init/main.c

   1 /*
   2  *  linux/init/main.c
   3  *
   4  *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992  Linus Torvalds
   5  *
   6  *  GK 2/5/95  -  Changed to support mounting root fs via NFS
   7  *  Added initrd & change_root: Werner Almesberger & Hans Lermen, Feb '96
   8  *  Moan early if gcc is old, avoiding bogus kernels - Paul Gortmaker, May '96
   9  *  Simplified starting of init:  Michael A. Griffith <grif@acm.org>
  10  */
  11
  12 #define DEBUG           /* Enable initcall_debug */
  13
  14 #include <linux/types.h>
  15 #include <linux/module.h>
  16 #include <linux/proc_fs.h>
  17 #include <linux/kernel.h>
  18 #include <linux/syscalls.h>
  19 #include <linux/stackprotector.h>
  20 #include <linux/string.h>
  21 #include <linux/ctype.h>
  22 #include <linux/delay.h>
  23 #include <linux/ioport.h>
  24 #include <linux/init.h>
  25 #include <linux/initrd.h>
  26 #include <linux/bootmem.h>
  27 #include <linux/acpi.h>
  28 #include <linux/tty.h>
  29 #include <linux/percpu.h>
  30 #include <linux/kmod.h>
  31 #include <linux/vmalloc.h>
  32 #include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
  33 #include <linux/start_kernel.h>
  34 #include <linux/security.h>
  35 #include <linux/smp.h>
  36 #include <linux/profile.h>
  37 #include <linux/rcupdate.h>
  38 #include <linux/moduleparam.h>
  39 #include <linux/kallsyms.h>
  40 #include <linux/writeback.h>
  41 #include <linux/cpu.h>
  42 #include <linux/cpuset.h>
  43 #include <linux/cgroup.h>
  44 #include <linux/efi.h>
  45 #include <linux/tick.h>
  46 #include <linux/interrupt.h>
  47 #include <linux/taskstats_kern.h>
  48 #include <linux/delayacct.h>
  49 #include <linux/unistd.h>
  50 #include <linux/rmap.h>
  51 #include <linux/mempolicy.h>
  52 #include <linux/key.h>
  53 #include <linux/buffer_head.h>
  54 #include <linux/page_cgroup.h>
  55 #include <linux/debug_locks.h>
  56 #include <linux/debugobjects.h>
  57 #include <linux/lockdep.h>
  58 #include <linux/kmemleak.h>
  59 #include <linux/pid_namespace.h>
  60 #include <linux/device.h>
  61 #include <linux/kthread.h>
  62 #include <linux/sched.h>
  63 #include <linux/signal.h>
  64 #include <linux/idr.h>
  65 #include <linux/kgdb.h>
  66 #include <linux/ftrace.h>
  67 #include <linux/async.h>
  68 #include <linux/kmemcheck.h>
  69 #include <linux/sfi.h>
  70 #include <linux/shmem_fs.h>
  71 #include <linux/slab.h>
  72 #include <linux/perf_event.h>
  73 #include <linux/file.h>
  74 #include <linux/ptrace.h>
  75 #include <linux/blkdev.h>
  76 #include <linux/elevator.h>
  77 #include <linux/sched_clock.h>
  78 #include <linux/context_tracking.h>
  79 #include <linux/random.h>
  80
  81 #include <asm/io.h>
  82 #include <asm/bugs.h>
  83 #include <asm/setup.h>
  84 #include <asm/sections.h>
  85 #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
  86
  87 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
  88 #include <asm/smp.h>
  89 #endif
  90
  91 static int kernel_init(void *);
  92
  93 extern void init_IRQ(void);
  94 extern void fork_init(unsigned long);
  95 extern void radix_tree_init(void);
  96 #ifndef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA
  97 static inline void mark_rodata_ro(void) { }
  98 #endif
  99
 100 /*
 101  * Debug helper: via this flag we know that we are in 'early bootup code'
 102  * where only the boot processor is running with IRQ disabled.  This means
 103  * two things - IRQ must not be enabled before the flag is cleared and some
 104  * operations which are not allowed with IRQ disabled are allowed while the
 105  * flag is set.
