btrfs: change num_items type from u64 to unsigned int

[deliverable/linux.git] / fs / kernfs / dir.c

/*
 * fs/kernfs/dir.c - kernfs directory implementation
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2001-3 Patrick Mochel
 * Copyright (c) 2007 SUSE Linux Products GmbH
 * Copyright (c) 2007, 2013 Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
 *
 * This file is released under the GPLv2.
 */

#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/namei.h>
#include <linux/idr.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/security.h>
#include <linux/hash.h>

#include "kernfs-internal.h"

DEFINE_MUTEX(kernfs_mutex);
static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(kernfs_rename_lock);     /* kn->parent and ->name */
static char kernfs_pr_cont_buf[PATH_MAX];       /* protected by rename_lock */

#define rb_to_kn(X) rb_entry((X), struct kernfs_node, rb)

static bool kernfs_active(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
        lockdep_assert_held(&kernfs_mutex);
        return atomic_read(&kn->active) >= 0;
}

static bool kernfs_lockdep(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_LOCK_ALLOC
        return kn->flags & KERNFS_LOCKDEP;
#else
        return false;
#endif
}

static int kernfs_name_locked(struct kernfs_node *kn, char *buf, size_t buflen)
{
        return strlcpy(buf, kn->parent ? kn->name : "/", buflen);
}

static char * __must_check kernfs_path_locked(struct kernfs_node *kn, char *buf,
                                              size_t buflen)
{
        char *p = buf + buflen;
        int len;

        *--p = '\0';

        do {
                len = strlen(kn->name);
                if (p - buf < len + 1) {
                        buf[0] = '\0';
                        p = NULL;
                        break;
                }
                p -= len;
                memcpy(p, kn->name, len);
                *--p = '/';
                kn = kn->parent;
        } while (kn && kn->parent);

        return p;
}

/**
 * kernfs_name - obtain the name of a given node
 * @kn: kernfs_node of interest
 * @buf: buffer to copy @kn's name into
 * @buflen: size of @buf
 *
 * Copies the name of @kn into @buf of @buflen bytes.  The behavior is
 * similar to strlcpy().  It returns the length of @kn's name and if @buf
 * isn't long enough, it's filled upto @buflen-1 and nul terminated.
 *
 * This function can be called from any context.
 */
int kernfs_name(struct kernfs_node *kn, char *buf, size_t buflen)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        int ret;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&kernfs_rename_lock, flags);
        ret = kernfs_name_locked(kn, buf, buflen);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&kernfs_rename_lock, flags);
        return ret;
}

/**
 * kernfs_path_len - determine the length of the full path of a given node
 * @kn: kernfs_node of interest
 *
 * The returned length doesn't include the space for the terminating '\0'.
 */
size_t kernfs_path_len(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
        size_t len = 0;
        unsigned long flags;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&kernfs_rename_lock, flags);

        do {
                len += strlen(kn->name) + 1;
                kn = kn->parent;
        } while (kn && kn->parent);

        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&kernfs_rename_lock, flags);

        return len;
}

/**
 * kernfs_path - build full path of a given node
 * @kn: kernfs_node of interest
 * @buf: buffer to copy @kn's name into
 * @buflen: size of @buf
 *
 * Builds and returns the full path of @kn in @buf of @buflen bytes.  The
 * path is built from the end of @buf so the returned pointer usually
 * doesn't match @buf.  If @buf isn't long enough, @buf is nul terminated
 * and %NULL is returned.
 */
char *kernfs_path(struct kernfs_node *kn, char *buf, size_t buflen)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        char *p;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&kernfs_rename_lock, flags);
        p = kernfs_path_locked(kn, buf, buflen);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&kernfs_rename_lock, flags);
        return p;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kernfs_path);

/**
 * pr_cont_kernfs_name - pr_cont name of a kernfs_node
 * @kn: kernfs_node of interest
 *
 * This function can be called from any context.
 */
void pr_cont_kernfs_name(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
        unsigned long flags;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&kernfs_rename_lock, flags);

        kernfs_name_locked(kn, kernfs_pr_cont_buf, sizeof(kernfs_pr_cont_buf));
        pr_cont("%s", kernfs_pr_cont_buf);

        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&kernfs_rename_lock, flags);
}

/**
 * pr_cont_kernfs_path - pr_cont path of a kernfs_node
 * @kn: kernfs_node of interest
 *
 * This function can be called from any context.
 */
void pr_cont_kernfs_path(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        char *p;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&kernfs_rename_lock, flags);

        p = kernfs_path_locked(kn, kernfs_pr_cont_buf,
                               sizeof(kernfs_pr_cont_buf));
        if (p)
                pr_cont("%s", p);
        else
                pr_cont("<name too long>");

        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&kernfs_rename_lock, flags);
}

