Merge tag 'modules-next-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git...

[deliverable/linux.git] / mm / compaction.c

/*
 * linux/mm/compaction.c
 *
 * Memory compaction for the reduction of external fragmentation. Note that
 * this heavily depends upon page migration to do all the real heavy
 * lifting
 *
 * Copyright IBM Corp. 2007-2010 Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
 */
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/migrate.h>
#include <linux/compaction.h>
#include <linux/mm_inline.h>
#include <linux/backing-dev.h>
#include <linux/sysctl.h>
#include <linux/sysfs.h>
#include <linux/balloon_compaction.h>
#include <linux/page-isolation.h>
#include "internal.h"

#ifdef CONFIG_COMPACTION
static inline void count_compact_event(enum vm_event_item item)
{
        count_vm_event(item);
}

static inline void count_compact_events(enum vm_event_item item, long delta)
{
        count_vm_events(item, delta);
}
#else
#define count_compact_event(item) do { } while (0)
#define count_compact_events(item, delta) do { } while (0)
#endif

#if defined CONFIG_COMPACTION || defined CONFIG_CMA
#ifdef CONFIG_TRACEPOINTS
static const char *const compaction_status_string[] = {
        "deferred",
        "skipped",
        "continue",
        "partial",
        "complete",
        "no_suitable_page",
        "not_suitable_zone",
};
#endif

#define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
#include <trace/events/compaction.h>

static unsigned long release_freepages(struct list_head *freelist)
{
        struct page *page, *next;
        unsigned long high_pfn = 0;

        list_for_each_entry_safe(page, next, freelist, lru) {
                unsigned long pfn = page_to_pfn(page);
                list_del(&page->lru);
                __free_page(page);
                if (pfn > high_pfn)
                        high_pfn = pfn;
        }

        return high_pfn;
}

static void map_pages(struct list_head *list)
{
        struct page *page;

        list_for_each_entry(page, list, lru) {
                arch_alloc_page(page, 0);
                kernel_map_pages(page, 1, 1);
        }
}

static inline bool migrate_async_suitable(int migratetype)
{
        return is_migrate_cma(migratetype) || migratetype == MIGRATE_MOVABLE;
}

/*
 * Check that the whole (or subset of) a pageblock given by the interval of
 * [start_pfn, end_pfn) is valid and within the same zone, before scanning it
 * with the migration of free compaction scanner. The scanners then need to
 * use only pfn_valid_within() check for arches that allow holes within
 * pageblocks.
 *
 * Return struct page pointer of start_pfn, or NULL if checks were not passed.
 *
 * It's possible on some configurations to have a setup like node0 node1 node0
 * i.e. it's possible that all pages within a zones range of pages do not
 * belong to a single zone. We assume that a border between node0 and node1
 * can occur within a single pageblock, but not a node0 node1 node0
 * interleaving within a single pageblock. It is therefore sufficient to check
 * the first and last page of a pageblock and avoid checking each individual
 * page in a pageblock.
 */
static struct page *pageblock_pfn_to_page(unsigned long start_pfn,
                                unsigned long end_pfn, struct zone *zone)
{
        struct page *start_page;
        struct page *end_page;

        /* end_pfn is one past the range we are checking */
        end_pfn--;

        if (!pfn_valid(start_pfn) || !pfn_valid(end_pfn))
                return NULL;

        start_page = pfn_to_page(start_pfn);

        if (page_zone(start_page) != zone)
                return NULL;

        end_page = pfn_to_page(end_pfn);

        /* This gives a shorter code than deriving page_zone(end_page) */
        if (page_zone_id(start_page) != page_zone_id(end_page))
                return NULL;

        return start_page;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_COMPACTION

/* Do not skip compaction more than 64 times */
#define COMPACT_MAX_DEFER_SHIFT 6

/*
 * Compaction is deferred when compaction fails to result in a page
 * allocation success. 1 << compact_defer_limit compactions are skipped up
 * to a limit of 1 << COMPACT_MAX_DEFER_SHIFT
 */
void defer_compaction(struct zone *zone, int order)
{
        zone->compact_considered = 0;
        zone->compact_defer_shift++;

        if (order < zone->compact_order_failed)
                zone->compact_order_failed = order;

        if (zone->compact_defer_shift > COMPACT_MAX_DEFER_SHIFT)
                zone->compact_defer_shift = COMPACT_MAX_DEFER_SHIFT;

        trace_mm_compaction_defer_compaction(zone, order);
}

/* Returns true if compaction should be skipped this time */
bool compaction_deferred(struct zone *zone, int order)
{
        unsigned long defer_limit = 1UL << zone->compact_defer_shift;

        if (order < zone->compact_order_failed)
                return false;

        /* Avoid possible overflow */
        if (++zone->compact_considered > defer_limit)
                zone->compact_considered = defer_limit;

        if (zone->compact_considered >= defer_limit)
                return false;

        trace_mm_compaction_deferred(zone, order);

        return true;
}

/*
 * Update defer tracking counters after successful compaction of given order,
 * which means an allocation either succeeded (alloc_success == true) or is
 * expected to succeed.
 */
void compaction_defer_reset(struct zone *zone, int order,
                bool alloc_success)
{
        if (alloc_success) {
                zone->compact_considered = 0;
                zone->compact_defer_shift = 0;
        }
        if (order >= zone->compact_order_failed)
                zone->compact_order_failed = order + 1;

        trace_mm_compaction_defer_reset(zone, order);
}

/* Returns true if restarting compaction after many failures */
bool compaction_restarting(struct zone *zone, int order)
{
        if (order < zone->compact_order_failed)
                return false;

        return zone->compact_defer_shift == COMPACT_MAX_DEFER_SHIFT &&
                zone->compact_considered >= 1UL << zone->compact_defer_shift;
}

/* Returns true if the pageblock should be scanned for pages to isolate. */
static inline bool isolation_suitable(struct compact_control *cc,
                                        struct page *page)
{
        if (cc->ignore_skip_hint)
                return true;

        return !get_pageblock_skip(page);
}

/*
 * This function is called to clear all cached information on pageblocks that
 * should be skipped for page isolation when the migrate and free page scanner
 * meet.
 */
static void __reset_isolation_suitable(struct zone *zone)
{
        unsigned long start_pfn = zone->zone_start_pfn;
        unsigned long end_pfn = zone_end_pfn(zone);
        unsigned long pfn;

        zone->compact_cached_migrate_pfn[0] = start_pfn;
        zone->compact_cached_migrate_pfn[1] = start_pfn;
        zone->compact_cached_free_pfn = end_pfn;
        zone->compact_blockskip_flush = false;