 106  */
 107 bool early_boot_irqs_disabled __read_mostly;
 108
 109 enum system_states system_state __read_mostly;
 110 EXPORT_SYMBOL(system_state);
 111
 112 /*
 113  * Boot command-line arguments
 114  */
 115 #define MAX_INIT_ARGS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
 116 #define MAX_INIT_ENVS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
 117
 118 extern void time_init(void);
 119 /* Default late time init is NULL. archs can override this later. */
 120 void (*__initdata late_time_init)(void);
 121
 122 /* Untouched command line saved by arch-specific code. */
 123 char __initdata boot_command_line[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
 124 /* Untouched saved command line (eg. for /proc) */
 125 char *saved_command_line;
 126 /* Command line for parameter parsing */
 127 static char *static_command_line;
 128 /* Command line for per-initcall parameter parsing */
 129 static char *initcall_command_line;
 130
 131 static char *execute_command;
 132 static char *ramdisk_execute_command;
 133
 134 /*
 135  * Used to generate warnings if static_key manipulation functions are used
 136  * before jump_label_init is called.
 137  */
 138 bool static_key_initialized __read_mostly = false;
 139 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(static_key_initialized);
 140
 141 /*
 142  * If set, this is an indication to the drivers that reset the underlying
 143  * device before going ahead with the initialization otherwise driver might
 144  * rely on the BIOS and skip the reset operation.
 145  *
 146  * This is useful if kernel is booting in an unreliable environment.
 147  * For ex. kdump situaiton where previous kernel has crashed, BIOS has been
 148  * skipped and devices will be in unknown state.
 149  */
 150 unsigned int reset_devices;
 151 EXPORT_SYMBOL(reset_devices);
 152
 153 static int __init set_reset_devices(char *str)
 154 {
 155         reset_devices = 1;
 156         return 1;
 157 }
 158
 159 __setup("reset_devices", set_reset_devices);
 160
 161 static const char * argv_init[MAX_INIT_ARGS+2] = { "init", NULL, };
 162 const char * envp_init[MAX_INIT_ENVS+2] = { "HOME=/", "TERM=linux", NULL, };
 163 static const char *panic_later, *panic_param;
 164
 165 extern const struct obs_kernel_param __setup_start[], __setup_end[];
 166
 167 static int __init obsolete_checksetup(char *line)
 168 {
 169         const struct obs_kernel_param *p;
 170         int had_early_param = 0;
 171
 172         p = __setup_start;
 173         do {
 174                 int n = strlen(p->str);
 175                 if (parameqn(line, p->str, n)) {
 176                         if (p->early) {
 177                                 /* Already done in parse_early_param?
 178                                  * (Needs exact match on param part).
