3574 @command{windres} reads resources from an input file and copies them into
3575 an output file. Either file may be in one of three formats:
3579 A text format read by the Resource Compiler.
3582 A binary format generated by the Resource Compiler.
3585 A COFF object or executable.
3588 The exact description of these different formats is available in
3589 documentation from Microsoft.
3591 When @command{windres} converts from the @code{rc} format to the @code{res}
3592 format, it is acting like the Windows Resource Compiler. When
3593 @command{windres} converts from the @code{res} format to the @code{coff}
3594 format, it is acting like the Windows @code{CVTRES} program.
3596 When @command{windres} generates an @code{rc} file, the output is similar
3597 but not identical to the format expected for the input. When an input
3598 @code{rc} file refers to an external filename, an output @code{rc} file
3599 will instead include the file contents.
3601 If the input or output format is not specified, @command{windres} will
3602 guess based on the file name, or, for the input file, the file contents.
3603 A file with an extension of @file{.rc} will be treated as an @code{rc}
3604 file, a file with an extension of @file{.res} will be treated as a
3605 @code{res} file, and a file with an extension of @file{.o} or
3606 @file{.exe} will be treated as a @code{coff} file.
3608 If no output file is specified, @command{windres} will print the resources
3609 in @code{rc} format to standard output.
3611 The normal use is for you to write an @code{rc} file, use @command{windres}
3612 to convert it to a COFF object file, and then link the COFF file into
3613 your application. This will make the resources described in the
3614 @code{rc} file available to Windows.
3618 @c man begin OPTIONS windres
3621 @item -i @var{filename}
3622 @itemx --input @var{filename}
3623 The name of the input file. If this option is not used, then
3624 @command{windres} will use the first non-option argument as the input file
3625 name. If there are no non-option arguments, then @command{windres} will
3626 read from standard input. @command{windres} can not read a COFF file from
3629 @item -o @var{filename}
3630 @itemx --output @var{filename}
3631 The name of the output file. If this option is not used, then
3632 @command{windres} will use the first non-option argument, after any used
3633 for the input file name, as the output file name. If there is no
3634 non-option argument, then @command{windres} will write to standard output.
3635 @command{windres} can not write a COFF file to standard output. Note,
3636 for compatibility with @command{rc} the option @option{-fo} is also
3637 accepted, but its use is not recommended.
3639 @item -J @var{format}
3640 @itemx --input-format @var{format}
3641 The input format to read. @var{format} may be @samp{res}, @samp{rc}, or
3642 @samp{coff}. If no input format is specified, @command{windres} will
3643 guess, as described above.
3645 @item -O @var{format}
3646 @itemx --output-format @var{format}
3647 The output format to generate. @var{format} may be @samp{res},
3648 @samp{rc}, or @samp{coff}. If no output format is specified,
3649 @command{windres} will guess, as described above.
3651 @item -F @var{target}
3652 @itemx --target @var{target}
3653 Specify the BFD format to use for a COFF file as input or output. This
3654 is a BFD target name; you can use the @option{--help} option to see a list
3655 of supported targets. Normally @command{windres} will use the default
3656 format, which is the first one listed by the @option{--help} option.
3658 @ref{Target Selection}.
3661 @item --preprocessor @var{program}
3662 When @command{windres} reads an @code{rc} file, it runs it through the C
3663 preprocessor first. This option may be used to specify the preprocessor
3664 to use, including any leading arguments. The default preprocessor
3665 argument is @code{gcc -E -xc-header -DRC_INVOKED}.
3667 @item --preprocessor-arg @var{option}
3668 When @command{windres} reads an @code{rc} file, it runs it through
3669 the C preprocessor first. This option may be used to specify additional
3670 text to be passed to preprocessor on its command line.
3671 This option can be used multiple times to add multiple options to the
3672 preprocessor command line.
3674 @item -I @var{directory}
3675 @itemx --include-dir @var{directory}
3676 Specify an include directory to use when reading an @code{rc} file.
3677 @command{windres} will pass this to the preprocessor as an @option{-I}
3678 option. @command{windres} will also search this directory when looking for
3679 files named in the @code{rc} file. If the argument passed to this command
3680 matches any of the supported @var{formats} (as described in the @option{-J}
3681 option), it will issue a deprecation warning, and behave just like the
3682 @option{-J} option. New programs should not use this behaviour. If a
3683 directory happens to match a @var{format}, simple prefix it with @samp{./}
3684 to disable the backward compatibility.
3686 @item -D @var{target}
3687 @itemx --define @var{sym}[=@var{val}]
3688 Specify a @option{-D} option to pass to the preprocessor when reading an
3691 @item -U @var{target}
3692 @itemx --undefine @var{sym}
3693 Specify a @option{-U} option to pass to the preprocessor when reading an
3697 Ignored for compatibility with rc.
3700 Enable verbose mode. This tells you what the preprocessor is if you
3704 @item --codepage @var{val}
3705 Specify the default codepage to use when reading an @code{rc} file.
3706 @var{val} should be a hexadecimal prefixed by @samp{0x} or decimal
3707 codepage code. The valid range is from zero up to 0xffff, but the
3708 validity of the codepage is host and configuration dependent.
3711 @item --language @var{val}
3712 Specify the default language to use when reading an @code{rc} file.
3713 @var{val} should be a hexadecimal language code. The low eight bits are
3714 the language, and the high eight bits are the sublanguage.
