@ifinfo
@format
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
-* Binutils: (binutils). The GNU binary utilities "ar", "objcopy",
- "objdump", "nm", "nlmconv", "size", "readelf"
- "strings", "strip", "ranlib" and "dlltool".
+* Binutils: (binutils). The GNU binary utilities.
+* ar: (binutils)ar. Create, modify, and extract from archives
+* nm: (binutils)nm. List symbols from object files
+* objcopy: (binutils)objcopy. Copy and translate object files
+* objdump: (binutils)objdump. Display information from object files
+* ranlib: (binutils)ranlib. Generate index to archive contents
+* readelf: (binutils)readelf. Display the contents of ELF format files.
+* size: (binutils)size. List section sizes and total size
+* strings: (binutils)strings. List printable strings from files
+* strip: (binutils)strip. Discard symbols
+* c++filt: (binutils)c++filt. Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols
+* cxxfilt: (binutils)c++filt. MS-DOS name for c++filt
+* addr2line: (binutils)addr2line. Convert addresses to file and line
+* nlmconv: (binutils)nlmconv. Converts object code into an NLM
+* windres: (binutils)windres. Manipulate Windows resources
+* dlltool: (binutils)dlltool. Create files needed to build and use DLLs
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
@end format
@end ifinfo
@ifinfo
-Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
-this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
-are preserved on all copies.
+ Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+ under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
+ or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
+ with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
+ Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
+ section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
@ignore
Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the
(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
@end ignore
-
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
-manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that
-the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
-permission notice identical to this one.
-
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
-into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
@end ifinfo
@synindex ky cp
@c This file documents the GNU binary utilities "ar", "ld", "objcopy",
@c "objdump", "nm", "size", "strings", "strip", "readelf" and "ranlib".
@c
-@c Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c
@c This text may be freely distributed under the terms of the GNU
-@c General Public License.
+@c Free Documentation License.
@c
@setchapternewpage odd
@end tex
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
-Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 1998, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
-this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
-are preserved on all copies.
+ Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+ under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
+ or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
+ with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
+ Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
+ section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
-manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that
-the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
-permission notice identical to this one.
-
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
-into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
@end titlepage
@node Top
@end table
@end iftex
+This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free
+Documentation License. A copy of the license is included in the
+section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
+
@menu
* ar:: Create, modify, and extract from archives
* nm:: List symbols from object files
* dlltool:: Create files needed to build and use DLLs
* Selecting The Target System:: How these utilities determine the target.
* Reporting Bugs:: Reporting Bugs
+* GNU Free Documentation License:: GNU Free Documentation License
* Index:: Index
@end menu
@cindex archives
@cindex collections of files
@smallexample
-ar [-]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}]] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}]
+ar [-]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}] [@var{count}]] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}]
ar -M [ <mri-script ]
@end smallexample
@section Controlling @code{ar} on the command line
@smallexample
-ar [-]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}]] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}]
+ar [-X32_64] [-]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}] [@var{count}]] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}]
@end smallexample
@cindex Unix compatibility, @code{ar}
@c whaffor ar l modifier??? presumably compat; with
@c what???---doc@@cygnus.com, 25jan91
+@item N
+Uses the @var{count} parameter. This is used if there are multiple
+entries in the archive with the same name. Extract or delete instance
+@var{count} of the given name from the archive.
+
@item o
@cindex dates in archive
Preserve the @emph{original} dates of members when extracting them. If
you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive
are stamped with the time of extraction.
+@item P
+Use the full path name when matching names in the archive. @sc{gnu}
+@code{ar} can not create an archive with a full path name (such archives
+are not POSIX complaint), but other archive creators can. This option
+will cause @sc{gnu} @code{ar} to match file names using a complete path
+name, which can be convenient when extracting a single file from an
+archive created by another tool.
+
@item s
@cindex writing archive index
Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing one,
This modifier shows the version number of @code{ar}.
@end table
+@code{ar} ignores an initial option spelt @code{-X32_64}, for
+compatibility with AIX. The behaviour produced by this option is the
+default for GNU @code{ar}. @code{ar} does not support any of the other
+@code{-X} options; in particular, it does not support @code{-X32}
+which is the default for AIX @code{ar}.