 179                                  * Keep iterating, as we can have early
 180                                  * params and __setups of same names 8( */
 181                                 if (line[n] == '\0' || line[n] == '=')
 182                                         had_early_param = 1;
 183                         } else if (!p->setup_func) {
 184                                 pr_warn("Parameter %s is obsolete, ignored\n",
 185                                         p->str);
 186                                 return 1;
 187                         } else if (p->setup_func(line + n))
 188                                 return 1;
 189                 }
 190                 p++;
 191         } while (p < __setup_end);
 192
 193         return had_early_param;
 194 }
 195
 196 /*
 197  * This should be approx 2 Bo*oMips to start (note initial shift), and will
 198  * still work even if initially too large, it will just take slightly longer
 199  */
 200 unsigned long loops_per_jiffy = (1<<12);
 201
 202 EXPORT_SYMBOL(loops_per_jiffy);
 203
 204 static int __init debug_kernel(char *str)
 205 {
 206         console_loglevel = 10;
 207         return 0;
 208 }
 209
 210 static int __init quiet_kernel(char *str)
 211 {
 212         console_loglevel = 4;
 213         return 0;
 214 }
 215
 216 early_param("debug", debug_kernel);
 217 early_param("quiet", quiet_kernel);
 218
 219 static int __init loglevel(char *str)
 220 {
 221         int newlevel;
 222
 223         /*
 224          * Only update loglevel value when a correct setting was passed,
 225          * to prevent blind crashes (when loglevel being set to 0) that
 226          * are quite hard to debug
 227          */
 228         if (get_option(&str, &newlevel)) {
 229                 console_loglevel = newlevel;
 230                 return 0;
 231         }
 232
 233         return -EINVAL;
 234 }
 235
 236 early_param("loglevel", loglevel);
 237
 238 /* Change NUL term back to "=", to make "param" the whole string. */
 239 static int __init repair_env_string(char *param, char *val, const char *unused)
 240 {
 241         if (val) {
 242                 /* param=val or param="val"? */
 243                 if (val == param+strlen(param)+1)
 244                         val[-1] = '=';
 245                 else if (val == param+strlen(param)+2) {
 246                         val[-2] = '=';
 247                         memmove(val-1, val, strlen(val)+1);
 248                         val--;
 249                 } else
 250                         BUG();
 251         }
 252         return 0;
 253 }
 254
 255 /*
 256  * Unknown boot options get handed to init, unless they look like
 257  * unused parameters (modprobe will find them in /proc/cmdline).
 258  */
 259 static int __init unknown_bootoption(char *param, char *val, const char *unused)
 260 {
 261         repair_env_string(param, val, unused);
 262
 263         /* Handle obsolete-style parameters */
 264         if (obsolete_checksetup(param))
 265                 return 0;
 266
 267         /* Unused module parameter. */
 268         if (strchr(param, '.') && (!val || strchr(param, '.') < val))
 269                 return 0;
 270
 271         if (panic_later)
 272                 return 0;
 273
 274         if (val) {
 275                 /* Environment option */
 276                 unsigned int i;
 277                 for (i = 0; envp_init[i]; i++) {
 278                         if (i == MAX_INIT_ENVS) {
 279                                 panic_later = "env";
 280                                 panic_param = param;
 281                         }
 282                         if (!strncmp(param, envp_init[i], val - param))
 283                                 break;
 284                 }
 285                 envp_init[i] = param;
 286         } else {
 287                 /* Command line option */
 288                 unsigned int i;
 289                 for (i = 0; argv_init[i]; i++) {
 290                         if (i == MAX_INIT_ARGS) {
 291                                 panic_later = "init";
 292                                 panic_param = param;
 293                         }
 294                 }
 295                 argv_init[i] = param;
 296         }
 297         return 0;
 298 }
 299
 300 static int __init init_setup(char *str)
 301 {
 302         unsigned int i;
 303
 304         execute_command = str;
 305         /*
 306          * In case LILO is going to boot us with default command line,
 307          * it prepends "auto" before the whole cmdline which makes
 308          * the shell think it should execute a script with such name.
 309          * So we ignore all arguments entered _before_ init=... [MJ]
 310          */
 311         for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
 312                 argv_init[i] = NULL;
 313         return 1;
 314 }
 315 __setup("init=", init_setup);
 316
 317 static int __init rdinit_setup(char *str)
 318 {
 319         unsigned int i;
 320
 321         ramdisk_execute_command = str;
 322         /* See "auto" comment in init_setup */
 323         for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
 324                 argv_init[i] = NULL;
 325         return 1;
 326 }
 327 __setup("rdinit=", rdinit_setup);
 328
 329 #ifndef CONFIG_SMP
 330 static const unsigned int setup_max_cpus = NR_CPUS;
 331 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
 332 static void __init smp_init(void)
 333 {
 334         APIC_init_uniprocessor();
 335 }
 336 #else
 337 #define smp_init()      do { } while (0)
 338 #endif
 339
 340 static inline void setup_nr_cpu_ids(void) { }
 341 static inline void smp_prepare_cpus(unsigned int maxcpus) { }
 342 #endif
 343
 344 /*
 345  * We need to store the untouched command line for future reference.