3716 @item --use-temp-file
3717 Use a temporary file to instead of using popen to read the output of
3718 the preprocessor. Use this option if the popen implementation is buggy
3719 on the host (eg., certain non-English language versions of Windows 95 and
3720 Windows 98 are known to have buggy popen where the output will instead
3723 @item --no-use-temp-file
3724 Use popen, not a temporary file, to read the output of the preprocessor.
3725 This is the default behaviour.
3729 Prints a usage summary.
3733 Prints the version number for @command{windres}.
3736 If @command{windres} is compiled with @code{YYDEBUG} defined as @code{1},
3737 this will turn on parser debugging.
3743 @c man begin SEEALSO windres
3744 the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
3753 @command{dlltool} is used to create the files needed to create dynamic
3754 link libraries (DLLs) on systems which understand PE format image
3755 files such as Windows. A DLL contains an export table which contains
3756 information that the runtime loader needs to resolve references from a
3757 referencing program.
3759 The export table is generated by this program by reading in a
3760 @file{.def} file or scanning the @file{.a} and @file{.o} files which
3761 will be in the DLL. A @file{.o} file can contain information in
3762 special @samp{.drectve} sections with export information.
3765 @emph{Note:} @command{dlltool} is not always built as part of the
3766 binary utilities, since it is only useful for those targets which
3770 @c man title dlltool Create files needed to build and use DLLs.
3773 @c man begin SYNOPSIS dlltool
3774 dlltool [@option{-d}|@option{--input-def} @var{def-file-name}]
3775 [@option{-b}|@option{--base-file} @var{base-file-name}]
3776 [@option{-e}|@option{--output-exp} @var{exports-file-name}]
3777 [@option{-z}|@option{--output-def} @var{def-file-name}]
3778 [@option{-l}|@option{--output-lib} @var{library-file-name}]
3779 [@option{-y}|@option{--output-delaylib} @var{library-file-name}]
3780 [@option{--export-all-symbols}] [@option{--no-export-all-symbols}]
3781 [@option{--exclude-symbols} @var{list}]
3782 [@option{--no-default-excludes}]
3783 [@option{-S}|@option{--as} @var{path-to-assembler}] [@option{-f}|@option{--as-flags} @var{options}]
3784 [@option{-D}|@option{--dllname} @var{name}] [@option{-m}|@option{--machine} @var{machine}]
3785 [@option{-a}|@option{--add-indirect}]
3786 [@option{-U}|@option{--add-underscore}] [@option{--add-stdcall-underscore}]
3787 [@option{-k}|@option{--kill-at}] [@option{-A}|@option{--add-stdcall-alias}]
3788 [@option{-p}|@option{--ext-prefix-alias} @var{prefix}]
3789 [@option{-x}|@option{--no-idata4}] [@option{-c}|@option{--no-idata5}]
3790 [@option{--use-nul-prefixed-import-tables}]
3791 [@option{-I}|@option{--identify} @var{library-file-name}] [@option{--identify-strict}]
3792 [@option{-i}|@option{--interwork}]
3793 [@option{-n}|@option{--nodelete}] [@option{-t}|@option{--temp-prefix} @var{prefix}]
3794 [@option{-v}|@option{--verbose}]
3795 [@option{-h}|@option{--help}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}]
3796 [@option{--no-leading-underscore}] [@option{--leading-underscore}]
3797 [object-file @dots{}]
3801 @c man begin DESCRIPTION dlltool
3803 @command{dlltool} reads its inputs, which can come from the @option{-d} and
3804 @option{-b} options as well as object files specified on the command
3805 line. It then processes these inputs and if the @option{-e} option has
3806 been specified it creates a exports file. If the @option{-l} option
3807 has been specified it creates a library file and if the @option{-z} option
3808 has been specified it creates a def file. Any or all of the @option{-e},
3809 @option{-l} and @option{-z} options can be present in one invocation of
3812 When creating a DLL, along with the source for the DLL, it is necessary
3813 to have three other files. @command{dlltool} can help with the creation of
3816 The first file is a @file{.def} file which specifies which functions are
3817 exported from the DLL, which functions the DLL imports, and so on. This
3818 is a text file and can be created by hand, or @command{dlltool} can be used
3819 to create it using the @option{-z} option. In this case @command{dlltool}
3820 will scan the object files specified on its command line looking for
3821 those functions which have been specially marked as being exported and
3822 put entries for them in the @file{.def} file it creates.
3824 In order to mark a function as being exported from a DLL, it needs to
3825 have an @option{-export:<name_of_function>} entry in the @samp{.drectve}
3826 section of the object file. This can be done in C by using the
3830 asm (".section .drectve");
3831 asm (".ascii \"-export:my_func\"");
3833 int my_func (void) @{ @dots{} @}
3836 The second file needed for DLL creation is an exports file. This file
3837 is linked with the object files that make up the body of the DLL and it
3838 handles the interface between the DLL and the outside world. This is a
3839 binary file and it can be created by giving the @option{-e} option to
3840 @command{dlltool} when it is creating or reading in a @file{.def} file.
3842 The third file needed for DLL creation is the library file that programs
3843 will link with in order to access the functions in the DLL (an `import
3844 library'). This file can be created by giving the @option{-l} option to
3845 dlltool when it is creating or reading in a @file{.def} file.