/**
 * kernfs_get_parent - determine the parent node and pin it
 * @kn: kernfs_node of interest
 *
 * Determines @kn's parent, pins and returns it.  This function can be
 * called from any context.
 */
struct kernfs_node *kernfs_get_parent(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
        struct kernfs_node *parent;
        unsigned long flags;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&kernfs_rename_lock, flags);
        parent = kn->parent;
        kernfs_get(parent);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&kernfs_rename_lock, flags);

        return parent;
}

/**
 *      kernfs_name_hash
 *      @name: Null terminated string to hash
 *      @ns:   Namespace tag to hash
 *
 *      Returns 31 bit hash of ns + name (so it fits in an off_t )
 */
static unsigned int kernfs_name_hash(const char *name, const void *ns)
{
        unsigned long hash = init_name_hash();
        unsigned int len = strlen(name);
        while (len--)
                hash = partial_name_hash(*name++, hash);
        hash = (end_name_hash(hash) ^ hash_ptr((void *)ns, 31));
        hash &= 0x7fffffffU;
        /* Reserve hash numbers 0, 1 and INT_MAX for magic directory entries */
        if (hash < 2)
                hash += 2;
        if (hash >= INT_MAX)
                hash = INT_MAX - 1;
        return hash;
}

static int kernfs_name_compare(unsigned int hash, const char *name,
                               const void *ns, const struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
        if (hash < kn->hash)
                return -1;
        if (hash > kn->hash)
                return 1;
        if (ns < kn->ns)
                return -1;
        if (ns > kn->ns)
                return 1;
        return strcmp(name, kn->name);
}

static int kernfs_sd_compare(const struct kernfs_node *left,
                             const struct kernfs_node *right)
{
        return kernfs_name_compare(left->hash, left->name, left->ns, right);
}

/**
 *      kernfs_link_sibling - link kernfs_node into sibling rbtree
 *      @kn: kernfs_node of interest
 *
 *      Link @kn into its sibling rbtree which starts from
 *      @kn->parent->dir.children.
 *
 *      Locking:
 *      mutex_lock(kernfs_mutex)
 *
 *      RETURNS:
 *      0 on susccess -EEXIST on failure.
 */
static int kernfs_link_sibling(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
        struct rb_node **node = &kn->parent->dir.children.rb_node;
        struct rb_node *parent = NULL;

        while (*node) {
                struct kernfs_node *pos;
                int result;

                pos = rb_to_kn(*node);
                parent = *node;
                result = kernfs_sd_compare(kn, pos);
                if (result < 0)
                        node = &pos->rb.rb_left;
                else if (result > 0)
                        node = &pos->rb.rb_right;
                else
                        return -EEXIST;
        }

        /* add new node and rebalance the tree */
        rb_link_node(&kn->rb, parent, node);
        rb_insert_color(&kn->rb, &kn->parent->dir.children);

        /* successfully added, account subdir number */
        if (kernfs_type(kn) == KERNFS_DIR)
                kn->parent->dir.subdirs++;

        return 0;
}

/**
 *      kernfs_unlink_sibling - unlink kernfs_node from sibling rbtree
 *      @kn: kernfs_node of interest
 *
 *      Try to unlink @kn from its sibling rbtree which starts from
 *      kn->parent->dir.children.  Returns %true if @kn was actually
 *      removed, %false if @kn wasn't on the rbtree.
 *
 *      Locking:
 *      mutex_lock(kernfs_mutex)
 */
static bool kernfs_unlink_sibling(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
        if (RB_EMPTY_NODE(&kn->rb))
                return false;

        if (kernfs_type(kn) == KERNFS_DIR)
                kn->parent->dir.subdirs--;

        rb_erase(&kn->rb, &kn->parent->dir.children);
        RB_CLEAR_NODE(&kn->rb);
        return true;
}

/**
 *      kernfs_get_active - get an active reference to kernfs_node
 *      @kn: kernfs_node to get an active reference to
 *
 *      Get an active reference of @kn.  This function is noop if @kn
 *      is NULL.
 *
 *      RETURNS:
 *      Pointer to @kn on success, NULL on failure.
 */
struct kernfs_node *kernfs_get_active(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
        if (unlikely(!kn))
                return NULL;

        if (!atomic_inc_unless_negative(&kn->active))
                return NULL;

        if (kernfs_lockdep(kn))
                rwsem_acquire_read(&kn->dep_map, 0, 1, _RET_IP_);
        return kn;
}

/**
 *      kernfs_put_active - put an active reference to kernfs_node
 *      @kn: kernfs_node to put an active reference to
 *
 *      Put an active reference to @kn.  This function is noop if @kn
 *      is NULL.
 */
void kernfs_put_active(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
        struct kernfs_root *root = kernfs_root(kn);
        int v;

        if (unlikely(!kn))
                return;

        if (kernfs_lockdep(kn))
                rwsem_release(&kn->dep_map, 1, _RET_IP_);
        v = atomic_dec_return(&kn->active);
        if (likely(v != KN_DEACTIVATED_BIAS))
                return;

        wake_up_all(&root->deactivate_waitq);
}

/**
 * kernfs_drain - drain kernfs_node
 * @kn: kernfs_node to drain
 *
 * Drain existing usages and nuke all existing mmaps of @kn.  Mutiple
 * removers may invoke this function concurrently on @kn and all will
 * return after draining is complete.
 */
static void kernfs_drain(struct kernfs_node *kn)
        __releases(&kernfs_mutex) __acquires(&kernfs_mutex)
{
        struct kernfs_root *root = kernfs_root(kn);

        lockdep_assert_held(&kernfs_mutex);
        WARN_ON_ONCE(kernfs_active(kn));

        mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);

        if (kernfs_lockdep(kn)) {
                rwsem_acquire(&kn->dep_map, 0, 0, _RET_IP_);
                if (atomic_read(&kn->active) != KN_DEACTIVATED_BIAS)
                        lock_contended(&kn->dep_map, _RET_IP_);
        }

