1 @c Copyright (C) 2009-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
2 @c Contributed by ARM Ltd.
3 @c This is part of the GAS manual.
4 @c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
9 @node AArch64-Dependent
10 @chapter AArch64 Dependent Features
14 @node Machine Dependencies
15 @chapter AArch64 Dependent Features
18 @cindex AArch64 support
20 * AArch64 Options:: Options
21 * AArch64 Extensions:: Extensions
22 * AArch64 Syntax:: Syntax
23 * AArch64 Floating Point:: Floating Point
24 * AArch64 Directives:: AArch64 Machine Directives
25 * AArch64 Opcodes:: Opcodes
26 * AArch64 Mapping Symbols:: Mapping Symbols
31 @cindex AArch64 options (none)
32 @cindex options for AArch64 (none)
37 @cindex @option{-EB} command line option, AArch64
39 This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
40 be marked as being encoded for a big-endian processor.
42 @cindex @option{-EL} command line option, AArch64
44 This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
45 be marked as being encoded for a little-endian processor.
47 @cindex @option{-mabi=} command line option, AArch64
49 Specify which ABI the source code uses. The recognized arguments
50 are: @code{ilp32} and @code{lp64}, which decides the generated object
51 file in ELF32 and ELF64 format respectively. The default is @code{lp64}.
53 @cindex @option{-mcpu=} command line option, AArch64
54 @item -mcpu=@var{processor}[+@var{extension}@dots{}]
55 This option specifies the target processor. The assembler will issue an error
56 message if an attempt is made to assemble an instruction which will not execute
57 on the target processor. The following processor names are recognized:
68 The special name @code{all} may be used to allow the assembler to accept
69 instructions valid for any supported processor, including all optional
72 In addition to the basic instruction set, the assembler can be told to
73 accept, or restrict, various extension mnemonics that extend the
74 processor. @xref{AArch64 Extensions}.
76 If some implementations of a particular processor can have an
77 extension, then then those extensions are automatically enabled.
78 Consequently, you will not normally have to specify any additional
81 @cindex @option{-march=} command line option, AArch64
82 @item -march=@var{architecture}[+@var{extension}@dots{}]
83 This option specifies the target architecture. The assembler will
84 issue an error message if an attempt is made to assemble an
85 instruction which will not execute on the target architecture. The
86 following architecture names are recognized: @code{armv8-a},
87 @code{armv8.1-a} and @code{armv8.2-a}.
89 If both @option{-mcpu} and @option{-march} are specified, the
90 assembler will use the setting for @option{-mcpu}. If neither are
91 specified, the assembler will default to @option{-mcpu=all}.
93 The architecture option can be extended with the same instruction set
94 extension options as the @option{-mcpu} option. Unlike
95 @option{-mcpu}, extensions are not always enabled by default,
96 @xref{AArch64 Extensions}.
98 @cindex @code{-mverbose-error} command line option, AArch64
100 This option enables verbose error messages for AArch64 gas. This option
101 is enabled by default.
103 @cindex @code{-mno-verbose-error} command line option, AArch64
104 @item -mno-verbose-error
105 This option disables verbose error messages in AArch64 gas.
110 @node AArch64 Extensions
111 @section Architecture Extensions
113 The table below lists the permitted architecture extensions that are
114 supported by the assembler and the conditions under which they are
115 automatically enabled.
117 Multiple extensions may be specified, separated by a @code{+}.
118 Extension mnemonics may also be removed from those the assembler
119 accepts. This is done by prepending @code{no} to the option that adds
120 the extension. Extensions that are removed must be listed after all
121 extensions that have been added.
123 Enabling an extension that requires other extensions will
124 automatically cause those extensions to be enabled. Similarly,
125 disabling an extension that is required by other extensions will
126 automatically cause those extensions to be disabled.
128 @multitable @columnfractions .12 .17 .17 .54
129 @headitem Extension @tab Minimum Architecture @tab Enabled by default
131 @item @code{crc} @tab ARMv8-A @tab ARMv8.1-A or later
132 @tab Enable CRC instructions.
133 @item @code{crypto} @tab ARMv8-A @tab No
134 @tab Enable cryptographic extensions. This implies @code{fp} and @code{simd}.