        /* Walk the zone and mark every pageblock as suitable for isolation */
        for (pfn = start_pfn; pfn < end_pfn; pfn += pageblock_nr_pages) {
                struct page *page;

                cond_resched();

                if (!pfn_valid(pfn))
                        continue;

                page = pfn_to_page(pfn);
                if (zone != page_zone(page))
                        continue;

                clear_pageblock_skip(page);
        }
}

void reset_isolation_suitable(pg_data_t *pgdat)
{
        int zoneid;

        for (zoneid = 0; zoneid < MAX_NR_ZONES; zoneid++) {
                struct zone *zone = &pgdat->node_zones[zoneid];
                if (!populated_zone(zone))
                        continue;

                /* Only flush if a full compaction finished recently */
                if (zone->compact_blockskip_flush)
                        __reset_isolation_suitable(zone);
        }
}

/*
 * If no pages were isolated then mark this pageblock to be skipped in the
 * future. The information is later cleared by __reset_isolation_suitable().
 */
static void update_pageblock_skip(struct compact_control *cc,
                        struct page *page, unsigned long nr_isolated,
                        bool migrate_scanner)
{
        struct zone *zone = cc->zone;
        unsigned long pfn;

        if (cc->ignore_skip_hint)
                return;

        if (!page)
                return;

        if (nr_isolated)
                return;

        set_pageblock_skip(page);

        pfn = page_to_pfn(page);

        /* Update where async and sync compaction should restart */
        if (migrate_scanner) {
                if (pfn > zone->compact_cached_migrate_pfn[0])
                        zone->compact_cached_migrate_pfn[0] = pfn;
                if (cc->mode != MIGRATE_ASYNC &&
                    pfn > zone->compact_cached_migrate_pfn[1])
                        zone->compact_cached_migrate_pfn[1] = pfn;
        } else {
                if (pfn < zone->compact_cached_free_pfn)
                        zone->compact_cached_free_pfn = pfn;
        }
}
#else
static inline bool isolation_suitable(struct compact_control *cc,
                                        struct page *page)
{
        return true;
}

static void update_pageblock_skip(struct compact_control *cc,
                        struct page *page, unsigned long nr_isolated,
                        bool migrate_scanner)
{
}
#endif /* CONFIG_COMPACTION */

/*
 * Compaction requires the taking of some coarse locks that are potentially
 * very heavily contended. For async compaction, back out if the lock cannot
 * be taken immediately. For sync compaction, spin on the lock if needed.
 *
 * Returns true if the lock is held
 * Returns false if the lock is not held and compaction should abort
 */
static bool compact_trylock_irqsave(spinlock_t *lock, unsigned long *flags,
                                                struct compact_control *cc)
{
        if (cc->mode == MIGRATE_ASYNC) {
                if (!spin_trylock_irqsave(lock, *flags)) {
                        cc->contended = COMPACT_CONTENDED_LOCK;
                        return false;
                }
        } else {
                spin_lock_irqsave(lock, *flags);
        }

        return true;
}

/*
 * Compaction requires the taking of some coarse locks that are potentially
 * very heavily contended. The lock should be periodically unlocked to avoid
 * having disabled IRQs for a long time, even when there is nobody waiting on
 * the lock. It might also be that allowing the IRQs will result in
 * need_resched() becoming true. If scheduling is needed, async compaction
 * aborts. Sync compaction schedules.
 * Either compaction type will also abort if a fatal signal is pending.
 * In either case if the lock was locked, it is dropped and not regained.
 *
 * Returns true if compaction should abort due to fatal signal pending, or
 *              async compaction due to need_resched()
 * Returns false when compaction can continue (sync compaction might have
 *              scheduled)
 */
static bool compact_unlock_should_abort(spinlock_t *lock,
                unsigned long flags, bool *locked, struct compact_control *cc)
{
        if (*locked) {
                spin_unlock_irqrestore(lock, flags);
                *locked = false;
        }

        if (fatal_signal_pending(current)) {
                cc->contended = COMPACT_CONTENDED_SCHED;
                return true;
        }

        if (need_resched()) {
                if (cc->mode == MIGRATE_ASYNC) {
                        cc->contended = COMPACT_CONTENDED_SCHED;
                        return true;
                }
                cond_resched();
        }

        return false;
}

/*
 * Aside from avoiding lock contention, compaction also periodically checks
 * need_resched() and either schedules in sync compaction or aborts async
 * compaction. This is similar to what compact_unlock_should_abort() does, but
 * is used where no lock is concerned.
 *
 * Returns false when no scheduling was needed, or sync compaction scheduled.
 * Returns true when async compaction should abort.
 */
static inline bool compact_should_abort(struct compact_control *cc)
{
        /* async compaction aborts if contended */
        if (need_resched()) {
                if (cc->mode == MIGRATE_ASYNC) {
                        cc->contended = COMPACT_CONTENDED_SCHED;
                        return true;
                }

                cond_resched();
        }

        return false;
}

/* Returns true if the page is within a block suitable for migration to */
static bool suitable_migration_target(struct page *page)
{
        /* If the page is a large free page, then disallow migration */
        if (PageBuddy(page)) {
                /*
                 * We are checking page_order without zone->lock taken. But
                 * the only small danger is that we skip a potentially suitable
                 * pageblock, so it's not worth to check order for valid range.
                 */
                if (page_order_unsafe(page) >= pageblock_order)
                        return false;
        }

        /* If the block is MIGRATE_MOVABLE or MIGRATE_CMA, allow migration */
        if (migrate_async_suitable(get_pageblock_migratetype(page)))
                return true;

        /* Otherwise skip the block */
        return false;
}

/*
 * Isolate free pages onto a private freelist. If @strict is true, will abort
 * returning 0 on any invalid PFNs or non-free pages inside of the pageblock
 * (even though it may still end up isolating some pages).
 */
static unsigned long isolate_freepages_block(struct compact_control *cc,
                                unsigned long *start_pfn,
                                unsigned long end_pfn,
                                struct list_head *freelist,
                                bool strict)
{
        int nr_scanned = 0, total_isolated = 0;
        struct page *cursor, *valid_page = NULL;
        unsigned long flags = 0;
        bool locked = false;
        unsigned long blockpfn = *start_pfn;

        cursor = pfn_to_page(blockpfn);

        /* Isolate free pages. */
        for (; blockpfn < end_pfn; blockpfn++, cursor++) {
                int isolated, i;
                struct page *page = cursor;