3847 If the @option{-y} option is specified, dlltool generates a delay-import
3848 library that can be used instead of the normal import library to allow
3849 a program to link to the dll only as soon as an imported function is
3850 called for the first time. The resulting executable will need to be
3851 linked to the static delayimp library containing __delayLoadHelper2(),
3852 which in turn will import LoadLibraryA and GetProcAddress from kernel32.
3854 @command{dlltool} builds the library file by hand, but it builds the
3855 exports file by creating temporary files containing assembler statements
3856 and then assembling these. The @option{-S} command line option can be
3857 used to specify the path to the assembler that dlltool will use,
3858 and the @option{-f} option can be used to pass specific flags to that
3859 assembler. The @option{-n} can be used to prevent dlltool from deleting
3860 these temporary assembler files when it is done, and if @option{-n} is
3861 specified twice then this will prevent dlltool from deleting the
3862 temporary object files it used to build the library.
3864 Here is an example of creating a DLL from a source file @samp{dll.c} and
3865 also creating a program (from an object file called @samp{program.o})
3870 dlltool -e exports.o -l dll.lib dll.o
3871 gcc dll.o exports.o -o dll.dll
3872 gcc program.o dll.lib -o program
3876 @command{dlltool} may also be used to query an existing import library
3877 to determine the name of the DLL to which it is associated. See the
3878 description of the @option{-I} or @option{--identify} option.
3882 @c man begin OPTIONS dlltool
3884 The command line options have the following meanings:
3888 @item -d @var{filename}
3889 @itemx --input-def @var{filename}
3890 @cindex input .def file
3891 Specifies the name of a @file{.def} file to be read in and processed.
3893 @item -b @var{filename}
3894 @itemx --base-file @var{filename}
3896 Specifies the name of a base file to be read in and processed. The
3897 contents of this file will be added to the relocation section in the
3898 exports file generated by dlltool.
3900 @item -e @var{filename}
3901 @itemx --output-exp @var{filename}
3902 Specifies the name of the export file to be created by dlltool.
3904 @item -z @var{filename}
3905 @itemx --output-def @var{filename}
3906 Specifies the name of the @file{.def} file to be created by dlltool.
3908 @item -l @var{filename}
3909 @itemx --output-lib @var{filename}
3910 Specifies the name of the library file to be created by dlltool.
3912 @item -y @var{filename}
3913 @itemx --output-delaylib @var{filename}
3914 Specifies the name of the delay-import library file to be created by dlltool.
3916 @item --export-all-symbols
3917 Treat all global and weak defined symbols found in the input object
3918 files as symbols to be exported. There is a small list of symbols which
3919 are not exported by default; see the @option{--no-default-excludes}
3920 option. You may add to the list of symbols to not export by using the
3921 @option{--exclude-symbols} option.
3923 @item --no-export-all-symbols
3924 Only export symbols explicitly listed in an input @file{.def} file or in
3925 @samp{.drectve} sections in the input object files. This is the default
3926 behaviour. The @samp{.drectve} sections are created by @samp{dllexport}
3927 attributes in the source code.
3929 @item --exclude-symbols @var{list}
3930 Do not export the symbols in @var{list}. This is a list of symbol names
3931 separated by comma or colon characters. The symbol names should not
3932 contain a leading underscore. This is only meaningful when
3933 @option{--export-all-symbols} is used.
3935 @item --no-default-excludes
3936 When @option{--export-all-symbols} is used, it will by default avoid
3937 exporting certain special symbols. The current list of symbols to avoid
3938 exporting is @samp{DllMain@@12}, @samp{DllEntryPoint@@0},
3939 @samp{impure_ptr}. You may use the @option{--no-default-excludes} option
3940 to go ahead and export these special symbols. This is only meaningful
3941 when @option{--export-all-symbols} is used.
3944 @itemx --as @var{path}
3945 Specifies the path, including the filename, of the assembler to be used
3946 to create the exports file.
3948 @item -f @var{options}
3949 @itemx --as-flags @var{options}
3950 Specifies any specific command line options to be passed to the
3951 assembler when building the exports file. This option will work even if
3952 the @option{-S} option is not used. This option only takes one argument,
3953 and if it occurs more than once on the command line, then later
3954 occurrences will override earlier occurrences. So if it is necessary to
3955 pass multiple options to the assembler they should be enclosed in
3959 @itemx --dll-name @var{name}
3960 Specifies the name to be stored in the @file{.def} file as the name of
3961 the DLL when the @option{-e} option is used. If this option is not
3962 present, then the filename given to the @option{-e} option will be
3963 used as the name of the DLL.
3965 @item -m @var{machine}
3966 @itemx -machine @var{machine}
3967 Specifies the type of machine for which the library file should be
3968 built. @command{dlltool} has a built in default type, depending upon how
3969 it was created, but this option can be used to override that. This is
3970 normally only useful when creating DLLs for an ARM processor, when the
3971 contents of the DLL are actually encode using Thumb instructions.
3974 @itemx --add-indirect
3975 Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports file it
3976 should add a section which allows the exported functions to be
3977 referenced without using the import library. Whatever the hell that
3981 @itemx --add-underscore
3982 Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports file it
3983 should prepend an underscore to the names of @emph{all} exported symbols.
3985 @item --no-leading-underscore
3986 @item --leading-underscore
3987 Specifies whether standard symbol should be forced to be prefixed, or
3990 @item --add-stdcall-underscore
3991 Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports file it
3992 should prepend an underscore to the names of exported @emph{stdcall}
3993 functions. Variable names and non-stdcall function names are not modified.