        /* but everyone should wait for draining */
        wait_event(root->deactivate_waitq,
                   atomic_read(&kn->active) == KN_DEACTIVATED_BIAS);

        if (kernfs_lockdep(kn)) {
                lock_acquired(&kn->dep_map, _RET_IP_);
                rwsem_release(&kn->dep_map, 1, _RET_IP_);
        }

        kernfs_unmap_bin_file(kn);

        mutex_lock(&kernfs_mutex);
}

/**
 * kernfs_get - get a reference count on a kernfs_node
 * @kn: the target kernfs_node
 */
void kernfs_get(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
        if (kn) {
                WARN_ON(!atomic_read(&kn->count));
                atomic_inc(&kn->count);
        }
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kernfs_get);

/**
 * kernfs_put - put a reference count on a kernfs_node
 * @kn: the target kernfs_node
 *
 * Put a reference count of @kn and destroy it if it reached zero.
 */
void kernfs_put(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
        struct kernfs_node *parent;
        struct kernfs_root *root;

        if (!kn || !atomic_dec_and_test(&kn->count))
                return;
        root = kernfs_root(kn);
 repeat:
        /*
         * Moving/renaming is always done while holding reference.
         * kn->parent won't change beneath us.
         */
        parent = kn->parent;

        WARN_ONCE(atomic_read(&kn->active) != KN_DEACTIVATED_BIAS,
                  "kernfs_put: %s/%s: released with incorrect active_ref %d\n",
                  parent ? parent->name : "", kn->name, atomic_read(&kn->active));

        if (kernfs_type(kn) == KERNFS_LINK)
                kernfs_put(kn->symlink.target_kn);

        kfree_const(kn->name);

        if (kn->iattr) {
                if (kn->iattr->ia_secdata)
                        security_release_secctx(kn->iattr->ia_secdata,
                                                kn->iattr->ia_secdata_len);
                simple_xattrs_free(&kn->iattr->xattrs);
        }
        kfree(kn->iattr);
        ida_simple_remove(&root->ino_ida, kn->ino);
        kmem_cache_free(kernfs_node_cache, kn);

        kn = parent;
        if (kn) {
                if (atomic_dec_and_test(&kn->count))
                        goto repeat;
        } else {
                /* just released the root kn, free @root too */
                ida_destroy(&root->ino_ida);
                kfree(root);
        }
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kernfs_put);

static int kernfs_dop_revalidate(struct dentry *dentry, unsigned int flags)
{
        struct kernfs_node *kn;

        if (flags & LOOKUP_RCU)
                return -ECHILD;

        /* Always perform fresh lookup for negatives */
        if (d_really_is_negative(dentry))
                goto out_bad_unlocked;

        kn = dentry->d_fsdata;
        mutex_lock(&kernfs_mutex);

        /* The kernfs node has been deactivated */
        if (!kernfs_active(kn))
                goto out_bad;

        /* The kernfs node has been moved? */
        if (dentry->d_parent->d_fsdata != kn->parent)
                goto out_bad;

        /* The kernfs node has been renamed */
        if (strcmp(dentry->d_name.name, kn->name) != 0)
                goto out_bad;

        /* The kernfs node has been moved to a different namespace */
        if (kn->parent && kernfs_ns_enabled(kn->parent) &&
            kernfs_info(dentry->d_sb)->ns != kn->ns)
                goto out_bad;

        mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);
        return 1;
out_bad:
        mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);
out_bad_unlocked:
        return 0;
}

static void kernfs_dop_release(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        kernfs_put(dentry->d_fsdata);
}

const struct dentry_operations kernfs_dops = {
        .d_revalidate   = kernfs_dop_revalidate,
        .d_release      = kernfs_dop_release,
};

/**
 * kernfs_node_from_dentry - determine kernfs_node associated with a dentry
 * @dentry: the dentry in question
 *
 * Return the kernfs_node associated with @dentry.  If @dentry is not a
 * kernfs one, %NULL is returned.
 *
 * While the returned kernfs_node will stay accessible as long as @dentry
 * is accessible, the returned node can be in any state and the caller is
 * fully responsible for determining what's accessible.
 */
struct kernfs_node *kernfs_node_from_dentry(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        if (dentry->d_sb->s_op == &kernfs_sops)
                return dentry->d_fsdata;
        return NULL;
}

static struct kernfs_node *__kernfs_new_node(struct kernfs_root *root,
                                             const char *name, umode_t mode,
                                             unsigned flags)
{
        struct kernfs_node *kn;
        int ret;

        name = kstrdup_const(name, GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!name)
                return NULL;

        kn = kmem_cache_zalloc(kernfs_node_cache, GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!kn)
                goto err_out1;

        /*
         * If the ino of the sysfs entry created for a kmem cache gets
         * allocated from an ida layer, which is accounted to the memcg that
         * owns the cache, the memcg will get pinned forever. So do not account
         * ino ida allocations.
         */
        ret = ida_simple_get(&root->ino_ida, 1, 0,
                             GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_NOACCOUNT);
        if (ret < 0)
                goto err_out2;
        kn->ino = ret;

        atomic_set(&kn->count, 1);
        atomic_set(&kn->active, KN_DEACTIVATED_BIAS);
        RB_CLEAR_NODE(&kn->rb);

        kn->name = name;
        kn->mode = mode;
        kn->flags = flags;

        return kn;

 err_out2:
        kmem_cache_free(kernfs_node_cache, kn);
 err_out1:
        kfree_const(name);
        return NULL;
}

struct kernfs_node *kernfs_new_node(struct kernfs_node *parent,
                                    const char *name, umode_t mode,
                                    unsigned flags)
{
        struct kernfs_node *kn;

        kn = __kernfs_new_node(kernfs_root(parent), name, mode, flags);
        if (kn) {
                kernfs_get(parent);
                kn->parent = parent;
        }
        return kn;
}