                /*
                 * Periodically drop the lock (if held) regardless of its
                 * contention, to give chance to IRQs. Abort if fatal signal
                 * pending or async compaction detects need_resched()
                 */
                if (!(blockpfn % SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX)
                    && compact_unlock_should_abort(&cc->zone->lock, flags,
                                                                &locked, cc))
                        break;

                nr_scanned++;
                if (!pfn_valid_within(blockpfn))
                        goto isolate_fail;

                if (!valid_page)
                        valid_page = page;
                if (!PageBuddy(page))
                        goto isolate_fail;

                /*
                 * If we already hold the lock, we can skip some rechecking.
                 * Note that if we hold the lock now, checked_pageblock was
                 * already set in some previous iteration (or strict is true),
                 * so it is correct to skip the suitable migration target
                 * recheck as well.
                 */
                if (!locked) {
                        /*
                         * The zone lock must be held to isolate freepages.
                         * Unfortunately this is a very coarse lock and can be
                         * heavily contended if there are parallel allocations
                         * or parallel compactions. For async compaction do not
                         * spin on the lock and we acquire the lock as late as
                         * possible.
                         */
                        locked = compact_trylock_irqsave(&cc->zone->lock,
                                                                &flags, cc);
                        if (!locked)
                                break;

                        /* Recheck this is a buddy page under lock */
                        if (!PageBuddy(page))
                                goto isolate_fail;
                }

                /* Found a free page, break it into order-0 pages */
                isolated = split_free_page(page);
                total_isolated += isolated;
                for (i = 0; i < isolated; i++) {
                        list_add(&page->lru, freelist);
                        page++;
                }

                /* If a page was split, advance to the end of it */
                if (isolated) {
                        cc->nr_freepages += isolated;
                        if (!strict &&
                                cc->nr_migratepages <= cc->nr_freepages) {
                                blockpfn += isolated;
                                break;
                        }

                        blockpfn += isolated - 1;
                        cursor += isolated - 1;
                        continue;
                }

isolate_fail:
                if (strict)
                        break;
                else
                        continue;

        }

        trace_mm_compaction_isolate_freepages(*start_pfn, blockpfn,
                                        nr_scanned, total_isolated);

        /* Record how far we have got within the block */
        *start_pfn = blockpfn;

        /*
         * If strict isolation is requested by CMA then check that all the
         * pages requested were isolated. If there were any failures, 0 is
         * returned and CMA will fail.
         */
        if (strict && blockpfn < end_pfn)
                total_isolated = 0;

        if (locked)
                spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cc->zone->lock, flags);

        /* Update the pageblock-skip if the whole pageblock was scanned */
        if (blockpfn == end_pfn)
                update_pageblock_skip(cc, valid_page, total_isolated, false);

        count_compact_events(COMPACTFREE_SCANNED, nr_scanned);
        if (total_isolated)
                count_compact_events(COMPACTISOLATED, total_isolated);
        return total_isolated;
}

/**
 * isolate_freepages_range() - isolate free pages.
 * @start_pfn: The first PFN to start isolating.
 * @end_pfn:   The one-past-last PFN.
 *
 * Non-free pages, invalid PFNs, or zone boundaries within the
 * [start_pfn, end_pfn) range are considered errors, cause function to
 * undo its actions and return zero.
 *
 * Otherwise, function returns one-past-the-last PFN of isolated page
 * (which may be greater then end_pfn if end fell in a middle of
 * a free page).
 */
unsigned long
isolate_freepages_range(struct compact_control *cc,
                        unsigned long start_pfn, unsigned long end_pfn)
{
        unsigned long isolated, pfn, block_end_pfn;
        LIST_HEAD(freelist);

        pfn = start_pfn;
        block_end_pfn = ALIGN(pfn + 1, pageblock_nr_pages);

        for (; pfn < end_pfn; pfn += isolated,
                                block_end_pfn += pageblock_nr_pages) {
                /* Protect pfn from changing by isolate_freepages_block */
                unsigned long isolate_start_pfn = pfn;

                block_end_pfn = min(block_end_pfn, end_pfn);

                /*
                 * pfn could pass the block_end_pfn if isolated freepage
                 * is more than pageblock order. In this case, we adjust
                 * scanning range to right one.
                 */
                if (pfn >= block_end_pfn) {
                        block_end_pfn = ALIGN(pfn + 1, pageblock_nr_pages);
                        block_end_pfn = min(block_end_pfn, end_pfn);
                }

                if (!pageblock_pfn_to_page(pfn, block_end_pfn, cc->zone))
                        break;

                isolated = isolate_freepages_block(cc, &isolate_start_pfn,
                                                block_end_pfn, &freelist, true);

                /*
                 * In strict mode, isolate_freepages_block() returns 0 if
                 * there are any holes in the block (ie. invalid PFNs or
                 * non-free pages).
                 */
                if (!isolated)
                        break;

                /*
                 * If we managed to isolate pages, it is always (1 << n) *
                 * pageblock_nr_pages for some non-negative n.  (Max order
                 * page may span two pageblocks).
                 */
        }

        /* split_free_page does not map the pages */
        map_pages(&freelist);

        if (pfn < end_pfn) {
                /* Loop terminated early, cleanup. */
                release_freepages(&freelist);
                return 0;
        }

        /* We don't use freelists for anything. */
        return pfn;
}

/* Update the number of anon and file isolated pages in the zone */
static void acct_isolated(struct zone *zone, struct compact_control *cc)
{
        struct page *page;
        unsigned int count[2] = { 0, };

        if (list_empty(&cc->migratepages))
                return;

        list_for_each_entry(page, &cc->migratepages, lru)
                count[!!page_is_file_cache(page)]++;

        mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_ISOLATED_ANON, count[0]);
        mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_ISOLATED_FILE, count[1]);
}

/* Similar to reclaim, but different enough that they don't share logic */
static bool too_many_isolated(struct zone *zone)
{
        unsigned long active, inactive, isolated;

        inactive = zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_FILE) +
                                        zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_ANON);
        active = zone_page_state(zone, NR_ACTIVE_FILE) +
                                        zone_page_state(zone, NR_ACTIVE_ANON);
        isolated = zone_page_state(zone, NR_ISOLATED_FILE) +
                                        zone_page_state(zone, NR_ISOLATED_ANON);

        return isolated > (inactive + active) / 2;
}

/**
 * isolate_migratepages_block() - isolate all migrate-able pages within
 *                                a single pageblock
 * @cc:         Compaction control structure.
 * @low_pfn:    The first PFN to isolate
 * @end_pfn:    The one-past-the-last PFN to isolate, within same pageblock
 * @isolate_mode: Isolation mode to be used.
 *
 * Isolate all pages that can be migrated from the range specified by
 * [low_pfn, end_pfn). The range is expected to be within same pageblock.
 * Returns zero if there is a fatal signal pending, otherwise PFN of the
 * first page that was not scanned (which may be both less, equal to or more
 * than end_pfn).
 *
 * The pages are isolated on cc->migratepages list (not required to be empty),
 * and cc->nr_migratepages is updated accordingly. The cc->migrate_pfn field
 * is neither read nor updated.
 */
static unsigned long
isolate_migratepages_block(struct compact_control *cc, unsigned long low_pfn,
                        unsigned long end_pfn, isolate_mode_t isolate_mode)
{
        struct zone *zone = cc->zone;
        unsigned long nr_scanned = 0, nr_isolated = 0;
        struct list_head *migratelist = &cc->migratepages;
        struct lruvec *lruvec;
        unsigned long flags = 0;
        bool locked = false;
        struct page *page = NULL, *valid_page = NULL;
        unsigned long start_pfn = low_pfn;