 346  * We also need to store the touched command line since the parameter
 347  * parsing is performed in place, and we should allow a component to
 348  * store reference of name/value for future reference.
 349  */
 350 static void __init setup_command_line(char *command_line)
 351 {
 352         saved_command_line =
 353                 memblock_virt_alloc(strlen(boot_command_line) + 1, 0);
 354         initcall_command_line =
 355                 memblock_virt_alloc(strlen(boot_command_line) + 1, 0);
 356         static_command_line = memblock_virt_alloc(strlen(command_line) + 1, 0);
 357         strcpy (saved_command_line, boot_command_line);
 358         strcpy (static_command_line, command_line);
 359 }
 360
 361 /*
 362  * We need to finalize in a non-__init function or else race conditions
 363  * between the root thread and the init thread may cause start_kernel to
 364  * be reaped by free_initmem before the root thread has proceeded to
 365  * cpu_idle.
 366  *
 367  * gcc-3.4 accidentally inlines this function, so use noinline.
 368  */
 369
 370 static __initdata DECLARE_COMPLETION(kthreadd_done);
 371
 372 static noinline void __init_refok rest_init(void)
 373 {
 374         int pid;
 375
 376         rcu_scheduler_starting();
 377         /*
 378          * We need to spawn init first so that it obtains pid 1, however
 379          * the init task will end up wanting to create kthreads, which, if
 380          * we schedule it before we create kthreadd, will OOPS.
 381          */
 382         kernel_thread(kernel_init, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_SIGHAND);
 383         numa_default_policy();
 384         pid = kernel_thread(kthreadd, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES);
 385         rcu_read_lock();
 386         kthreadd_task = find_task_by_pid_ns(pid, &init_pid_ns);
 387         rcu_read_unlock();
 388         complete(&kthreadd_done);
 389
 390         /*
 391          * The boot idle thread must execute schedule()
 392          * at least once to get things moving:
 393          */
 394         init_idle_bootup_task(current);
 395         schedule_preempt_disabled();
 396         /* Call into cpu_idle with preempt disabled */
 397         cpu_startup_entry(CPUHP_ONLINE);
 398 }
 399
 400 /* Check for early params. */
 401 static int __init do_early_param(char *param, char *val, const char *unused)
 402 {
 403         const struct obs_kernel_param *p;
 404
 405         for (p = __setup_start; p < __setup_end; p++) {
 406                 if ((p->early && parameq(param, p->str)) ||
 407                     (strcmp(param, "console") == 0 &&
 408                      strcmp(p->str, "earlycon") == 0)
 409                 ) {
 410                         if (p->setup_func(val) != 0)
 411                                 pr_warn("Malformed early option '%s'\n", param);
 412                 }
 413         }
 414         /* We accept everything at this stage. */
 415         return 0;
 416 }
 417
 418 void __init parse_early_options(char *cmdline)
 419 {
 420         parse_args("early options", cmdline, NULL, 0, 0, 0, do_early_param);
 421 }
 422
 423 /* Arch code calls this early on, or if not, just before other parsing. */
 424 void __init parse_early_param(void)
 425 {
 426         static __initdata int done = 0;
 427         static __initdata char tmp_cmdline[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
 428
 429         if (done)
 430                 return;
 431
 432         /* All fall through to do_early_param. */
 433         strlcpy(tmp_cmdline, boot_command_line, COMMAND_LINE_SIZE);
 434         parse_early_options(tmp_cmdline);
 435         done = 1;
 436 }
 437
 438 /*
 439  *      Activate the first processor.