/**
 *      kernfs_add_one - add kernfs_node to parent without warning
 *      @kn: kernfs_node to be added
 *
 *      The caller must already have initialized @kn->parent.  This
 *      function increments nlink of the parent's inode if @kn is a
 *      directory and link into the children list of the parent.
 *
 *      RETURNS:
 *      0 on success, -EEXIST if entry with the given name already
 *      exists.
 */
int kernfs_add_one(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
        struct kernfs_node *parent = kn->parent;
        struct kernfs_iattrs *ps_iattr;
        bool has_ns;
        int ret;

        mutex_lock(&kernfs_mutex);

        ret = -EINVAL;
        has_ns = kernfs_ns_enabled(parent);
        if (WARN(has_ns != (bool)kn->ns, KERN_WARNING "kernfs: ns %s in '%s' for '%s'\n",
                 has_ns ? "required" : "invalid", parent->name, kn->name))
                goto out_unlock;

        if (kernfs_type(parent) != KERNFS_DIR)
                goto out_unlock;

        ret = -ENOENT;
        if (parent->flags & KERNFS_EMPTY_DIR)
                goto out_unlock;

        if ((parent->flags & KERNFS_ACTIVATED) && !kernfs_active(parent))
                goto out_unlock;

        kn->hash = kernfs_name_hash(kn->name, kn->ns);

        ret = kernfs_link_sibling(kn);
        if (ret)
                goto out_unlock;

        /* Update timestamps on the parent */
        ps_iattr = parent->iattr;
        if (ps_iattr) {
                struct iattr *ps_iattrs = &ps_iattr->ia_iattr;
                ps_iattrs->ia_ctime = ps_iattrs->ia_mtime = CURRENT_TIME;
        }

        mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);

        /*
         * Activate the new node unless CREATE_DEACTIVATED is requested.
         * If not activated here, the kernfs user is responsible for
         * activating the node with kernfs_activate().  A node which hasn't
         * been activated is not visible to userland and its removal won't
         * trigger deactivation.
         */
        if (!(kernfs_root(kn)->flags & KERNFS_ROOT_CREATE_DEACTIVATED))
                kernfs_activate(kn);
        return 0;

out_unlock:
        mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);
        return ret;
}

/**
 * kernfs_find_ns - find kernfs_node with the given name
 * @parent: kernfs_node to search under
 * @name: name to look for
 * @ns: the namespace tag to use
 *
 * Look for kernfs_node with name @name under @parent.  Returns pointer to
 * the found kernfs_node on success, %NULL on failure.
 */
static struct kernfs_node *kernfs_find_ns(struct kernfs_node *parent,
                                          const unsigned char *name,
                                          const void *ns)
{
        struct rb_node *node = parent->dir.children.rb_node;
        bool has_ns = kernfs_ns_enabled(parent);
        unsigned int hash;

        lockdep_assert_held(&kernfs_mutex);

        if (has_ns != (bool)ns) {
                WARN(1, KERN_WARNING "kernfs: ns %s in '%s' for '%s'\n",
                     has_ns ? "required" : "invalid", parent->name, name);
                return NULL;
        }

        hash = kernfs_name_hash(name, ns);
        while (node) {
                struct kernfs_node *kn;
                int result;

                kn = rb_to_kn(node);
                result = kernfs_name_compare(hash, name, ns, kn);
                if (result < 0)
                        node = node->rb_left;
                else if (result > 0)
                        node = node->rb_right;
                else
                        return kn;
        }
        return NULL;
}

/**
 * kernfs_find_and_get_ns - find and get kernfs_node with the given name
 * @parent: kernfs_node to search under
 * @name: name to look for
 * @ns: the namespace tag to use
 *
 * Look for kernfs_node with name @name under @parent and get a reference
 * if found.  This function may sleep and returns pointer to the found
 * kernfs_node on success, %NULL on failure.
 */
struct kernfs_node *kernfs_find_and_get_ns(struct kernfs_node *parent,
                                           const char *name, const void *ns)
{
        struct kernfs_node *kn;

        mutex_lock(&kernfs_mutex);
        kn = kernfs_find_ns(parent, name, ns);
        kernfs_get(kn);
        mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);

        return kn;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kernfs_find_and_get_ns);

/**
 * kernfs_create_root - create a new kernfs hierarchy
 * @scops: optional syscall operations for the hierarchy
 * @flags: KERNFS_ROOT_* flags
 * @priv: opaque data associated with the new directory
 *
 * Returns the root of the new hierarchy on success, ERR_PTR() value on
 * failure.
 */
struct kernfs_root *kernfs_create_root(struct kernfs_syscall_ops *scops,
                                       unsigned int flags, void *priv)
{
        struct kernfs_root *root;
        struct kernfs_node *kn;

        root = kzalloc(sizeof(*root), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!root)
                return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

        ida_init(&root->ino_ida);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&root->supers);

        kn = __kernfs_new_node(root, "", S_IFDIR | S_IRUGO | S_IXUGO,
                               KERNFS_DIR);
        if (!kn) {
                ida_destroy(&root->ino_ida);
                kfree(root);
                return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
        }

        kn->priv = priv;
        kn->dir.root = root;

        root->syscall_ops = scops;
        root->flags = flags;
        root->kn = kn;
        init_waitqueue_head(&root->deactivate_waitq);

        if (!(root->flags & KERNFS_ROOT_CREATE_DEACTIVATED))
                kernfs_activate(kn);

        return root;
}

/**
 * kernfs_destroy_root - destroy a kernfs hierarchy
 * @root: root of the hierarchy to destroy
 *
 * Destroy the hierarchy anchored at @root by removing all existing
 * directories and destroying @root.
 */
void kernfs_destroy_root(struct kernfs_root *root)
{
        kernfs_remove(root->kn);        /* will also free @root */
}