135 @item @code{fp} @tab ARMv8-A @tab ARMv8-A or later
136 @tab Enable floating-point extensions.
137 @item @code{simd} @tab ARMv8-A @tab ARMv8-A or later
138 @tab Enable Advanced SIMD extensions. This implies @code{fp}.
139 @item @code{pan} @tab ARMv8-A @tab ARMv8-A or later
140 @tab Enable Privileged Access Never support.
141 @item @code{lor} @tab ARMv8-A @tab ARMv8-A or later
142 @tab Enable Limited Ordering Regions extensions.
143 @item @code{rdma} @tab ARMv8-A @tab ARMv8-A or later
144 @tab Enable ARMv8.1 Advanced SIMD extensions. This implies @code{simd}.
145 @item @code{fp16} @tab ARMv8.2-A @tab ARMv8.2-A or later
146 @tab Enable ARMv8.2 16-bit floating-point support. This implies
148 @item @code{profile} @tab ARMv8.2-A @tab No
149 @tab Enable statistical profiling extensions.
155 * AArch64-Chars:: Special Characters
156 * AArch64-Regs:: Register Names
157 * AArch64-Relocations:: Relocations
161 @subsection Special Characters
163 @cindex line comment character, AArch64
164 @cindex AArch64 line comment character
165 The presence of a @samp{//} on a line indicates the start of a comment
166 that extends to the end of the current line. If a @samp{#} appears as
167 the first character of a line, the whole line is treated as a comment.
169 @cindex line separator, AArch64
170 @cindex statement separator, AArch64
171 @cindex AArch64 line separator
172 The @samp{;} character can be used instead of a newline to separate
175 @cindex immediate character, AArch64
176 @cindex AArch64 immediate character
177 The @samp{#} can be optionally used to indicate immediate operands.
180 @subsection Register Names
182 @cindex AArch64 register names
183 @cindex register names, AArch64
184 Please refer to the section @samp{4.4 Register Names} of
185 @samp{ARMv8 Instruction Set Overview}, which is available at
186 @uref{http://infocenter.arm.com}.
188 @node AArch64-Relocations
189 @subsection Relocations
191 @cindex relocations, AArch64
192 @cindex AArch64 relocations
193 @cindex MOVN, MOVZ and MOVK group relocations, AArch64
194 Relocations for @samp{MOVZ} and @samp{MOVK} instructions can be generated
195 by prefixing the label with @samp{#:abs_g2:} etc.
196 For example to load the 48-bit absolute address of @var{foo} into x0:
199 movz x0, #:abs_g2:foo // bits 32-47, overflow check
200 movk x0, #:abs_g1_nc:foo // bits 16-31, no overflow check
201 movk x0, #:abs_g0_nc:foo // bits 0-15, no overflow check
204 @cindex ADRP, ADD, LDR/STR group relocations, AArch64
205 Relocations for @samp{ADRP}, and @samp{ADD}, @samp{LDR} or @samp{STR}
206 instructions can be generated by prefixing the label with
207 @samp{:pg_hi21:} and @samp{#:lo12:} respectively.
209 For example to use 33-bit (+/-4GB) pc-relative addressing to
210 load the address of @var{foo} into x0:
213 adrp x0, :pg_hi21:foo
214 add x0, x0, #:lo12:foo
217 Or to load the value of @var{foo} into x0:
220 adrp x0, :pg_hi21:foo
221 ldr x0, [x0, #:lo12:foo]
224 Note that @samp{:pg_hi21:} is optional.
233 adrp x0, :pg_hi21:foo
236 @node AArch64 Floating Point
237 @section Floating Point
239 @cindex floating point, AArch64 (@sc{ieee})
240 @cindex AArch64 floating point (@sc{ieee})
241 The AArch64 architecture uses @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers.
243 @node AArch64 Directives
244 @section AArch64 Machine Directives
246 @cindex machine directives, AArch64
247 @cindex AArch64 machine directives
250 @c AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
252 @cindex @code{.arch} directive, AArch64
253 @item .arch @var{name}
254 Select the target architecture. Valid values for @var{name} are the same as
255 for the @option{-march} commandline option.
257 Specifying @code{.arch} clears any previously selected architecture
260 @cindex @code{.arch_extension} directive, AArch64
261 @item .arch_extension @var{name}
262 Add or remove an architecture extension to the target architecture. Valid
263 values for @var{name} are the same as those accepted as architectural
264 extensions by the @option{-mcpu} commandline option.