3994 This option is useful when creating GNU-compatible import libs for third
3995 party DLLs that were built with MS-Windows tools.
3999 Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports file it
4000 should not append the string @samp{@@ <number>}. These numbers are
4001 called ordinal numbers and they represent another way of accessing the
4002 function in a DLL, other than by name.
4005 @itemx --add-stdcall-alias
4006 Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports file it
4007 should add aliases for stdcall symbols without @samp{@@ <number>}
4008 in addition to the symbols with @samp{@@ <number>}.
4011 @itemx --ext-prefix-alias @var{prefix}
4012 Causes @command{dlltool} to create external aliases for all DLL
4013 imports with the specified prefix. The aliases are created for both
4014 external and import symbols with no leading underscore.
4018 Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports and library
4019 files it should omit the @code{.idata4} section. This is for compatibility
4020 with certain operating systems.
4022 @item --use-nul-prefixed-import-tables
4023 Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports and library
4024 files it should prefix the @code{.idata4} and @code{.idata5} by zero an
4025 element. This emulates old gnu import library generation of
4026 @code{dlltool}. By default this option is turned off.
4030 Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports and library
4031 files it should omit the @code{.idata5} section. This is for compatibility
4032 with certain operating systems.
4034 @item -I @var{filename}
4035 @itemx --identify @var{filename}
4036 Specifies that @command{dlltool} should inspect the import library
4037 indicated by @var{filename} and report, on @code{stdout}, the name(s)
4038 of the associated DLL(s). This can be performed in addition to any
4039 other operations indicated by the other options and arguments.
4040 @command{dlltool} fails if the import library does not exist or is not
4041 actually an import library. See also @option{--identify-strict}.
4043 @item --identify-strict
4044 Modifies the behavior of the @option{--identify} option, such
4045 that an error is reported if @var{filename} is associated with
4050 Specifies that @command{dlltool} should mark the objects in the library
4051 file and exports file that it produces as supporting interworking
4052 between ARM and Thumb code.
4056 Makes @command{dlltool} preserve the temporary assembler files it used to
4057 create the exports file. If this option is repeated then dlltool will
4058 also preserve the temporary object files it uses to create the library
4061 @item -t @var{prefix}
4062 @itemx --temp-prefix @var{prefix}
4063 Makes @command{dlltool} use @var{prefix} when constructing the names of
4064 temporary assembler and object files. By default, the temp file prefix
4065 is generated from the pid.
4069 Make dlltool describe what it is doing.
4073 Displays a list of command line options and then exits.
4077 Displays dlltool's version number and then exits.
4084 * def file format:: The format of the dlltool @file{.def} file
4087 @node def file format
4088 @section The format of the @command{dlltool} @file{.def} file
4090 A @file{.def} file contains any number of the following commands:
4094 @item @code{NAME} @var{name} @code{[ ,} @var{base} @code{]}
4095 The result is going to be named @var{name}@code{.exe}.
4097 @item @code{LIBRARY} @var{name} @code{[ ,} @var{base} @code{]}
4098 The result is going to be named @var{name}@code{.dll}.
4099 Note: If you want to use LIBRARY as name then you need to quote. Otherwise
4100 this will fail due a necessary hack for libtool (see PR binutils/13710 for more
4103 @item @code{EXPORTS ( ( (} @var{name1} @code{[ = } @var{name2} @code{] ) | ( } @var{name1} @code{=} @var{module-name} @code{.} @var{external-name} @code{) ) [ == } @var{its_name} @code{]}
4104 @item @code{[} @var{integer} @code{] [ NONAME ] [ CONSTANT ] [ DATA ] [ PRIVATE ] ) *}
4105 Declares @var{name1} as an exported symbol from the DLL, with optional
4106 ordinal number @var{integer}, or declares @var{name1} as an alias
4107 (forward) of the function @var{external-name} in the DLL.
4108 If @var{its_name} is specified, this name is used as string in export table.
4110 Note: The @code{EXPORTS} has to be the last command in .def file, as keywords
4111 are treated - beside @code{LIBRARY} - as simple name-identifiers.
4112 If you want to use LIBRARY as name then you need to quote it.
4114 @item @code{IMPORTS ( (} @var{internal-name} @code{=} @var{module-name} @code{.} @var{integer} @code{) | [} @var{internal-name} @code{= ]} @var{module-name} @code{.} @var{external-name} @code{) [ == ) @var{its_name} @code{]} *}
4115 Declares that @var{external-name} or the exported function whose
4116 ordinal number is @var{integer} is to be imported from the file
4117 @var{module-name}. If @var{internal-name} is specified then this is
4118 the name that the imported function will be referred to in the body of
4120 If @var{its_name} is specified, this name is used as string in import table.
4121 Note: The @code{IMPORTS} has to be the last command in .def file, as keywords
4122 are treated - beside @code{LIBRARY} - as simple name-identifiers.
4123 If you want to use LIBRARY as name then you need to quote it.
4125 @item @code{DESCRIPTION} @var{string}
4126 Puts @var{string} into the output @file{.exp} file in the
4127 @code{.rdata} section.
4129 @item @code{STACKSIZE} @var{number-reserve} @code{[, } @var{number-commit} @code{]}
4130 @item @code{HEAPSIZE} @var{number-reserve} @code{[, } @var{number-commit} @code{]}
4131 Generates @code{--stack} or @code{--heap}
4132 @var{number-reserve},@var{number-commit} in the output @code{.drectve}
4133 section. The linker will see this and act upon it.