        /*
         * Ensure that there are not too many pages isolated from the LRU
         * list by either parallel reclaimers or compaction. If there are,
         * delay for some time until fewer pages are isolated
         */
        while (unlikely(too_many_isolated(zone))) {
                /* async migration should just abort */
                if (cc->mode == MIGRATE_ASYNC)
                        return 0;

                congestion_wait(BLK_RW_ASYNC, HZ/10);

                if (fatal_signal_pending(current))
                        return 0;
        }

        if (compact_should_abort(cc))
                return 0;

        /* Time to isolate some pages for migration */
        for (; low_pfn < end_pfn; low_pfn++) {
                /*
                 * Periodically drop the lock (if held) regardless of its
                 * contention, to give chance to IRQs. Abort async compaction
                 * if contended.
                 */
                if (!(low_pfn % SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX)
                    && compact_unlock_should_abort(&zone->lru_lock, flags,
                                                                &locked, cc))
                        break;

                if (!pfn_valid_within(low_pfn))
                        continue;
                nr_scanned++;

                page = pfn_to_page(low_pfn);

                if (!valid_page)
                        valid_page = page;

                /*
                 * Skip if free. We read page order here without zone lock
                 * which is generally unsafe, but the race window is small and
                 * the worst thing that can happen is that we skip some
                 * potential isolation targets.
                 */
                if (PageBuddy(page)) {
                        unsigned long freepage_order = page_order_unsafe(page);

                        /*
                         * Without lock, we cannot be sure that what we got is
                         * a valid page order. Consider only values in the
                         * valid order range to prevent low_pfn overflow.
                         */
                        if (freepage_order > 0 && freepage_order < MAX_ORDER)
                                low_pfn += (1UL << freepage_order) - 1;
                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 * Check may be lockless but that's ok as we recheck later.
                 * It's possible to migrate LRU pages and balloon pages
                 * Skip any other type of page
                 */
                if (!PageLRU(page)) {
                        if (unlikely(balloon_page_movable(page))) {
                                if (balloon_page_isolate(page)) {
                                        /* Successfully isolated */
                                        goto isolate_success;
                                }
                        }
                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 * PageLRU is set. lru_lock normally excludes isolation
                 * splitting and collapsing (collapsing has already happened
                 * if PageLRU is set) but the lock is not necessarily taken
                 * here and it is wasteful to take it just to check transhuge.
                 * Check TransHuge without lock and skip the whole pageblock if
                 * it's either a transhuge or hugetlbfs page, as calling
                 * compound_order() without preventing THP from splitting the
                 * page underneath us may return surprising results.
                 */
                if (PageTransHuge(page)) {
                        if (!locked)
                                low_pfn = ALIGN(low_pfn + 1,
                                                pageblock_nr_pages) - 1;
                        else
                                low_pfn += (1 << compound_order(page)) - 1;

                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 * Migration will fail if an anonymous page is pinned in memory,
                 * so avoid taking lru_lock and isolating it unnecessarily in an
                 * admittedly racy check.
                 */
                if (!page_mapping(page) &&
                    page_count(page) > page_mapcount(page))
                        continue;

                /* If we already hold the lock, we can skip some rechecking */
                if (!locked) {
                        locked = compact_trylock_irqsave(&zone->lru_lock,
                                                                &flags, cc);
                        if (!locked)
                                break;

                        /* Recheck PageLRU and PageTransHuge under lock */
                        if (!PageLRU(page))
                                continue;
                        if (PageTransHuge(page)) {
                                low_pfn += (1 << compound_order(page)) - 1;
                                continue;
                        }
                }

                lruvec = mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page, zone);

                /* Try isolate the page */
                if (__isolate_lru_page(page, isolate_mode) != 0)
                        continue;

                VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageTransCompound(page), page);

                /* Successfully isolated */
                del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, page_lru(page));

isolate_success:
                list_add(&page->lru, migratelist);
                cc->nr_migratepages++;
                nr_isolated++;

                /* Avoid isolating too much */
                if (cc->nr_migratepages == COMPACT_CLUSTER_MAX) {
                        ++low_pfn;
                        break;
                }
        }

        /*
         * The PageBuddy() check could have potentially brought us outside
         * the range to be scanned.
         */
        if (unlikely(low_pfn > end_pfn))
                low_pfn = end_pfn;

        if (locked)
                spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zone->lru_lock, flags);

        /*
         * Update the pageblock-skip information and cached scanner pfn,
         * if the whole pageblock was scanned without isolating any page.
         */
        if (low_pfn == end_pfn)
                update_pageblock_skip(cc, valid_page, nr_isolated, true);

        trace_mm_compaction_isolate_migratepages(start_pfn, low_pfn,
                                                nr_scanned, nr_isolated);

        count_compact_events(COMPACTMIGRATE_SCANNED, nr_scanned);
        if (nr_isolated)
                count_compact_events(COMPACTISOLATED, nr_isolated);

        return low_pfn;
}

/**
 * isolate_migratepages_range() - isolate migrate-able pages in a PFN range
 * @cc:        Compaction control structure.
 * @start_pfn: The first PFN to start isolating.
 * @end_pfn:   The one-past-last PFN.
 *
 * Returns zero if isolation fails fatally due to e.g. pending signal.
 * Otherwise, function returns one-past-the-last PFN of isolated page
 * (which may be greater than end_pfn if end fell in a middle of a THP page).
 */
unsigned long
isolate_migratepages_range(struct compact_control *cc, unsigned long start_pfn,
                                                        unsigned long end_pfn)
{
        unsigned long pfn, block_end_pfn;

        /* Scan block by block. First and last block may be incomplete */
        pfn = start_pfn;
        block_end_pfn = ALIGN(pfn + 1, pageblock_nr_pages);

        for (; pfn < end_pfn; pfn = block_end_pfn,
                                block_end_pfn += pageblock_nr_pages) {

                block_end_pfn = min(block_end_pfn, end_pfn);

                if (!pageblock_pfn_to_page(pfn, block_end_pfn, cc->zone))
                        continue;

                pfn = isolate_migratepages_block(cc, pfn, block_end_pfn,
                                                        ISOLATE_UNEVICTABLE);