+
@node ar scripts
@section Controlling @code{ar} with a script
@smallexample
nm [ -a | --debug-syms ] [ -g | --extern-only ]
- [ -B ] [ -C | --demangle ] [ -D | --dynamic ]
+ [ -B ] [ -C | --demangle[=@var{style}] ] [ -D | --dynamic ]
[ -s | --print-armap ] [ -A | -o | --print-file-name ]
[ -n | -v | --numeric-sort ] [ -p | --no-sort ]
[ -r | --reverse-sort ] [ --size-sort ] [ -u | --undefined-only ]
[ -t @var{radix} | --radix=@var{radix} ] [ -P | --portability ]
[ --target=@var{bfdname} ] [ -f @var{format} | --format=@var{format} ]
- [ --defined-only ] [-l | --line-numbers ]
- [ --no-demangle ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ] [ @var{objfile}@dots{} ]
+ [ --defined-only ] [-l | --line-numbers ] [ --no-demangle ]
+ [ -V | --version ] [ -X 32_64 ] [ --help ] [ @var{objfile}@dots{} ]
@end smallexample
@sc{gnu} @code{nm} lists the symbols from object files @var{objfile}@dots{}.
-If no object files are listed as arguments, @code{nm} assumes
+If no object files are listed as arguments, @code{nm} assumes the file
@file{a.out}.
For each symbol, @code{nm} shows:
@item U
The symbol is undefined.
+@item V
+The symbol is a weak object. When a weak defined symbol is linked with
+a normal defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error.
+When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined,
+the value of the weak symbol becomes zero with no error.
+
@item W
-The symbol is weak. When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal
-defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error. When a
-weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined, the value
-of the weak symbol becomes zero with no error.
+The symbol is a weak symbol that has not been specifically tagged as a
+weak object symbol. When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal
+defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error.
+When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined,
+the value of the weak symbol becomes zero with no error.
@item -
The symbol is a stabs symbol in an a.out object file. In this case, the
@cindex input file name
@cindex file name
@cindex source file name
-Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive element)
+Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive member)
in which it was found, rather than identifying the input file once only,
before all of its symbols.
The same as @samp{--format=bsd} (for compatibility with the MIPS @code{nm}).
@item -C
-@itemx --demangle
+@itemx --demangle[=@var{style}]
@cindex demangling in nm
Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
-makes C++ function names readable. @xref{c++filt}, for more information
-on demangling.
+makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different
+mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to
+choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. @xref{c++filt},
+for more information on demangling.
@item --no-demangle
Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default.
@itemx --version
Show the version number of @code{nm} and exit.
+@item -X
+This option is ignored for compatibility with the AIX version of
+@code{nm}. It takes one parameter which must be the string
+@code{32_64}. The default mode of AIX @code{nm} corresponds
+to @code{-X 32}, which is not supported by @sc{gnu} @code{nm}.
+
@item --help
Show a summary of the options to @code{nm} and exit.
@end table
[ --gap-fill=@var{val} ] [ --pad-to=@var{address} ]
[ --set-start=@var{val} ] [ --adjust-start=@var{incr} ]
[ --change-addresses=@var{incr} ]
- [ --change-section-address=@var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val} ]
- [ --change-section-lma=@var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val} ]
- [ --change-section-vma=@var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val} ]
+ [ --change-section-address @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val} ]
+ [ --change-section-lma @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val} ]
+ [ --change-section-vma @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val} ]
[ --change-warnings ] [ --no-change-warnings ]
- [ --set-section-flags=@var{section}=@var{flags} ]
- [ --add-section=@var{sectionname}=@var{filename} ]
+ [ --set-section-flags @var{section}=@var{flags} ]
+ [ --add-section @var{sectionname}=@var{filename} ]
[ --change-leading-char ] [ --remove-leading-char ]
- [ --weaken ]
+ [ --srec-len=@var{ival} ] [ --srec-forceS3 ]
+ [ --redefine-sym @var{old}=@var{new} ] [ --weaken ]
[ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ]
@var{infile} [@var{outfile}]
@end smallexample
read and write the object files. It can write the destination object
file in a format different from that of the source object file. The
exact behavior of @code{objcopy} is controlled by command-line options.