4135 @item @code{CODE} @var{attr} @code{+}
4136 @item @code{DATA} @var{attr} @code{+}
4137 @item @code{SECTIONS (} @var{section-name} @var{attr}@code{ + ) *}
4138 Generates @code{--attr} @var{section-name} @var{attr} in the output
4139 @code{.drectve} section, where @var{attr} is one of @code{READ},
4140 @code{WRITE}, @code{EXECUTE} or @code{SHARED}. The linker will see
4141 this and act upon it.
4146 @c man begin SEEALSO dlltool
4147 The Info pages for @file{binutils}.
4154 @cindex ELF file information
4157 @c man title readelf Displays information about ELF files.
4160 @c man begin SYNOPSIS readelf
4161 readelf [@option{-a}|@option{--all}]
4162 [@option{-h}|@option{--file-header}]
4163 [@option{-l}|@option{--program-headers}|@option{--segments}]
4164 [@option{-S}|@option{--section-headers}|@option{--sections}]
4165 [@option{-g}|@option{--section-groups}]
4166 [@option{-t}|@option{--section-details}]
4167 [@option{-e}|@option{--headers}]
4168 [@option{-s}|@option{--syms}|@option{--symbols}]
4169 [@option{--dyn-syms}]
4170 [@option{-n}|@option{--notes}]
4171 [@option{-r}|@option{--relocs}]
4172 [@option{-u}|@option{--unwind}]
4173 [@option{-d}|@option{--dynamic}]
4174 [@option{-V}|@option{--version-info}]
4175 [@option{-A}|@option{--arch-specific}]
4176 [@option{-D}|@option{--use-dynamic}]
4177 [@option{-x} <number or name>|@option{--hex-dump=}<number or name>]
4178 [@option{-p} <number or name>|@option{--string-dump=}<number or name>]
4179 [@option{-R} <number or name>|@option{--relocated-dump=}<number or name>]
4180 [@option{-c}|@option{--archive-index}]
4181 [@option{-w[lLiaprmfFsoRt]}|
4182 @option{--debug-dump}[=rawline,=decodedline,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=aranges,=macro,=frames,=frames-interp,=str,=loc,=Ranges,=pubtypes,=trace_info,=trace_abbrev,=trace_aranges,=gdb_index]]
4183 [@option{--dwarf-depth=@var{n}}]
4184 [@option{--dwarf-start=@var{n}}]
4185 [@option{-I}|@option{--histogram}]
4186 [@option{-v}|@option{--version}]
4187 [@option{-W}|@option{--wide}]
4188 [@option{-H}|@option{--help}]
4189 @var{elffile}@dots{}
4193 @c man begin DESCRIPTION readelf
4195 @command{readelf} displays information about one or more ELF format object
4196 files. The options control what particular information to display.
4198 @var{elffile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined. 32-bit and
4199 64-bit ELF files are supported, as are archives containing ELF files.
4201 This program performs a similar function to @command{objdump} but it
4202 goes into more detail and it exists independently of the @sc{bfd}
4203 library, so if there is a bug in @sc{bfd} then readelf will not be
4208 @c man begin OPTIONS readelf
4210 The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
4211 equivalent. At least one option besides @samp{-v} or @samp{-H} must be
4217 Equivalent to specifying @option{--file-header},
4218 @option{--program-headers}, @option{--sections}, @option{--symbols},
4219 @option{--relocs}, @option{--dynamic}, @option{--notes} and
4220 @option{--version-info}.
4223 @itemx --file-header
4224 @cindex ELF file header information
4225 Displays the information contained in the ELF header at the start of the
4229 @itemx --program-headers
4231 @cindex ELF program header information
4232 @cindex ELF segment information
4233 Displays the information contained in the file's segment headers, if it
4238 @itemx --section-headers
4239 @cindex ELF section information
4240 Displays the information contained in the file's section headers, if it
4244 @itemx --section-groups
4245 @cindex ELF section group information
4246 Displays the information contained in the file's section groups, if it
4250 @itemx --section-details
4251 @cindex ELF section information
4252 Displays the detailed section information. Implies @option{-S}.
4257 @cindex ELF symbol table information
4258 Displays the entries in symbol table section of the file, if it has one.
4261 @cindex ELF dynamic symbol table information
4262 Displays the entries in dynamic symbol table section of the file, if it
4267 Display all the headers in the file. Equivalent to @option{-h -l -S}.
4272 Displays the contents of the NOTE segments and/or sections, if any.
4276 @cindex ELF reloc information
4277 Displays the contents of the file's relocation section, if it has one.
4281 @cindex unwind information
4282 Displays the contents of the file's unwind section, if it has one. Only
4283 the unwind sections for IA64 ELF files, as well as ARM unwind tables
4284 (@code{.ARM.exidx} / @code{.ARM.extab}) are currently supported.
4288 @cindex ELF dynamic section information
4289 Displays the contents of the file's dynamic section, if it has one.
4292 @itemx --version-info
4293 @cindex ELF version sections information
4294 Displays the contents of the version sections in the file, it they
4298 @itemx --arch-specific
4299 Displays architecture-specific information in the file, if there
4303 @itemx --use-dynamic
4304 When displaying symbols, this option makes @command{readelf} use the
4305 symbol hash tables in the file's dynamic section, rather than the
4306 symbol table sections.