                /*
                 * In case of fatal failure, release everything that might
                 * have been isolated in the previous iteration, and signal
                 * the failure back to caller.
                 */
                if (!pfn) {
                        putback_movable_pages(&cc->migratepages);
                        cc->nr_migratepages = 0;
                        break;
                }

                if (cc->nr_migratepages == COMPACT_CLUSTER_MAX)
                        break;
        }
        acct_isolated(cc->zone, cc);

        return pfn;
}

#endif /* CONFIG_COMPACTION || CONFIG_CMA */
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPACTION
/*
 * Based on information in the current compact_control, find blocks
 * suitable for isolating free pages from and then isolate them.
 */
static void isolate_freepages(struct compact_control *cc)
{
        struct zone *zone = cc->zone;
        struct page *page;
        unsigned long block_start_pfn;  /* start of current pageblock */
        unsigned long isolate_start_pfn; /* exact pfn we start at */
        unsigned long block_end_pfn;    /* end of current pageblock */
        unsigned long low_pfn;       /* lowest pfn scanner is able to scan */
        struct list_head *freelist = &cc->freepages;

        /*
         * Initialise the free scanner. The starting point is where we last
         * successfully isolated from, zone-cached value, or the end of the
         * zone when isolating for the first time. For looping we also need
         * this pfn aligned down to the pageblock boundary, because we do
         * block_start_pfn -= pageblock_nr_pages in the for loop.
         * For ending point, take care when isolating in last pageblock of a
         * a zone which ends in the middle of a pageblock.
         * The low boundary is the end of the pageblock the migration scanner
         * is using.
         */
        isolate_start_pfn = cc->free_pfn;
        block_start_pfn = cc->free_pfn & ~(pageblock_nr_pages-1);
        block_end_pfn = min(block_start_pfn + pageblock_nr_pages,
                                                zone_end_pfn(zone));
        low_pfn = ALIGN(cc->migrate_pfn + 1, pageblock_nr_pages);

        /*
         * Isolate free pages until enough are available to migrate the
         * pages on cc->migratepages. We stop searching if the migrate
         * and free page scanners meet or enough free pages are isolated.
         */
        for (; block_start_pfn >= low_pfn &&
                        cc->nr_migratepages > cc->nr_freepages;
                                block_end_pfn = block_start_pfn,
                                block_start_pfn -= pageblock_nr_pages,
                                isolate_start_pfn = block_start_pfn) {

                /*
                 * This can iterate a massively long zone without finding any
                 * suitable migration targets, so periodically check if we need
                 * to schedule, or even abort async compaction.
                 */
                if (!(block_start_pfn % (SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX * pageblock_nr_pages))
                                                && compact_should_abort(cc))
                        break;

                page = pageblock_pfn_to_page(block_start_pfn, block_end_pfn,
                                                                        zone);
                if (!page)
                        continue;

                /* Check the block is suitable for migration */
                if (!suitable_migration_target(page))
                        continue;

                /* If isolation recently failed, do not retry */
                if (!isolation_suitable(cc, page))
                        continue;

                /* Found a block suitable for isolating free pages from. */
                isolate_freepages_block(cc, &isolate_start_pfn,
                                        block_end_pfn, freelist, false);

                /*
                 * Remember where the free scanner should restart next time,
                 * which is where isolate_freepages_block() left off.
                 * But if it scanned the whole pageblock, isolate_start_pfn
                 * now points at block_end_pfn, which is the start of the next
                 * pageblock.
                 * In that case we will however want to restart at the start
                 * of the previous pageblock.
                 */
                cc->free_pfn = (isolate_start_pfn < block_end_pfn) ?
                                isolate_start_pfn :
                                block_start_pfn - pageblock_nr_pages;

                /*
                 * isolate_freepages_block() might have aborted due to async
                 * compaction being contended
                 */
                if (cc->contended)
                        break;
        }

        /* split_free_page does not map the pages */
        map_pages(freelist);

        /*
         * If we crossed the migrate scanner, we want to keep it that way
         * so that compact_finished() may detect this
         */
        if (block_start_pfn < low_pfn)
                cc->free_pfn = cc->migrate_pfn;
}

/*
 * This is a migrate-callback that "allocates" freepages by taking pages
 * from the isolated freelists in the block we are migrating to.
 */
static struct page *compaction_alloc(struct page *migratepage,
                                        unsigned long data,
                                        int **result)
{
        struct compact_control *cc = (struct compact_control *)data;
        struct page *freepage;

        /*
         * Isolate free pages if necessary, and if we are not aborting due to
         * contention.
         */
        if (list_empty(&cc->freepages)) {
                if (!cc->contended)
                        isolate_freepages(cc);

                if (list_empty(&cc->freepages))
                        return NULL;
        }

        freepage = list_entry(cc->freepages.next, struct page, lru);
        list_del(&freepage->lru);
        cc->nr_freepages--;

        return freepage;
}

/*
 * This is a migrate-callback that "frees" freepages back to the isolated
 * freelist.  All pages on the freelist are from the same zone, so there is no
 * special handling needed for NUMA.
 */
static void compaction_free(struct page *page, unsigned long data)
{
        struct compact_control *cc = (struct compact_control *)data;

        list_add(&page->lru, &cc->freepages);
        cc->nr_freepages++;
}

/* possible outcome of isolate_migratepages */
typedef enum {
        ISOLATE_ABORT,          /* Abort compaction now */
        ISOLATE_NONE,           /* No pages isolated, continue scanning */
        ISOLATE_SUCCESS,        /* Pages isolated, migrate */
} isolate_migrate_t;

/*
 * Isolate all pages that can be migrated from the first suitable block,
 * starting at the block pointed to by the migrate scanner pfn within
 * compact_control.
 */
static isolate_migrate_t isolate_migratepages(struct zone *zone,
                                        struct compact_control *cc)
{
        unsigned long low_pfn, end_pfn;
        struct page *page;
        const isolate_mode_t isolate_mode =
                (cc->mode == MIGRATE_ASYNC ? ISOLATE_ASYNC_MIGRATE : 0);

        /*
         * Start at where we last stopped, or beginning of the zone as
         * initialized by compact_zone()
         */
        low_pfn = cc->migrate_pfn;

        /* Only scan within a pageblock boundary */
        end_pfn = ALIGN(low_pfn + 1, pageblock_nr_pages);