266 @code{.arch_extension} may be used multiple times to add or remove extensions
267 incrementally to the architecture being compiled for.
269 @c BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
271 @cindex @code{.bss} directive, AArch64
273 This directive switches to the @code{.bss} section.
275 @c CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
277 @cindex @code{.cpu} directive, AArch64
278 @item .cpu @var{name}
279 Set the target processor. Valid values for @var{name} are the same as
280 those accepted by the @option{-mcpu=} command line option.
282 @c DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
284 @cindex @code{.dword} directive, AArch64
285 @item .dword @var{expressions}
286 The @code{.dword} directive produces 64 bit values.
288 @c EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
290 @cindex @code{.even} directive, AArch64
292 The @code{.even} directive aligns the output on the next even byte
295 @c FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
296 @c GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
297 @c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
298 @c IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
300 @cindex @code{.inst} directive, AArch64
301 @item .inst @var{expressions}
302 Inserts the expressions into the output as if they were instructions,
305 @c JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
306 @c KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
307 @c LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
309 @cindex @code{.ltorg} directive, AArch64
311 This directive causes the current contents of the literal pool to be
312 dumped into the current section (which is assumed to be the .text
313 section) at the current location (aligned to a word boundary).
314 GAS maintains a separate literal pool for each section and each
315 sub-section. The @code{.ltorg} directive will only affect the literal
316 pool of the current section and sub-section. At the end of assembly
317 all remaining, un-empty literal pools will automatically be dumped.
319 Note - older versions of GAS would dump the current literal
320 pool any time a section change occurred. This is no longer done, since
321 it prevents accurate control of the placement of literal pools.
323 @c MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
325 @c NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
326 @c OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
328 @c PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
330 @cindex @code{.pool} directive, AArch64
332 This is a synonym for .ltorg.
334 @c QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
335 @c RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
337 @cindex @code{.req} directive, AArch64
338 @item @var{name} .req @var{register name}
339 This creates an alias for @var{register name} called @var{name}. For
346 @c SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
348 @c TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
350 @cindex @code{.tlsdescadd} directive, AArch64
351 @item @code{.tlsdescadd}
352 Emits a TLSDESC_ADD reloc on the next instruction.
354 @cindex @code{.tlsdesccall} directive, AArch64
355 @item @code{.tlsdesccall}
356 Emits a TLSDESC_CALL reloc on the next instruction.
358 @cindex @code{.tlsdescldr} directive, AArch64
359 @item @code{.tlsdescldr}
360 Emits a TLSDESC_LDR reloc on the next instruction.
362 @c UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
364 @cindex @code{.unreq} directive, AArch64
365 @item .unreq @var{alias-name}
366 This undefines a register alias which was previously defined using the
367 @code{req} directive. For example:
374 An error occurs if the name is undefined. Note - this pseudo op can
375 be used to delete builtin in register name aliases (eg 'w0'). This
376 should only be done if it is really necessary.
378 @c VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
380 @c WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
381 @c XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
383 @cindex @code{.xword} directive, AArch64
384 @item .xword @var{expressions}
385 The @code{.xword} directive produces 64 bit values. This is the same
386 as the @code{.dword} directive.
388 @c YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
389 @c ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
393 @node AArch64 Opcodes
396 @cindex AArch64 opcodes
397 @cindex opcodes for AArch64
398 GAS implements all the standard AArch64 opcodes. It also
399 implements several pseudo opcodes, including several synthetic load
404 @cindex @code{LDR reg,=<expr>} pseudo op, AArch64
407 ldr <register> , =<expression>
410 The constant expression will be placed into the nearest literal pool (if it not
411 already there) and a PC-relative LDR instruction will be generated.
415 For more information on the AArch64 instruction set and assembly language
416 notation, see @samp{ARMv8 Instruction Set Overview} available at
417 @uref{http://infocenter.arm.com}.
420 @node AArch64 Mapping Symbols
421 @section Mapping Symbols
423 The AArch64 ELF specification requires that special symbols be inserted
424 into object files to mark certain features:
430 At the start of a region of code containing AArch64 instructions.
434 At the start of a region of data.