4308 @item -x <number or name>
4309 @itemx --hex-dump=<number or name>
4310 Displays the contents of the indicated section as a hexadecimal bytes.
4311 A number identifies a particular section by index in the section table;
4312 any other string identifies all sections with that name in the object file.
4314 @item -R <number or name>
4315 @itemx --relocated-dump=<number or name>
4316 Displays the contents of the indicated section as a hexadecimal
4317 bytes. A number identifies a particular section by index in the
4318 section table; any other string identifies all sections with that name
4319 in the object file. The contents of the section will be relocated
4320 before they are displayed.
4322 @item -p <number or name>
4323 @itemx --string-dump=<number or name>
4324 Displays the contents of the indicated section as printable strings.
4325 A number identifies a particular section by index in the section table;
4326 any other string identifies all sections with that name in the object file.
4329 @itemx --archive-index
4330 @cindex Archive file symbol index information
4331 Displays the file symbol index information contained in the header part
4332 of binary archives. Performs the same function as the @option{t}
4333 command to @command{ar}, but without using the BFD library. @xref{ar}.
4335 @item -w[lLiaprmfFsoRt]
4336 @itemx --debug-dump[=rawline,=decodedline,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=aranges,=macro,=frames,=frames-interp,=str,=loc,=Ranges,=pubtypes,=trace_info,=trace_abbrev,=trace_aranges,=gdb_index]
4337 Displays the contents of the debug sections in the file, if any are
4338 present. If one of the optional letters or words follows the switch
4339 then only data found in those specific sections will be dumped.
4341 Note that there is no single letter option to display the content of
4342 trace sections or .gdb_index.
4344 Note: the @option{=decodedline} option will display the interpreted
4345 contents of a .debug_line section whereas the @option{=rawline} option
4346 dumps the contents in a raw format.
4348 Note: the @option{=frames-interp} option will display the interpreted
4349 contents of a .debug_frame section whereas the @option{=frames} option
4350 dumps the contents in a raw format.
4352 Note: the output from the @option{=info} option can also be affected
4353 by the options @option{--dwarf-depth} and @option{--dwarf-start}.
4355 @item --dwarf-depth=@var{n}
4356 Limit the dump of the @code{.debug_info} section to @var{n} children.
4357 This is only useful with @option{--debug-dump=info}. The default is
4358 to print all DIEs; the special value 0 for @var{n} will also have this
4361 With a non-zero value for @var{n}, DIEs at or deeper than @var{n}
4362 levels will not be printed. The range for @var{n} is zero-based.
4364 @item --dwarf-start=@var{n}
4365 Print only DIEs beginning with the DIE numbered @var{n}. This is only
4366 useful with @option{--debug-dump=info}.
4368 If specified, this option will suppress printing of any header
4369 information and all DIEs before the DIE numbered @var{n}. Only
4370 siblings and children of the specified DIE will be printed.
4372 This can be used in conjunction with @option{--dwarf-depth}.
4376 Display a histogram of bucket list lengths when displaying the contents
4377 of the symbol tables.
4381 Display the version number of readelf.
4385 Don't break output lines to fit into 80 columns. By default
4386 @command{readelf} breaks section header and segment listing lines for
4387 64-bit ELF files, so that they fit into 80 columns. This option causes
4388 @command{readelf} to print each section header resp. each segment one a
4389 single line, which is far more readable on terminals wider than 80 columns.
4393 Display the command line options understood by @command{readelf}.
4400 @c man begin SEEALSO readelf
4401 objdump(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
4408 @cindex Update ELF header
4411 @c man title elfedit Update the ELF header of ELF files.
4414 @c man begin SYNOPSIS elfedit
4415 elfedit [@option{--input-mach=}@var{machine}]
4416 [@option{--input-type=}@var{type}]
4417 [@option{--input-osabi=}@var{osabi}]
4418 @option{--output-mach=}@var{machine}
4419 @option{--output-type=}@var{type}
4420 @option{--output-osabi=}@var{osabi}
4421 [@option{-v}|@option{--version}]
4422 [@option{-h}|@option{--help}]
4423 @var{elffile}@dots{}
4427 @c man begin DESCRIPTION elfedit
4429 @command{elfedit} updates the ELF header of ELF files which have
4430 the matching ELF machine and file types. The options control how and
4431 which fields in the ELF header should be updated.
4433 @var{elffile}@dots{} are the ELF files to be updated. 32-bit and
4434 64-bit ELF files are supported, as are archives containing ELF files.
4437 @c man begin OPTIONS elfedit
4439 The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
4440 equivalent. At least one of the @option{--output-mach},
4441 @option{--output-type} and @option{--output-osabi} options must be given.
4445 @item --input-mach=@var{machine}
4446 Set the matching input ELF machine type to @var{machine}. If
4447 @option{--input-mach} isn't specified, it will match any ELF
4450 The supported ELF machine types are, @var{L1OM}, @var{K1OM} and
4453 @item --output-mach=@var{machine}
4454 Change the ELF machine type in the ELF header to @var{machine}. The
4455 supported ELF machine types are the same as @option{--input-mach}.
4457 @item --input-type=@var{type}
4458 Set the matching input ELF file type to @var{type}. If
4459 @option{--input-type} isn't specified, it will match any ELF file types.
4461 The supported ELF file types are, @var{rel}, @var{exec} and @var{dyn}.
4463 @item --output-type=@var{type}
4464 Change the ELF file type in the ELF header to @var{type}. The
4465 supported ELF types are the same as @option{--input-type}.