        /*
         * Iterate over whole pageblocks until we find the first suitable.
         * Do not cross the free scanner.
         */
        for (; end_pfn <= cc->free_pfn;
                        low_pfn = end_pfn, end_pfn += pageblock_nr_pages) {

                /*
                 * This can potentially iterate a massively long zone with
                 * many pageblocks unsuitable, so periodically check if we
                 * need to schedule, or even abort async compaction.
                 */
                if (!(low_pfn % (SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX * pageblock_nr_pages))
                                                && compact_should_abort(cc))
                        break;

                page = pageblock_pfn_to_page(low_pfn, end_pfn, zone);
                if (!page)
                        continue;

                /* If isolation recently failed, do not retry */
                if (!isolation_suitable(cc, page))
                        continue;

                /*
                 * For async compaction, also only scan in MOVABLE blocks.
                 * Async compaction is optimistic to see if the minimum amount
                 * of work satisfies the allocation.
                 */
                if (cc->mode == MIGRATE_ASYNC &&
                    !migrate_async_suitable(get_pageblock_migratetype(page)))
                        continue;

                /* Perform the isolation */
                low_pfn = isolate_migratepages_block(cc, low_pfn, end_pfn,
                                                                isolate_mode);

                if (!low_pfn || cc->contended) {
                        acct_isolated(zone, cc);
                        return ISOLATE_ABORT;
                }

                /*
                 * Either we isolated something and proceed with migration. Or
                 * we failed and compact_zone should decide if we should
                 * continue or not.
                 */
                break;
        }

        acct_isolated(zone, cc);
        /*
         * Record where migration scanner will be restarted. If we end up in
         * the same pageblock as the free scanner, make the scanners fully
         * meet so that compact_finished() terminates compaction.
         */
        cc->migrate_pfn = (end_pfn <= cc->free_pfn) ? low_pfn : cc->free_pfn;

        return cc->nr_migratepages ? ISOLATE_SUCCESS : ISOLATE_NONE;
}

static int __compact_finished(struct zone *zone, struct compact_control *cc,
                            const int migratetype)
{
        unsigned int order;
        unsigned long watermark;

        if (cc->contended || fatal_signal_pending(current))
                return COMPACT_PARTIAL;

        /* Compaction run completes if the migrate and free scanner meet */
        if (cc->free_pfn <= cc->migrate_pfn) {
                /* Let the next compaction start anew. */
                zone->compact_cached_migrate_pfn[0] = zone->zone_start_pfn;
                zone->compact_cached_migrate_pfn[1] = zone->zone_start_pfn;
                zone->compact_cached_free_pfn = zone_end_pfn(zone);

                /*
                 * Mark that the PG_migrate_skip information should be cleared
                 * by kswapd when it goes to sleep. kswapd does not set the
                 * flag itself as the decision to be clear should be directly
                 * based on an allocation request.
                 */
                if (!current_is_kswapd())
                        zone->compact_blockskip_flush = true;

                return COMPACT_COMPLETE;
        }

        /*
         * order == -1 is expected when compacting via
         * /proc/sys/vm/compact_memory
         */
        if (cc->order == -1)
                return COMPACT_CONTINUE;

        /* Compaction run is not finished if the watermark is not met */
        watermark = low_wmark_pages(zone);

        if (!zone_watermark_ok(zone, cc->order, watermark, cc->classzone_idx,
                                                        cc->alloc_flags))
                return COMPACT_CONTINUE;

        /* Direct compactor: Is a suitable page free? */
        for (order = cc->order; order < MAX_ORDER; order++) {
                struct free_area *area = &zone->free_area[order];

                /* Job done if page is free of the right migratetype */
                if (!list_empty(&area->free_list[migratetype]))
                        return COMPACT_PARTIAL;

                /* Job done if allocation would set block type */
                if (order >= pageblock_order && area->nr_free)
                        return COMPACT_PARTIAL;
        }

        return COMPACT_NO_SUITABLE_PAGE;
}

static int compact_finished(struct zone *zone, struct compact_control *cc,
                            const int migratetype)
{
        int ret;

        ret = __compact_finished(zone, cc, migratetype);
        trace_mm_compaction_finished(zone, cc->order, ret);
        if (ret == COMPACT_NO_SUITABLE_PAGE)
                ret = COMPACT_CONTINUE;

        return ret;
}

/*
 * compaction_suitable: Is this suitable to run compaction on this zone now?
 * Returns
 *   COMPACT_SKIPPED  - If there are too few free pages for compaction
 *   COMPACT_PARTIAL  - If the allocation would succeed without compaction
 *   COMPACT_CONTINUE - If compaction should run now
 */
static unsigned long __compaction_suitable(struct zone *zone, int order,
                                        int alloc_flags, int classzone_idx)
{
        int fragindex;
        unsigned long watermark;

        /*
         * order == -1 is expected when compacting via
         * /proc/sys/vm/compact_memory
         */
        if (order == -1)
                return COMPACT_CONTINUE;

        watermark = low_wmark_pages(zone);
        /*
         * If watermarks for high-order allocation are already met, there
         * should be no need for compaction at all.
         */
        if (zone_watermark_ok(zone, order, watermark, classzone_idx,
                                                                alloc_flags))
                return COMPACT_PARTIAL;

        /*
         * Watermarks for order-0 must be met for compaction. Note the 2UL.
         * This is because during migration, copies of pages need to be
         * allocated and for a short time, the footprint is higher
         */
        watermark += (2UL << order);
        if (!zone_watermark_ok(zone, 0, watermark, classzone_idx, alloc_flags))
                return COMPACT_SKIPPED;

        /*
         * fragmentation index determines if allocation failures are due to
         * low memory or external fragmentation
         *
         * index of -1000 would imply allocations might succeed depending on
         * watermarks, but we already failed the high-order watermark check
         * index towards 0 implies failure is due to lack of memory
         * index towards 1000 implies failure is due to fragmentation
         *
         * Only compact if a failure would be due to fragmentation.
         */
        fragindex = fragmentation_index(zone, order);
        if (fragindex >= 0 && fragindex <= sysctl_extfrag_threshold)
                return COMPACT_NOT_SUITABLE_ZONE;

        return COMPACT_CONTINUE;
}

unsigned long compaction_suitable(struct zone *zone, int order,
                                        int alloc_flags, int classzone_idx)
{
        unsigned long ret;

        ret = __compaction_suitable(zone, order, alloc_flags, classzone_idx);
        trace_mm_compaction_suitable(zone, order, ret);
        if (ret == COMPACT_NOT_SUITABLE_ZONE)
                ret = COMPACT_SKIPPED;

        return ret;
}

static int compact_zone(struct zone *zone, struct compact_control *cc)
{
        int ret;
        unsigned long start_pfn = zone->zone_start_pfn;
        unsigned long end_pfn = zone_end_pfn(zone);
        const int migratetype = gfpflags_to_migratetype(cc->gfp_mask);
        const bool sync = cc->mode != MIGRATE_ASYNC;
        unsigned long last_migrated_pfn = 0;

        ret = compaction_suitable(zone, cc->order, cc->alloc_flags,
                                                        cc->classzone_idx);
        switch (ret) {
        case COMPACT_PARTIAL:
        case COMPACT_SKIPPED:
                /* Compaction is likely to fail */
                return ret;
        case COMPACT_CONTINUE:
                /* Fall through to compaction */
                ;
        }