 440  */
 441
 442 static void __init boot_cpu_init(void)
 443 {
 444         int cpu = smp_processor_id();
 445         /* Mark the boot cpu "present", "online" etc for SMP and UP case */
 446         set_cpu_online(cpu, true);
 447         set_cpu_active(cpu, true);
 448         set_cpu_present(cpu, true);
 449         set_cpu_possible(cpu, true);
 450 }
 451
 452 void __init __weak smp_setup_processor_id(void)
 453 {
 454 }
 455
 456 # if THREAD_SIZE >= PAGE_SIZE
 457 void __init __weak thread_info_cache_init(void)
 458 {
 459 }
 460 #endif
 461
 462 /*
 463  * Set up kernel memory allocators
 464  */
 465 static void __init mm_init(void)
 466 {
 467         /*
 468          * page_cgroup requires contiguous pages,
 469          * bigger than MAX_ORDER unless SPARSEMEM.
 470          */
 471         page_cgroup_init_flatmem();
 472         mem_init();
 473         kmem_cache_init();
 474         percpu_init_late();
 475         pgtable_init();
 476         vmalloc_init();
 477 }
 478
 479 asmlinkage __visible void __init start_kernel(void)
 480 {
 481         char * command_line;
 482         extern const struct kernel_param __start___param[], __stop___param[];
 483
 484         /*
 485          * Need to run as early as possible, to initialize the
 486          * lockdep hash:
 487          */
 488         lockdep_init();
 489         smp_setup_processor_id();
 490         debug_objects_early_init();
 491
 492         /*
 493          * Set up the the initial canary ASAP:
 494          */
 495         boot_init_stack_canary();
 496
 497         cgroup_init_early();
 498
 499         local_irq_disable();
 500         early_boot_irqs_disabled = true;
 501
 502 /*
 503  * Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then
 504  * enable them
 505  */
 506         boot_cpu_init();
 507         page_address_init();
 508         pr_notice("%s", linux_banner);
 509         setup_arch(&command_line);
 510         mm_init_cpumask(&init_mm);
 511         setup_command_line(command_line);
 512         setup_nr_cpu_ids();
 513         setup_per_cpu_areas();
 514         smp_prepare_boot_cpu(); /* arch-specific boot-cpu hooks */
 515
 516         build_all_zonelists(NULL, NULL);
 517         page_alloc_init();
 518
 519         pr_notice("Kernel command line: %s\n", boot_command_line);
 520         parse_early_param();
 521         parse_args("Booting kernel", static_command_line, __start___param,
 522                    __stop___param - __start___param,
 523                    -1, -1, &unknown_bootoption);
 524
 525         jump_label_init();
 526
 527         /*
 528          * These use large bootmem allocations and must precede
 529          * kmem_cache_init()
 530          */
 531         setup_log_buf(0);
 532         pidhash_init();
 533         vfs_caches_init_early();
 534         sort_main_extable();
 535         trap_init();
 536         mm_init();
 537
 538         /*
 539          * Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the
 540          * timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init()
 541          * time - but meanwhile we still have a functioning scheduler.
 542          */
 543         sched_init();
 544         /*
 545          * Disable preemption - early bootup scheduling is extremely
 546          * fragile until we cpu_idle() for the first time.
 547          */
 548         preempt_disable();
 549         if (WARN(!irqs_disabled(), "Interrupts were enabled *very* early, fixing it\n"))
 550                 local_irq_disable();
 551         idr_init_cache();
 552         rcu_init();
 553         tick_nohz_init();
 554         context_tracking_init();
 555         radix_tree_init();
 556         /* init some links before init_ISA_irqs() */
 557         early_irq_init();
 558         init_IRQ();
 559         tick_init();
 560         init_timers();
 561         hrtimers_init();
 562         softirq_init();
 563         timekeeping_init();
 564         time_init();
 565         sched_clock_postinit();
 566         perf_event_init();
 567         profile_init();
 568         call_function_init();
 569         WARN(!irqs_disabled(), "Interrupts were enabled early\n");
 570         early_boot_irqs_disabled = false;
 571         local_irq_enable();
 572
 573         kmem_cache_init_late();
 574
 575         /*
 576          * HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before
 577          * we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of
 578          * this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong.