4467 @item --input-osabi=@var{osabi}
4468 Set the matching input ELF file OSABI to @var{osabi}. If
4469 @option{--input-osabi} isn't specified, it will match any ELF OSABIs.
4471 The supported ELF OSABIs are, @var{none}, @var{HPUX}, @var{NetBSD},
4472 @var{GNU}, @var{Linux} (alias for @var{GNU}),
4473 @var{Solaris}, @var{AIX}, @var{Irix},
4474 @var{FreeBSD}, @var{TRU64}, @var{Modesto}, @var{OpenBSD}, @var{OpenVMS},
4475 @var{NSK}, @var{AROS} and @var{FenixOS}.
4477 @item --output-osabi=@var{osabi}
4478 Change the ELF OSABI in the ELF header to @var{osabi}. The
4479 supported ELF OSABI are the same as @option{--input-osabi}.
4483 Display the version number of @command{elfedit}.
4487 Display the command line options understood by @command{elfedit}.
4494 @c man begin SEEALSO elfedit
4495 readelf(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
4499 @node Common Options
4500 @chapter Common Options
4502 The following command-line options are supported by all of the
4503 programs described in this manual.
4505 @c man begin OPTIONS
4507 @include at-file.texi
4511 Display the command-line options supported by the program.
4514 Display the version number of the program.
4516 @c man begin OPTIONS
4520 @node Selecting the Target System
4521 @chapter Selecting the Target System
4523 You can specify two aspects of the target system to the @sc{gnu}
4524 binary file utilities, each in several ways:
4534 In the following summaries, the lists of ways to specify values are in
4535 order of decreasing precedence. The ways listed first override those
4538 The commands to list valid values only list the values for which the
4539 programs you are running were configured. If they were configured with
4540 @option{--enable-targets=all}, the commands list most of the available
4541 values, but a few are left out; not all targets can be configured in at
4542 once because some of them can only be configured @dfn{native} (on hosts
4543 with the same type as the target system).
4546 * Target Selection::
4547 * Architecture Selection::
4550 @node Target Selection
4551 @section Target Selection
4553 A @dfn{target} is an object file format. A given target may be
4554 supported for multiple architectures (@pxref{Architecture Selection}).
4555 A target selection may also have variations for different operating
4556 systems or architectures.
4558 The command to list valid target values is @samp{objdump -i}
4559 (the first column of output contains the relevant information).
4561 Some sample values are: @samp{a.out-hp300bsd}, @samp{ecoff-littlemips},
4562 @samp{a.out-sunos-big}.
4564 You can also specify a target using a configuration triplet. This is
4565 the same sort of name that is passed to @file{configure} to specify a
4566 target. When you use a configuration triplet as an argument, it must be
4567 fully canonicalized. You can see the canonical version of a triplet by
4568 running the shell script @file{config.sub} which is included with the
4571 Some sample configuration triplets are: @samp{m68k-hp-bsd},
4572 @samp{mips-dec-ultrix}, @samp{sparc-sun-sunos}.
4574 @subheading @command{objdump} Target
4580 command line option: @option{-b} or @option{--target}
4583 environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
4586 deduced from the input file
4589 @subheading @command{objcopy} and @command{strip} Input Target
4595 command line options: @option{-I} or @option{--input-target}, or @option{-F} or @option{--target}
4598 environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
4601 deduced from the input file
4604 @subheading @command{objcopy} and @command{strip} Output Target
4610 command line options: @option{-O} or @option{--output-target}, or @option{-F} or @option{--target}
4613 the input target (see ``@command{objcopy} and @command{strip} Input Target'' above)
4616 environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
4619 deduced from the input file
4622 @subheading @command{nm}, @command{size}, and @command{strings} Target
4628 command line option: @option{--target}
4631 environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
4634 deduced from the input file
4637 @node Architecture Selection
4638 @section Architecture Selection
4640 An @dfn{architecture} is a type of @sc{cpu} on which an object file is
4641 to run. Its name may contain a colon, separating the name of the
4642 processor family from the name of the particular @sc{cpu}.
4644 The command to list valid architecture values is @samp{objdump -i} (the
4645 second column contains the relevant information).
4647 Sample values: @samp{m68k:68020}, @samp{mips:3000}, @samp{sparc}.
4649 @subheading @command{objdump} Architecture
4655 command line option: @option{-m} or @option{--architecture}
4658 deduced from the input file
4661 @subheading @command{objcopy}, @command{nm}, @command{size}, @command{strings} Architecture
4667 deduced from the input file
4670 @node Reporting Bugs
4671 @chapter Reporting Bugs
4673 @cindex reporting bugs
4675 Your bug reports play an essential role in making the binary utilities
4678 Reporting a bug may help you by bringing a solution to your problem, or
4679 it may not. But in any case the principal function of a bug report is
4680 to help the entire community by making the next version of the binary
4681 utilities work better. Bug reports are your contribution to their
4684 In order for a bug report to serve its purpose, you must include the
4685 information that enables us to fix the bug.
4688 * Bug Criteria:: Have you found a bug?
4689 * Bug Reporting:: How to report bugs
4693 @section Have You Found a Bug?
4694 @cindex bug criteria
4696 If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some guidelines:
4699 @cindex fatal signal
4702 If a binary utility gets a fatal signal, for any input whatever, that is
4703 a bug. Reliable utilities never crash.