/**
 * kernfs_create_dir_ns - create a directory
 * @parent: parent in which to create a new directory
 * @name: name of the new directory
 * @mode: mode of the new directory
 * @priv: opaque data associated with the new directory
 * @ns: optional namespace tag of the directory
 *
 * Returns the created node on success, ERR_PTR() value on failure.
 */
struct kernfs_node *kernfs_create_dir_ns(struct kernfs_node *parent,
                                         const char *name, umode_t mode,
                                         void *priv, const void *ns)
{
        struct kernfs_node *kn;
        int rc;

        /* allocate */
        kn = kernfs_new_node(parent, name, mode | S_IFDIR, KERNFS_DIR);
        if (!kn)
                return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

        kn->dir.root = parent->dir.root;
        kn->ns = ns;
        kn->priv = priv;

        /* link in */
        rc = kernfs_add_one(kn);
        if (!rc)
                return kn;

        kernfs_put(kn);
        return ERR_PTR(rc);
}

/**
 * kernfs_create_empty_dir - create an always empty directory
 * @parent: parent in which to create a new directory
 * @name: name of the new directory
 *
 * Returns the created node on success, ERR_PTR() value on failure.
 */
struct kernfs_node *kernfs_create_empty_dir(struct kernfs_node *parent,
                                            const char *name)
{
        struct kernfs_node *kn;
        int rc;

        /* allocate */
        kn = kernfs_new_node(parent, name, S_IRUGO|S_IXUGO|S_IFDIR, KERNFS_DIR);
        if (!kn)
                return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

        kn->flags |= KERNFS_EMPTY_DIR;
        kn->dir.root = parent->dir.root;
        kn->ns = NULL;
        kn->priv = NULL;

        /* link in */
        rc = kernfs_add_one(kn);
        if (!rc)
                return kn;

        kernfs_put(kn);
        return ERR_PTR(rc);
}

static struct dentry *kernfs_iop_lookup(struct inode *dir,
                                        struct dentry *dentry,
                                        unsigned int flags)
{
        struct dentry *ret;
        struct kernfs_node *parent = dentry->d_parent->d_fsdata;
        struct kernfs_node *kn;
        struct inode *inode;
        const void *ns = NULL;

        mutex_lock(&kernfs_mutex);

        if (kernfs_ns_enabled(parent))
                ns = kernfs_info(dir->i_sb)->ns;

        kn = kernfs_find_ns(parent, dentry->d_name.name, ns);

        /* no such entry */
        if (!kn || !kernfs_active(kn)) {
                ret = NULL;
                goto out_unlock;
        }
        kernfs_get(kn);
        dentry->d_fsdata = kn;

        /* attach dentry and inode */
        inode = kernfs_get_inode(dir->i_sb, kn);
        if (!inode) {
                ret = ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
                goto out_unlock;
        }

        /* instantiate and hash dentry */
        ret = d_splice_alias(inode, dentry);
 out_unlock:
        mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);
        return ret;
}

static int kernfs_iop_mkdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry,
                            umode_t mode)
{
        struct kernfs_node *parent = dir->i_private;
        struct kernfs_syscall_ops *scops = kernfs_root(parent)->syscall_ops;
        int ret;

        if (!scops || !scops->mkdir)
                return -EPERM;

        if (!kernfs_get_active(parent))
                return -ENODEV;

        ret = scops->mkdir(parent, dentry->d_name.name, mode);

        kernfs_put_active(parent);
        return ret;
}

static int kernfs_iop_rmdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry)
{
        struct kernfs_node *kn  = dentry->d_fsdata;
        struct kernfs_syscall_ops *scops = kernfs_root(kn)->syscall_ops;
        int ret;

        if (!scops || !scops->rmdir)
                return -EPERM;

        if (!kernfs_get_active(kn))
                return -ENODEV;

        ret = scops->rmdir(kn);

        kernfs_put_active(kn);
        return ret;
}

static int kernfs_iop_rename(struct inode *old_dir, struct dentry *old_dentry,
                             struct inode *new_dir, struct dentry *new_dentry)
{
        struct kernfs_node *kn  = old_dentry->d_fsdata;
        struct kernfs_node *new_parent = new_dir->i_private;
        struct kernfs_syscall_ops *scops = kernfs_root(kn)->syscall_ops;
        int ret;

        if (!scops || !scops->rename)
                return -EPERM;

        if (!kernfs_get_active(kn))
                return -ENODEV;

        if (!kernfs_get_active(new_parent)) {
                kernfs_put_active(kn);
                return -ENODEV;
        }

        ret = scops->rename(kn, new_parent, new_dentry->d_name.name);

        kernfs_put_active(new_parent);
        kernfs_put_active(kn);
        return ret;
}

const struct inode_operations kernfs_dir_iops = {
        .lookup         = kernfs_iop_lookup,
        .permission     = kernfs_iop_permission,
        .setattr        = kernfs_iop_setattr,
        .getattr        = kernfs_iop_getattr,
        .setxattr       = kernfs_iop_setxattr,
        .removexattr    = kernfs_iop_removexattr,
        .getxattr       = kernfs_iop_getxattr,
        .listxattr      = kernfs_iop_listxattr,