 579          */
 580         console_init();
 581         if (panic_later)
 582                 panic("Too many boot %s vars at `%s'", panic_later,
 583                       panic_param);
 584
 585         lockdep_info();
 586
 587         /*
 588          * Need to run this when irqs are enabled, because it wants
 589          * to self-test [hard/soft]-irqs on/off lock inversion bugs
 590          * too:
 591          */
 592         locking_selftest();
 593
 594 #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
 595         if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&
 596             page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)) < min_low_pfn) {
 597                 pr_crit("initrd overwritten (0x%08lx < 0x%08lx) - disabling it.\n",
 598                     page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)),
 599                     min_low_pfn);
 600                 initrd_start = 0;
 601         }
 602 #endif
 603         page_cgroup_init();
 604         debug_objects_mem_init();
 605         kmemleak_init();
 606         setup_per_cpu_pageset();
 607         numa_policy_init();
 608         if (late_time_init)
 609                 late_time_init();
 610         sched_clock_init();
 611         calibrate_delay();
 612         pidmap_init();
 613         anon_vma_init();
 614         acpi_early_init();
 615 #ifdef CONFIG_X86
 616         if (efi_enabled(EFI_RUNTIME_SERVICES))
 617                 efi_enter_virtual_mode();
 618 #endif
 619         thread_info_cache_init();
 620         cred_init();
 621         fork_init(totalram_pages);
 622         proc_caches_init();
 623         buffer_init();
 624         key_init();
 625         security_init();
 626         dbg_late_init();
 627         vfs_caches_init(totalram_pages);
 628         signals_init();
 629         /* rootfs populating might need page-writeback */
 630         page_writeback_init();
 631 #ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
 632         proc_root_init();
 633 #endif
 634         cgroup_init();
 635         cpuset_init();
 636         taskstats_init_early();
 637         delayacct_init();
 638
 639         check_bugs();
 640
 641         sfi_init_late();
 642
 643         if (efi_enabled(EFI_RUNTIME_SERVICES)) {
 644                 efi_late_init();
 645                 efi_free_boot_services();
 646         }
 647
 648         ftrace_init();
 649
 650         /* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
 651         rest_init();
 652 }
 653
 654 /* Call all constructor functions linked into the kernel. */
 655 static void __init do_ctors(void)
 656 {
 657 #ifdef CONFIG_CONSTRUCTORS
 658         ctor_fn_t *fn = (ctor_fn_t *) __ctors_start;
 659
 660         for (; fn < (ctor_fn_t *) __ctors_end; fn++)
 661                 (*fn)();
 662 #endif
 663 }
 664
 665 bool initcall_debug;
 666 core_param(initcall_debug, initcall_debug, bool, 0644);
 667
 668 static int __init_or_module do_one_initcall_debug(initcall_t fn)
 669 {
 670         ktime_t calltime, delta, rettime;
 671         unsigned long long duration;
 672         int ret;
 673
 674         pr_debug("calling  %pF @ %i\n", fn, task_pid_nr(current));
 675         calltime = ktime_get();
 676         ret = fn();
 677         rettime = ktime_get();
 678         delta = ktime_sub(rettime, calltime);
 679         duration = (unsigned long long) ktime_to_ns(delta) >> 10;
 680         pr_debug("initcall %pF returned %d after %lld usecs\n",
 681                  fn, ret, duration);
 682
 683         return ret;
 684 }
 685
 686 int __init_or_module do_one_initcall(initcall_t fn)
 687 {
 688         int count = preempt_count();
 689         int ret;
 690         char msgbuf[64];
 691