4705 @cindex error on valid input
4707 If a binary utility produces an error message for valid input, that is a
4711 If you are an experienced user of binary utilities, your suggestions for
4712 improvement are welcome in any case.
4716 @section How to Report Bugs
4718 @cindex bugs, reporting
4720 A number of companies and individuals offer support for @sc{gnu}
4721 products. If you obtained the binary utilities from a support
4722 organization, we recommend you contact that organization first.
4724 You can find contact information for many support companies and
4725 individuals in the file @file{etc/SERVICE} in the @sc{gnu} Emacs
4729 In any event, we also recommend that you send bug reports for the binary
4730 utilities to @value{BUGURL}.
4733 The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this:
4734 @strong{report all the facts}. If you are not sure whether to state a
4735 fact or leave it out, state it!
4737 Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the
4738 problem and assume that some details do not matter. Thus, you might
4739 assume that the name of a file you use in an example does not matter.
4740 Well, probably it does not, but one cannot be sure. Perhaps the bug is
4741 a stray memory reference which happens to fetch from the location where
4742 that pathname is stored in memory; perhaps, if the pathname were
4743 different, the contents of that location would fool the utility into
4744 doing the right thing despite the bug. Play it safe and give a
4745 specific, complete example. That is the easiest thing for you to do,
4746 and the most helpful.
4748 Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable us to fix the bug if
4749 it is new to us. Therefore, always write your bug reports on the assumption
4750 that the bug has not been reported previously.
4752 Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, ``Does this ring a
4753 bell?'' This cannot help us fix a bug, so it is basically useless. We
4754 respond by asking for enough details to enable us to investigate.
4755 You might as well expedite matters by sending them to begin with.
4757 To enable us to fix the bug, you should include all these things:
4761 The version of the utility. Each utility announces it if you start it
4762 with the @option{--version} argument.
4764 Without this, we will not know whether there is any point in looking for
4765 the bug in the current version of the binary utilities.
4768 Any patches you may have applied to the source, including any patches
4769 made to the @code{BFD} library.
4772 The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name and
4776 What compiler (and its version) was used to compile the utilities---e.g.
4780 The command arguments you gave the utility to observe the bug. To
4781 guarantee you will not omit something important, list them all. A copy
4782 of the Makefile (or the output from make) is sufficient.
4784 If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess wrong
4785 and then we might not encounter the bug.
4788 A complete input file, or set of input files, that will reproduce the
4789 bug. If the utility is reading an object file or files, then it is
4790 generally most helpful to send the actual object files.
4792 If the source files were produced exclusively using @sc{gnu} programs
4793 (e.g., @command{gcc}, @command{gas}, and/or the @sc{gnu} @command{ld}), then it
4794 may be OK to send the source files rather than the object files. In
4795 this case, be sure to say exactly what version of @command{gcc}, or
4796 whatever, was used to produce the object files. Also say how
4797 @command{gcc}, or whatever, was configured.
4800 A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is
4801 incorrect. For example, ``It gets a fatal signal.''
4803 Of course, if the bug is that the utility gets a fatal signal, then we
4804 will certainly notice it. But if the bug is incorrect output, we might
4805 not notice unless it is glaringly wrong. You might as well not give us
4806 a chance to make a mistake.
4808 Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should still
4809 say so explicitly. Suppose something strange is going on, such as your
4810 copy of the utility is out of sync, or you have encountered a bug in
4811 the C library on your system. (This has happened!) Your copy might
4812 crash and ours would not. If you told us to expect a crash, then when
4813 ours fails to crash, we would know that the bug was not happening for
4814 us. If you had not told us to expect a crash, then we would not be able
4815 to draw any conclusion from our observations.
4818 If you wish to suggest changes to the source, send us context diffs, as
4819 generated by @command{diff} with the @option{-u}, @option{-c}, or @option{-p}
4820 option. Always send diffs from the old file to the new file. If you
4821 wish to discuss something in the @command{ld} source, refer to it by
4822 context, not by line number.
4824 The line numbers in our development sources will not match those in your
4825 sources. Your line numbers would convey no useful information to us.
4828 Here are some things that are not necessary:
4832 A description of the envelope of the bug.
4834 Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating
4835 which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which
4836 changes will not affect it.
4838 This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way we
4839 will find the bug is by running a single example under the debugger
4840 with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of examples.
4841 We recommend that you save your time for something else.
4843 Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report @emph{instead}
4844 of the original one, that is a convenience for us. Errors in the
4845 output will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take
4846 less time, and so on.
4848 However, simplification is not vital; if you do not want to do this,
4849 report the bug anyway and send us the entire test case you used.
4852 A patch for the bug.
4854 A patch for the bug does help us if it is a good one. But do not omit
4855 the necessary information, such as the test case, on the assumption that
4856 a patch is all we need. We might see problems with your patch and decide
4857 to fix the problem another way, or we might not understand it at all.
4859 Sometimes with programs as complicated as the binary utilities it is
4860 very hard to construct an example that will make the program follow a
4861 certain path through the code. If you do not send us the example, we
4862 will not be able to construct one, so we will not be able to verify that
4865 And if we cannot understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why your
4866 patch should be an improvement, we will not install it. A test case will
4867 help us to understand.
4870 A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on.
4872 Such guesses are usually wrong. Even we cannot guess right about such
4873 things without first using the debugger to find the facts.
4876 @node GNU Free Documentation License
4877 @appendix GNU Free Documentation License
4881 @node Binutils Index
4882 @unnumbered Binutils Index