        /*
         * Clear pageblock skip if there were failures recently and compaction
         * is about to be retried after being deferred. kswapd does not do
         * this reset as it'll reset the cached information when going to sleep.
         */
        if (compaction_restarting(zone, cc->order) && !current_is_kswapd())
                __reset_isolation_suitable(zone);

        /*
         * Setup to move all movable pages to the end of the zone. Used cached
         * information on where the scanners should start but check that it
         * is initialised by ensuring the values are within zone boundaries.
         */
        cc->migrate_pfn = zone->compact_cached_migrate_pfn[sync];
        cc->free_pfn = zone->compact_cached_free_pfn;
        if (cc->free_pfn < start_pfn || cc->free_pfn > end_pfn) {
                cc->free_pfn = end_pfn & ~(pageblock_nr_pages-1);
                zone->compact_cached_free_pfn = cc->free_pfn;
        }
        if (cc->migrate_pfn < start_pfn || cc->migrate_pfn > end_pfn) {
                cc->migrate_pfn = start_pfn;
                zone->compact_cached_migrate_pfn[0] = cc->migrate_pfn;
                zone->compact_cached_migrate_pfn[1] = cc->migrate_pfn;
        }

        trace_mm_compaction_begin(start_pfn, cc->migrate_pfn,
                                cc->free_pfn, end_pfn, sync);

        migrate_prep_local();

        while ((ret = compact_finished(zone, cc, migratetype)) ==
                                                COMPACT_CONTINUE) {
                int err;
                unsigned long isolate_start_pfn = cc->migrate_pfn;

                switch (isolate_migratepages(zone, cc)) {
                case ISOLATE_ABORT:
                        ret = COMPACT_PARTIAL;
                        putback_movable_pages(&cc->migratepages);
                        cc->nr_migratepages = 0;
                        goto out;
                case ISOLATE_NONE:
                        /*
                         * We haven't isolated and migrated anything, but
                         * there might still be unflushed migrations from
                         * previous cc->order aligned block.
                         */
                        goto check_drain;
                case ISOLATE_SUCCESS:
                        ;
                }

                err = migrate_pages(&cc->migratepages, compaction_alloc,
                                compaction_free, (unsigned long)cc, cc->mode,
                                MR_COMPACTION);

                trace_mm_compaction_migratepages(cc->nr_migratepages, err,
                                                        &cc->migratepages);

                /* All pages were either migrated or will be released */
                cc->nr_migratepages = 0;
                if (err) {
                        putback_movable_pages(&cc->migratepages);
                        /*
                         * migrate_pages() may return -ENOMEM when scanners meet
                         * and we want compact_finished() to detect it
                         */
                        if (err == -ENOMEM && cc->free_pfn > cc->migrate_pfn) {
                                ret = COMPACT_PARTIAL;
                                goto out;
                        }
                }

                /*
                 * Record where we could have freed pages by migration and not
                 * yet flushed them to buddy allocator. We use the pfn that
                 * isolate_migratepages() started from in this loop iteration
                 * - this is the lowest page that could have been isolated and
                 * then freed by migration.
                 */
                if (!last_migrated_pfn)
                        last_migrated_pfn = isolate_start_pfn;

check_drain:
                /*
                 * Has the migration scanner moved away from the previous
                 * cc->order aligned block where we migrated from? If yes,
                 * flush the pages that were freed, so that they can merge and
                 * compact_finished() can detect immediately if allocation
                 * would succeed.
                 */
                if (cc->order > 0 && last_migrated_pfn) {
                        int cpu;
                        unsigned long current_block_start =
                                cc->migrate_pfn & ~((1UL << cc->order) - 1);

                        if (last_migrated_pfn < current_block_start) {
                                cpu = get_cpu();
                                lru_add_drain_cpu(cpu);
                                drain_local_pages(zone);
                                put_cpu();
                                /* No more flushing until we migrate again */
                                last_migrated_pfn = 0;
                        }
                }

        }

out:
        /*
         * Release free pages and update where the free scanner should restart,
         * so we don't leave any returned pages behind in the next attempt.
         */
        if (cc->nr_freepages > 0) {
                unsigned long free_pfn = release_freepages(&cc->freepages);

                cc->nr_freepages = 0;
                VM_BUG_ON(free_pfn == 0);
                /* The cached pfn is always the first in a pageblock */
                free_pfn &= ~(pageblock_nr_pages-1);
                /*
                 * Only go back, not forward. The cached pfn might have been
                 * already reset to zone end in compact_finished()
                 */
                if (free_pfn > zone->compact_cached_free_pfn)
                        zone->compact_cached_free_pfn = free_pfn;
        }

        trace_mm_compaction_end(start_pfn, cc->migrate_pfn,
                                cc->free_pfn, end_pfn, sync, ret);

        return ret;
}

static unsigned long compact_zone_order(struct zone *zone, int order,
                gfp_t gfp_mask, enum migrate_mode mode, int *contended,
                int alloc_flags, int classzone_idx)
{
        unsigned long ret;
        struct compact_control cc = {
                .nr_freepages = 0,
                .nr_migratepages = 0,
                .order = order,
                .gfp_mask = gfp_mask,
                .zone = zone,
                .mode = mode,
                .alloc_flags = alloc_flags,
                .classzone_idx = classzone_idx,
        };
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cc.freepages);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cc.migratepages);

        ret = compact_zone(zone, &cc);

        VM_BUG_ON(!list_empty(&cc.freepages));
        VM_BUG_ON(!list_empty(&cc.migratepages));

        *contended = cc.contended;
        return ret;
}

int sysctl_extfrag_threshold = 500;