 692         if (initcall_debug)
 693                 ret = do_one_initcall_debug(fn);
 694         else
 695                 ret = fn();
 696
 697         msgbuf[0] = 0;
 698
 699         if (preempt_count() != count) {
 700                 sprintf(msgbuf, "preemption imbalance ");
 701                 preempt_count_set(count);
 702         }
 703         if (irqs_disabled()) {
 704                 strlcat(msgbuf, "disabled interrupts ", sizeof(msgbuf));
 705                 local_irq_enable();
 706         }
 707         WARN(msgbuf[0], "initcall %pF returned with %s\n", fn, msgbuf);
 708
 709         return ret;
 710 }
 711
 712
 713 extern initcall_t __initcall_start[];
 714 extern initcall_t __initcall0_start[];
 715 extern initcall_t __initcall1_start[];
 716 extern initcall_t __initcall2_start[];
 717 extern initcall_t __initcall3_start[];
 718 extern initcall_t __initcall4_start[];
 719 extern initcall_t __initcall5_start[];
 720 extern initcall_t __initcall6_start[];
 721 extern initcall_t __initcall7_start[];
 722 extern initcall_t __initcall_end[];
 723
 724 static initcall_t *initcall_levels[] __initdata = {
 725         __initcall0_start,
 726         __initcall1_start,
 727         __initcall2_start,
 728         __initcall3_start,
 729         __initcall4_start,
 730         __initcall5_start,
 731         __initcall6_start,
 732         __initcall7_start,
 733         __initcall_end,
 734 };
 735
 736 /* Keep these in sync with initcalls in include/linux/init.h */
 737 static char *initcall_level_names[] __initdata = {
 738         "early",
 739         "core",
 740         "postcore",
 741         "arch",
 742         "subsys",
 743         "fs",
 744         "device",
 745         "late",
 746 };
 747
 748 static void __init do_initcall_level(int level)
 749 {
 750         extern const struct kernel_param __start___param[], __stop___param[];
 751         initcall_t *fn;
 752
 753         strcpy(initcall_command_line, saved_command_line);
 754         parse_args(initcall_level_names[level],
 755                    initcall_command_line, __start___param,
 756                    __stop___param - __start___param,
 757                    level, level,
 758                    &repair_env_string);
 759
 760         for (fn = initcall_levels[level]; fn < initcall_levels[level+1]; fn++)
 761                 do_one_initcall(*fn);
 762 }
 763
 764 static void __init do_initcalls(void)
 765 {
 766         int level;
 767
 768         for (level = 0; level < ARRAY_SIZE(initcall_levels) - 1; level++)
 769                 do_initcall_level(level);
 770 }
 771
 772 /*
 773  * Ok, the machine is now initialized. None of the devices
 774  * have been touched yet, but the CPU subsystem is up and
 775  * running, and memory and process management works.
 776  *
 777  * Now we can finally start doing some real work..
 778  */
 779 static void __init do_basic_setup(void)
 780 {
 781         cpuset_init_smp();
 782         usermodehelper_init();
 783         shmem_init();
 784         driver_init();
 785         init_irq_proc();
 786         do_ctors();
 787         usermodehelper_enable();
 788         do_initcalls();
 789         random_int_secret_init();
 790 }
 791
 792 static void __init do_pre_smp_initcalls(void)
 793 {
 794         initcall_t *fn;
 795
 796         for (fn = __initcall_start; fn < __initcall0_start; fn++)
 797                 do_one_initcall(*fn);
 798 }
 799
 800 /*
 801  * This function requests modules which should be loaded by default and is
 802  * called twice right after initrd is mounted and right before init is
 803  * exec'd.  If such modules are on either initrd or rootfs, they will be
 804  * loaded before control is passed to userland.