+Note that @code{objcopy} should be able to copy a fully linked file
+between any two formats. However, copying a relocatable object file
+between any two formats may not work as expected.
@code{objcopy} creates temporary files to do its translations and
deletes them afterward. @code{objcopy} uses @sc{bfd} to do all its
When generating an S-record or a raw binary file, it may be helpful to
use @samp{-S} to remove sections containing debugging information. In
some cases @samp{-R} will be useful to remove sections which contain
-information which is not needed by the binary file.
+information that is not needed by the binary file.
@table @code
@item @var{infile}
@itemx @var{outfile}
-The source and output files, respectively.
+The input and output files, respectively.
If you do not specify @var{outfile}, @code{objcopy} creates a
temporary file and destructively renames the result with
the name of @var{infile}.
filled in with the value specified by @samp{--gap-fill} (default zero).
@item --set-start @var{val}
-Set the address of the new file to @var{val}. Not all object file
+Set the start address of the new file to @var{val}. Not all object file
formats support setting the start address.
@item --change-start @var{incr}
@item --set-section-flags @var{section}=@var{flags}
Set the flags for the named section. The @var{flags} argument is a
comma separated string of flag names. The recognized names are
-@samp{alloc}, @samp{contents}, @samp{load}, @samp{readonly},
-@samp{code}, @samp{data}, and @samp{rom}. You can set the
-@samp{contents} flag for a section which does not have contents, but it
-is not meaningful to clear the @samp{contents} flag of a section which
-does have contents--just remove the section instead. Not all flags are
-meaningful for all object file formats.
+@samp{alloc}, @samp{contents}, @samp{load}, @samp{noload},
+@samp{readonly}, @samp{code}, @samp{data}, @samp{rom}, @samp{share}, and
+@samp{debug}. You can set the @samp{contents} flag for a section which
+does not have contents, but it is not meaningful to clear the
+@samp{contents} flag of a section which does have contents--just remove
+the section instead. Not all flags are meaningful for all object file
+formats.
@item --add-section @var{sectionname}=@var{filename}
Add a new section named @var{sectionname} while copying the file. The
when appropriate, regardless of the object file format of the output
file.
+@item --srec-len=@var{ival}
+Meaningful only for srec output. Set the maximum length of the Srecords
+being produced to @var{ival}. This length covers both address, data and
+crc fields.
+
+@item --srec-forceS3
+Meaningful only for srec output. Avoid generation of S1/S2 records,
+creating S3-only record format.
+
+@item --redefine-sym @var{old}=@var{new}
+Change the name of a symbol @var{old}, to @var{new}. This can be useful
+when one is trying link two things together for which you have no
+source, and there are name collisions.
+
@item --weaken
Change all global symbols in the file to be weak. This can be useful
when building an object which will be linked against other objects using
@smallexample
objdump [ -a | --archive-headers ]
- [ -b @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ] [ --debugging ]
- [ -C | --demangle ] [ -d | --disassemble ]
- [ -D | --disassemble-all ] [ --disassemble-zeroes ]
+ [ -b @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ]
+ [ -C | --demangle[=@var{style}] ]
+ [ -d | --disassemble ]
+ [ -D | --disassemble-all ]
+ [ -z | --disassemble-zeroes ]
[ -EB | -EL | --endian=@{big | little @} ]
[ -f | --file-headers ]
- [ -h | --section-headers | --headers ] [ -i | --info ]
+ [ --file-start-context ]
+ [ -g | --debugging ]
+ [ -h | --section-headers | --headers ]
+ [ -i | --info ]
[ -j @var{section} | --section=@var{section} ]
- [ -l | --line-numbers ] [ -S | --source ]
+ [ -l | --line-numbers ]
+ [ -S | --source ]
[ -m @var{machine} | --architecture=@var{machine} ]
[ -M @var{options} | --disassembler-options=@var{options}]
[ -p | --private-headers ]
- [ -r | --reloc ] [ -R | --dynamic-reloc ]
- [ -s | --full-contents ] [ --stabs ]
- [ -t | --syms ] [ -T | --dynamic-syms ] [ -x | --all-headers ]
- [ -w | --wide ] [ --start-address=@var{address} ]
+ [ -r | --reloc ]
+ [ -R | --dynamic-reloc ]
+ [ -s | --full-contents ]
+ [ -G | --stabs ]
+ [ -t | --syms ]
+ [ -T | --dynamic-syms ]
+ [ -x | --all-headers ]
+ [ -w | --wide ]
+ [ --start-address=@var{address} ]
[ --stop-address=@var{address} ]
- [ --prefix-addresses] [ --[no-]show-raw-insn ]
+ [ --prefix-addresses]
+ [ --[no-]show-raw-insn ]
[ --adjust-vma=@var{offset} ]
- [ --version ] [ --help ]
+ [ -V | --version ]
+ [ -H | --help ]
@var{objfile}@dots{}
@end smallexample
object files.