/**
 * try_to_compact_pages - Direct compact to satisfy a high-order allocation
 * @gfp_mask: The GFP mask of the current allocation
 * @order: The order of the current allocation
 * @alloc_flags: The allocation flags of the current allocation
 * @ac: The context of current allocation
 * @mode: The migration mode for async, sync light, or sync migration
 * @contended: Return value that determines if compaction was aborted due to
 *             need_resched() or lock contention
 *
 * This is the main entry point for direct page compaction.
 */
unsigned long try_to_compact_pages(gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned int order,
                        int alloc_flags, const struct alloc_context *ac,
                        enum migrate_mode mode, int *contended)
{
        int may_enter_fs = gfp_mask & __GFP_FS;
        int may_perform_io = gfp_mask & __GFP_IO;
        struct zoneref *z;
        struct zone *zone;
        int rc = COMPACT_DEFERRED;
        int all_zones_contended = COMPACT_CONTENDED_LOCK; /* init for &= op */

        *contended = COMPACT_CONTENDED_NONE;

        /* Check if the GFP flags allow compaction */
        if (!order || !may_enter_fs || !may_perform_io)
                return COMPACT_SKIPPED;

        trace_mm_compaction_try_to_compact_pages(order, gfp_mask, mode);

        /* Compact each zone in the list */
        for_each_zone_zonelist_nodemask(zone, z, ac->zonelist, ac->high_zoneidx,
                                                                ac->nodemask) {
                int status;
                int zone_contended;

                if (compaction_deferred(zone, order))
                        continue;

                status = compact_zone_order(zone, order, gfp_mask, mode,
                                &zone_contended, alloc_flags,
                                ac->classzone_idx);
                rc = max(status, rc);
                /*
                 * It takes at least one zone that wasn't lock contended
                 * to clear all_zones_contended.
                 */
                all_zones_contended &= zone_contended;

                /* If a normal allocation would succeed, stop compacting */
                if (zone_watermark_ok(zone, order, low_wmark_pages(zone),
                                        ac->classzone_idx, alloc_flags)) {
                        /*
                         * We think the allocation will succeed in this zone,
                         * but it is not certain, hence the false. The caller
                         * will repeat this with true if allocation indeed
                         * succeeds in this zone.
                         */
                        compaction_defer_reset(zone, order, false);
                        /*
                         * It is possible that async compaction aborted due to
                         * need_resched() and the watermarks were ok thanks to
                         * somebody else freeing memory. The allocation can
                         * however still fail so we better signal the
                         * need_resched() contention anyway (this will not
                         * prevent the allocation attempt).
                         */
                        if (zone_contended == COMPACT_CONTENDED_SCHED)
                                *contended = COMPACT_CONTENDED_SCHED;

                        goto break_loop;
                }

                if (mode != MIGRATE_ASYNC && status == COMPACT_COMPLETE) {
                        /*
                         * We think that allocation won't succeed in this zone
                         * so we defer compaction there. If it ends up
                         * succeeding after all, it will be reset.
                         */
                        defer_compaction(zone, order);
                }

                /*
                 * We might have stopped compacting due to need_resched() in
                 * async compaction, or due to a fatal signal detected. In that
                 * case do not try further zones and signal need_resched()
                 * contention.
                 */
                if ((zone_contended == COMPACT_CONTENDED_SCHED)
                                        || fatal_signal_pending(current)) {
                        *contended = COMPACT_CONTENDED_SCHED;
                        goto break_loop;
                }

                continue;
break_loop:
                /*
                 * We might not have tried all the zones, so  be conservative
                 * and assume they are not all lock contended.
                 */
                all_zones_contended = 0;
                break;
        }

        /*
         * If at least one zone wasn't deferred or skipped, we report if all
         * zones that were tried were lock contended.
         */
        if (rc > COMPACT_SKIPPED && all_zones_contended)
                *contended = COMPACT_CONTENDED_LOCK;

        return rc;
}


/* Compact all zones within a node */
static void __compact_pgdat(pg_data_t *pgdat, struct compact_control *cc)
{
        int zoneid;
        struct zone *zone;

        for (zoneid = 0; zoneid < MAX_NR_ZONES; zoneid++) {

                zone = &pgdat->node_zones[zoneid];
                if (!populated_zone(zone))
                        continue;

                cc->nr_freepages = 0;
                cc->nr_migratepages = 0;
                cc->zone = zone;
                INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cc->freepages);
                INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cc->migratepages);

                if (cc->order == -1 || !compaction_deferred(zone, cc->order))
                        compact_zone(zone, cc);

                if (cc->order > 0) {
                        if (zone_watermark_ok(zone, cc->order,
                                                low_wmark_pages(zone), 0, 0))
                                compaction_defer_reset(zone, cc->order, false);
                }

                VM_BUG_ON(!list_empty(&cc->freepages));
                VM_BUG_ON(!list_empty(&cc->migratepages));
        }
}

void compact_pgdat(pg_data_t *pgdat, int order)
{
        struct compact_control cc = {
                .order = order,
                .mode = MIGRATE_ASYNC,
        };

        if (!order)
                return;

        __compact_pgdat(pgdat, &cc);
}

static void compact_node(int nid)
{
        struct compact_control cc = {
                .order = -1,
                .mode = MIGRATE_SYNC,
                .ignore_skip_hint = true,
        };

        __compact_pgdat(NODE_DATA(nid), &cc);
}

/* Compact all nodes in the system */
static void compact_nodes(void)
{
        int nid;

        /* Flush pending updates to the LRU lists */
        lru_add_drain_all();

        for_each_online_node(nid)
                compact_node(nid);
}

/* The written value is actually unused, all memory is compacted */
int sysctl_compact_memory;

/* This is the entry point for compacting all nodes via /proc/sys/vm */
int sysctl_compaction_handler(struct ctl_table *table, int write,
                        void __user *buffer, size_t *length, loff_t *ppos)
{
        if (write)
                compact_nodes();

        return 0;
}

int sysctl_extfrag_handler(struct ctl_table *table, int write,
                        void __user *buffer, size_t *length, loff_t *ppos)
{
        proc_dointvec_minmax(table, write, buffer, length, ppos);

        return 0;
}

#if defined(CONFIG_SYSFS) && defined(CONFIG_NUMA)
static ssize_t sysfs_compact_node(struct device *dev,
                        struct device_attribute *attr,
                        const char *buf, size_t count)
{
        int nid = dev->id;

        if (nid >= 0 && nid < nr_node_ids && node_online(nid)) {
                /* Flush pending updates to the LRU lists */
                lru_add_drain_all();

                compact_node(nid);
        }

        return count;
}
static DEVICE_ATTR(compact, S_IWUSR, NULL, sysfs_compact_node);

int compaction_register_node(struct node *node)
{
        return device_create_file(&node->dev, &dev_attr_compact);
}

void compaction_unregister_node(struct node *node)
{
        return device_remove_file(&node->dev, &dev_attr_compact);
}
#endif /* CONFIG_SYSFS && CONFIG_NUMA */

#endif /* CONFIG_COMPACTION */