        .mkdir          = kernfs_iop_mkdir,
        .rmdir          = kernfs_iop_rmdir,
        .rename         = kernfs_iop_rename,
};

static struct kernfs_node *kernfs_leftmost_descendant(struct kernfs_node *pos)
{
        struct kernfs_node *last;

        while (true) {
                struct rb_node *rbn;

                last = pos;

                if (kernfs_type(pos) != KERNFS_DIR)
                        break;

                rbn = rb_first(&pos->dir.children);
                if (!rbn)
                        break;

                pos = rb_to_kn(rbn);
        }

        return last;
}

/**
 * kernfs_next_descendant_post - find the next descendant for post-order walk
 * @pos: the current position (%NULL to initiate traversal)
 * @root: kernfs_node whose descendants to walk
 *
 * Find the next descendant to visit for post-order traversal of @root's
 * descendants.  @root is included in the iteration and the last node to be
 * visited.
 */
static struct kernfs_node *kernfs_next_descendant_post(struct kernfs_node *pos,
                                                       struct kernfs_node *root)
{
        struct rb_node *rbn;

        lockdep_assert_held(&kernfs_mutex);

        /* if first iteration, visit leftmost descendant which may be root */
        if (!pos)
                return kernfs_leftmost_descendant(root);

        /* if we visited @root, we're done */
        if (pos == root)
                return NULL;

        /* if there's an unvisited sibling, visit its leftmost descendant */
        rbn = rb_next(&pos->rb);
        if (rbn)
                return kernfs_leftmost_descendant(rb_to_kn(rbn));

        /* no sibling left, visit parent */
        return pos->parent;
}

/**
 * kernfs_activate - activate a node which started deactivated
 * @kn: kernfs_node whose subtree is to be activated
 *
 * If the root has KERNFS_ROOT_CREATE_DEACTIVATED set, a newly created node
 * needs to be explicitly activated.  A node which hasn't been activated
 * isn't visible to userland and deactivation is skipped during its
 * removal.  This is useful to construct atomic init sequences where
 * creation of multiple nodes should either succeed or fail atomically.
 *
 * The caller is responsible for ensuring that this function is not called
 * after kernfs_remove*() is invoked on @kn.
 */
void kernfs_activate(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
        struct kernfs_node *pos;

        mutex_lock(&kernfs_mutex);

        pos = NULL;
        while ((pos = kernfs_next_descendant_post(pos, kn))) {
                if (!pos || (pos->flags & KERNFS_ACTIVATED))
                        continue;

                WARN_ON_ONCE(pos->parent && RB_EMPTY_NODE(&pos->rb));
                WARN_ON_ONCE(atomic_read(&pos->active) != KN_DEACTIVATED_BIAS);

                atomic_sub(KN_DEACTIVATED_BIAS, &pos->active);
                pos->flags |= KERNFS_ACTIVATED;
        }

        mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);
}

static void __kernfs_remove(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
        struct kernfs_node *pos;

        lockdep_assert_held(&kernfs_mutex);

        /*
         * Short-circuit if non-root @kn has already finished removal.
         * This is for kernfs_remove_self() which plays with active ref
         * after removal.
         */
        if (!kn || (kn->parent && RB_EMPTY_NODE(&kn->rb)))
                return;

        pr_debug("kernfs %s: removing\n", kn->name);

        /* prevent any new usage under @kn by deactivating all nodes */
        pos = NULL;
        while ((pos = kernfs_next_descendant_post(pos, kn)))
                if (kernfs_active(pos))
                        atomic_add(KN_DEACTIVATED_BIAS, &pos->active);

        /* deactivate and unlink the subtree node-by-node */
        do {
                pos = kernfs_leftmost_descendant(kn);

                /*
                 * kernfs_drain() drops kernfs_mutex temporarily and @pos's
                 * base ref could have been put by someone else by the time
                 * the function returns.  Make sure it doesn't go away
                 * underneath us.
                 */
                kernfs_get(pos);

                /*
                 * Drain iff @kn was activated.  This avoids draining and
                 * its lockdep annotations for nodes which have never been
                 * activated and allows embedding kernfs_remove() in create
                 * error paths without worrying about draining.
                 */
                if (kn->flags & KERNFS_ACTIVATED)
                        kernfs_drain(pos);
                else
                        WARN_ON_ONCE(atomic_read(&kn->active) != KN_DEACTIVATED_BIAS);

                /*
                 * kernfs_unlink_sibling() succeeds once per node.  Use it
                 * to decide who's responsible for cleanups.
                 */
                if (!pos->parent || kernfs_unlink_sibling(pos)) {
                        struct kernfs_iattrs *ps_iattr =
                                pos->parent ? pos->parent->iattr : NULL;

                        /* update timestamps on the parent */
                        if (ps_iattr) {
                                ps_iattr->ia_iattr.ia_ctime = CURRENT_TIME;
                                ps_iattr->ia_iattr.ia_mtime = CURRENT_TIME;
                        }

                        kernfs_put(pos);
                }

                kernfs_put(pos);
        } while (pos != kn);
}

/**
 * kernfs_remove - remove a kernfs_node recursively
 * @kn: the kernfs_node to remove
 *
 * Remove @kn along with all its subdirectories and files.
 */
void kernfs_remove(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
        mutex_lock(&kernfs_mutex);
        __kernfs_remove(kn);
        mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);
}