 805  */
 806 void __init load_default_modules(void)
 807 {
 808         load_default_elevator_module();
 809 }
 810
 811 static int run_init_process(const char *init_filename)
 812 {
 813         argv_init[0] = init_filename;
 814         return do_execve(getname_kernel(init_filename),
 815                 (const char __user *const __user *)argv_init,
 816                 (const char __user *const __user *)envp_init);
 817 }
 818
 819 static int try_to_run_init_process(const char *init_filename)
 820 {
 821         int ret;
 822
 823         ret = run_init_process(init_filename);
 824
 825         if (ret && ret != -ENOENT) {
 826                 pr_err("Starting init: %s exists but couldn't execute it (error %d)\n",
 827                        init_filename, ret);
 828         }
 829
 830         return ret;
 831 }
 832
 833 static noinline void __init kernel_init_freeable(void);
 834
 835 static int __ref kernel_init(void *unused)
 836 {
 837         int ret;
 838
 839         kernel_init_freeable();
 840         /* need to finish all async __init code before freeing the memory */
 841         async_synchronize_full();
 842         free_initmem();
 843         mark_rodata_ro();
 844         system_state = SYSTEM_RUNNING;
 845         numa_default_policy();
 846
 847         flush_delayed_fput();
 848
 849         if (ramdisk_execute_command) {
 850                 ret = run_init_process(ramdisk_execute_command);
 851                 if (!ret)
 852                         return 0;
 853                 pr_err("Failed to execute %s (error %d)\n",
 854                        ramdisk_execute_command, ret);
 855         }
 856
 857         /*
 858          * We try each of these until one succeeds.
 859          *
 860          * The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are
 861          * trying to recover a really broken machine.
 862          */
 863         if (execute_command) {
 864                 ret = run_init_process(execute_command);
 865                 if (!ret)
 866                         return 0;
 867                 pr_err("Failed to execute %s (error %d).  Attempting defaults...\n",
 868                         execute_command, ret);
 869         }
 870         if (!try_to_run_init_process("/sbin/init") ||
 871             !try_to_run_init_process("/etc/init") ||
 872             !try_to_run_init_process("/bin/init") ||
 873             !try_to_run_init_process("/bin/sh"))
 874                 return 0;
 875
 876         panic("No working init found.  Try passing init= option to kernel. "
 877               "See Linux Documentation/init.txt for guidance.");
 878 }
 879
 880 static noinline void __init kernel_init_freeable(void)
 881 {
 882         /*
 883          * Wait until kthreadd is all set-up.
 884          */
 885         wait_for_completion(&kthreadd_done);
 886
 887         /* Now the scheduler is fully set up and can do blocking allocations */
 888         gfp_allowed_mask = __GFP_BITS_MASK;
 889
 890         /*
 891          * init can allocate pages on any node
 892          */
 893         set_mems_allowed(node_states[N_MEMORY]);
 894         /*
 895          * init can run on any cpu.
 896          */
 897         set_cpus_allowed_ptr(current, cpu_all_mask);
 898
 899         cad_pid = task_pid(current);
 900
 901         smp_prepare_cpus(setup_max_cpus);
 902
 903         do_pre_smp_initcalls();
 904         lockup_detector_init();
 905
 906         smp_init();
 907         sched_init_smp();
 908
 909         do_basic_setup();
 910
 911         /* Open the /dev/console on the rootfs, this should never fail */
 912         if (sys_open((const char __user *) "/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0) < 0)
 913                 pr_err("Warning: unable to open an initial console.\n");
 914
 915         (void) sys_dup(0);
 916         (void) sys_dup(0);
 917         /*
 918          * check if there is an early userspace init.  If yes, let it do all
 919          * the work
 920          */
 921
 922         if (!ramdisk_execute_command)
 923                 ramdisk_execute_command = "/init";
 924
 925         if (sys_access((const char __user *) ramdisk_execute_command, 0) != 0) {
 926                 ramdisk_execute_command = NULL;
 927                 prepare_namespace();
 928         }
 929
 930         /*
 931          * Ok, we have completed the initial bootup, and
 932          * we're essentially up and running. Get rid of the
 933          * initmem segments and start the user-mode stuff..
 934          */
 935
 936         /* rootfs is available now, try loading default modules */
 937         load_default_modules();
 938 }