/**
 * kernfs_break_active_protection - break out of active protection
 * @kn: the self kernfs_node
 *
 * The caller must be running off of a kernfs operation which is invoked
 * with an active reference - e.g. one of kernfs_ops.  Each invocation of
 * this function must also be matched with an invocation of
 * kernfs_unbreak_active_protection().
 *
 * This function releases the active reference of @kn the caller is
 * holding.  Once this function is called, @kn may be removed at any point
 * and the caller is solely responsible for ensuring that the objects it
 * dereferences are accessible.
 */
void kernfs_break_active_protection(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
        /*
         * Take out ourself out of the active ref dependency chain.  If
         * we're called without an active ref, lockdep will complain.
         */
        kernfs_put_active(kn);
}

/**
 * kernfs_unbreak_active_protection - undo kernfs_break_active_protection()
 * @kn: the self kernfs_node
 *
 * If kernfs_break_active_protection() was called, this function must be
 * invoked before finishing the kernfs operation.  Note that while this
 * function restores the active reference, it doesn't and can't actually
 * restore the active protection - @kn may already or be in the process of
 * being removed.  Once kernfs_break_active_protection() is invoked, that
 * protection is irreversibly gone for the kernfs operation instance.
 *
 * While this function may be called at any point after
 * kernfs_break_active_protection() is invoked, its most useful location
 * would be right before the enclosing kernfs operation returns.
 */
void kernfs_unbreak_active_protection(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
        /*
         * @kn->active could be in any state; however, the increment we do
         * here will be undone as soon as the enclosing kernfs operation
         * finishes and this temporary bump can't break anything.  If @kn
         * is alive, nothing changes.  If @kn is being deactivated, the
         * soon-to-follow put will either finish deactivation or restore
         * deactivated state.  If @kn is already removed, the temporary
         * bump is guaranteed to be gone before @kn is released.
         */
        atomic_inc(&kn->active);
        if (kernfs_lockdep(kn))
                rwsem_acquire(&kn->dep_map, 0, 1, _RET_IP_);
}

/**
 * kernfs_remove_self - remove a kernfs_node from its own method
 * @kn: the self kernfs_node to remove
 *
 * The caller must be running off of a kernfs operation which is invoked
 * with an active reference - e.g. one of kernfs_ops.  This can be used to
 * implement a file operation which deletes itself.
 *
 * For example, the "delete" file for a sysfs device directory can be
 * implemented by invoking kernfs_remove_self() on the "delete" file
 * itself.  This function breaks the circular dependency of trying to
 * deactivate self while holding an active ref itself.  It isn't necessary
 * to modify the usual removal path to use kernfs_remove_self().  The
 * "delete" implementation can simply invoke kernfs_remove_self() on self
 * before proceeding with the usual removal path.  kernfs will ignore later
 * kernfs_remove() on self.
 *
 * kernfs_remove_self() can be called multiple times concurrently on the
 * same kernfs_node.  Only the first one actually performs removal and
 * returns %true.  All others will wait until the kernfs operation which
 * won self-removal finishes and return %false.  Note that the losers wait
 * for the completion of not only the winning kernfs_remove_self() but also
 * the whole kernfs_ops which won the arbitration.  This can be used to
 * guarantee, for example, all concurrent writes to a "delete" file to
 * finish only after the whole operation is complete.
 */
bool kernfs_remove_self(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
        bool ret;

        mutex_lock(&kernfs_mutex);
        kernfs_break_active_protection(kn);

        /*
         * SUICIDAL is used to arbitrate among competing invocations.  Only
         * the first one will actually perform removal.  When the removal
         * is complete, SUICIDED is set and the active ref is restored
         * while holding kernfs_mutex.  The ones which lost arbitration
         * waits for SUICDED && drained which can happen only after the
         * enclosing kernfs operation which executed the winning instance
         * of kernfs_remove_self() finished.
         */
        if (!(kn->flags & KERNFS_SUICIDAL)) {
                kn->flags |= KERNFS_SUICIDAL;
                __kernfs_remove(kn);
                kn->flags |= KERNFS_SUICIDED;
                ret = true;
        } else {
                wait_queue_head_t *waitq = &kernfs_root(kn)->deactivate_waitq;
                DEFINE_WAIT(wait);

                while (true) {
                        prepare_to_wait(waitq, &wait, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);

                        if ((kn->flags & KERNFS_SUICIDED) &&
                            atomic_read(&kn->active) == KN_DEACTIVATED_BIAS)
                                break;

                        mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);
                        schedule();
                        mutex_lock(&kernfs_mutex);
                }
                finish_wait(waitq, &wait);
                WARN_ON_ONCE(!RB_EMPTY_NODE(&kn->rb));
                ret = false;
        }

        /*
         * This must be done while holding kernfs_mutex; otherwise, waiting
         * for SUICIDED && deactivated could finish prematurely.
         */
        kernfs_unbreak_active_protection(kn);

        mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);
        return ret;
}

/**
 * kernfs_remove_by_name_ns - find a kernfs_node by name and remove it
 * @parent: parent of the target
 * @name: name of the kernfs_node to remove
 * @ns: namespace tag of the kernfs_node to remove
 *
 * Look for the kernfs_node with @name and @ns under @parent and remove it.
 * Returns 0 on success, -ENOENT if such entry doesn't exist.
 */
int kernfs_remove_by_name_ns(struct kernfs_node *parent, const char *name,
                             const void *ns)
{
        struct kernfs_node *kn;

        if (!parent) {
                WARN(1, KERN_WARNING "kernfs: can not remove '%s', no directory\n",
                        name);
                return -ENOENT;
        }

        mutex_lock(&kernfs_mutex);

        kn = kernfs_find_ns(parent, name, ns);
        if (kn)
                __kernfs_remove(kn);

        mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);

        if (kn)
                return 0;
        else
                return -ENOENT;
}

/**
 * kernfs_rename_ns - move and rename a kernfs_node
 * @kn: target node
 * @new_parent: new parent to put @sd under
 * @new_name: new name
 * @new_ns: new namespace tag
 */
int kernfs_rename_ns(struct kernfs_node *kn, struct kernfs_node *new_parent,
                     const char *new_name, const void *new_ns)
{
        struct kernfs_node *old_parent;
        const char *old_name = NULL;
        int error;

        /* can't move or rename root */
        if (!kn->parent)
                return -EINVAL;

        mutex_lock(&kernfs_mutex);

        error = -ENOENT;
        if (!kernfs_active(kn) || !kernfs_active(new_parent) ||
            (new_parent->flags & KERNFS_EMPTY_DIR))
                goto out;

        error = 0;
        if ((kn->parent == new_parent) && (kn->ns == new_ns) &&
            (strcmp(kn->name, new_name) == 0))
                goto out;       /* nothing to rename */

        error = -EEXIST;
        if (kernfs_find_ns(new_parent, new_name, new_ns))
                goto out;

        /* rename kernfs_node */
        if (strcmp(kn->name, new_name) != 0) {
                error = -ENOMEM;
                new_name = kstrdup_const(new_name, GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!new_name)
                        goto out;
        } else {
                new_name = NULL;
        }

        /*
         * Move to the appropriate place in the appropriate directories rbtree.
         */
        kernfs_unlink_sibling(kn);
        kernfs_get(new_parent);

        /* rename_lock protects ->parent and ->name accessors */
        spin_lock_irq(&kernfs_rename_lock);

        old_parent = kn->parent;
        kn->parent = new_parent;

        kn->ns = new_ns;
        if (new_name) {
                old_name = kn->name;
                kn->name = new_name;
        }

        spin_unlock_irq(&kernfs_rename_lock);

        kn->hash = kernfs_name_hash(kn->name, kn->ns);
        kernfs_link_sibling(kn);

        kernfs_put(old_parent);
        kfree_const(old_name);

        error = 0;
 out:
        mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);
        return error;
}

/* Relationship between s_mode and the DT_xxx types */
static inline unsigned char dt_type(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
        return (kn->mode >> 12) & 15;
}

static int kernfs_dir_fop_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
        kernfs_put(filp->private_data);
        return 0;
}

static struct kernfs_node *kernfs_dir_pos(const void *ns,
        struct kernfs_node *parent, loff_t hash, struct kernfs_node *pos)
{
        if (pos) {
                int valid = kernfs_active(pos) &&
                        pos->parent == parent && hash == pos->hash;
                kernfs_put(pos);
                if (!valid)
                        pos = NULL;
        }
        if (!pos && (hash > 1) && (hash < INT_MAX)) {
                struct rb_node *node = parent->dir.children.rb_node;
                while (node) {
                        pos = rb_to_kn(node);

                        if (hash < pos->hash)
                                node = node->rb_left;
                        else if (hash > pos->hash)
                                node = node->rb_right;
                        else
                                break;
                }
        }
        /* Skip over entries which are dying/dead or in the wrong namespace */
        while (pos && (!kernfs_active(pos) || pos->ns != ns)) {
                struct rb_node *node = rb_next(&pos->rb);
                if (!node)
                        pos = NULL;
                else
                        pos = rb_to_kn(node);
        }
        return pos;
}

static struct kernfs_node *kernfs_dir_next_pos(const void *ns,
        struct kernfs_node *parent, ino_t ino, struct kernfs_node *pos)
{
        pos = kernfs_dir_pos(ns, parent, ino, pos);
        if (pos) {
                do {
                        struct rb_node *node = rb_next(&pos->rb);
                        if (!node)
                                pos = NULL;
                        else
                                pos = rb_to_kn(node);
                } while (pos && (!kernfs_active(pos) || pos->ns != ns));
        }
        return pos;
}

static int kernfs_fop_readdir(struct file *file, struct dir_context *ctx)
{
        struct dentry *dentry = file->f_path.dentry;
        struct kernfs_node *parent = dentry->d_fsdata;
        struct kernfs_node *pos = file->private_data;
        const void *ns = NULL;

        if (!dir_emit_dots(file, ctx))
                return 0;
        mutex_lock(&kernfs_mutex);

        if (kernfs_ns_enabled(parent))
                ns = kernfs_info(dentry->d_sb)->ns;

        for (pos = kernfs_dir_pos(ns, parent, ctx->pos, pos);
             pos;
             pos = kernfs_dir_next_pos(ns, parent, ctx->pos, pos)) {
                const char *name = pos->name;
                unsigned int type = dt_type(pos);
                int len = strlen(name);
                ino_t ino = pos->ino;

                ctx->pos = pos->hash;
                file->private_data = pos;
                kernfs_get(pos);

                mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);
                if (!dir_emit(ctx, name, len, ino, type))
                        return 0;
                mutex_lock(&kernfs_mutex);
        }
        mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);
        file->private_data = NULL;
        ctx->pos = INT_MAX;
        return 0;
}

static loff_t kernfs_dir_fop_llseek(struct file *file, loff_t offset,
                                    int whence)
{
        struct inode *inode = file_inode(file);
        loff_t ret;

        mutex_lock(&inode->i_mutex);
        ret = generic_file_llseek(file, offset, whence);
        mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);

        return ret;
}

const struct file_operations kernfs_dir_fops = {
        .read           = generic_read_dir,
        .iterate        = kernfs_fop_readdir,
        .release        = kernfs_dir_fop_release,
        .llseek         = kernfs_dir_fop_llseek,
};