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
-equivalent. At least one option besides @samp{-l} must be given.
+equivalent. At least one option from the list
+@samp{-a,-d,-D,-f,-g,-G,-h,-H,-p,-r,-R,-S,-t,-T,-V,-x} must be given.
@table @code
@item -a
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
@item -C
-@itemx --demangle
+@itemx --demangle[=@var{style}]
@cindex demangling in objdump
Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
-makes C++ function names readable. @xref{c++filt}, for more information
-on demangling.
+makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different
+mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to
+choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. @xref{c++filt},
+for more information on demangling.
+@item -G
@item --debugging
Display debugging information. This attempts to parse debugging
information stored in the file and print it out using a C like syntax.
Display summary information from the overall header of
each of the @var{objfile} files.
+@item --file-start-context
+@cindex source code context
+Specify that when displaying interlisted source code/disassembly
+(assumes '-S') from a file that has not yet been displayed, extend the
+context to the start of the file.
+
@item -h
@itemx --section-header
@itemx --header
If the target is an ARM architecture then this switch can be used to
select which register name set is used during disassembler. Specifying
-@samp{--disassembler-options=reg-name-std} (the default) will select the
-register names as used in ARM's instruction set documentation, but with
-register 13 called 'sp', register 14 called 'lr' and register 15 called
-'pc'. Specifying @samp{--disassembler-options=reg-names-apcs} will
-select the name set used by the ARM Procedure Call Standard, whilst
-specifying @samp{--disassembler-options=reg-names-raw} will just use
-@samp{r} followed by the register number.
+@samp{-M reg-name-std} (the default) will select the register names as
+used in ARM's instruction set documentation, but with register 13 called
+'sp', register 14 called 'lr' and register 15 called 'pc'. Specifying
+@samp{-M reg-names-apcs} will select the name set used by the ARM
+Procedure Call Standard, whilst specifying @samp{-M reg-names-raw} will
+just use @samp{r} followed by the register number.
+
+There are also two variants on the APCS register naming scheme enabled
+by @samp{-M reg-names-atpcs} and @samp{-M reg-names-special-atpcs} which
+use the ARM/Thumb Procedure Call Standard naming conventions. (Eiuther
+with the normal register name sor the special register names).
+
+This option can also be used for ARM architectures to force the
+disassembler to interpret all instructions as THUMB instructions by
+using the switch @samp{--disassembler-options=force-thumb}. This can be
+useful when attempting to disassemble thumb code produced by other
+compilers.
@item -p
@itemx --private-headers
When disassembling instructions, do not print the instruction bytes.
This is the default when @code{--prefix-addresses} is used.
+@item -G
@item --stabs
@cindex stab
@cindex .stab
@table @code
@item -v
@itemx -V
+@itemx --version
Show the version number of @code{ranlib}.
@end table
Here is an example of the Berkeley (default) format of output from
@code{size}:
@smallexample
-size --format=Berkeley ranlib size
+$ size --format=Berkeley ranlib size
text data bss dec hex filename
294880 81920 11592 388392 5ed28 ranlib
294880 81920 11888 388688 5ee50 size
This is the same data, but displayed closer to System V conventions:
@smallexample
-size --format=SysV ranlib size
+$ size --format=SysV ranlib size
ranlib :
section size addr
.text 294880 8192
the one used by the HP compiler
@item edg
the one used by the EDG compiler
+@item gnu-new-abi
+the one used by the @sc{gnu} compiler with the new ABI.
@end table
@item --help
@smallexample
addr2line [ -b @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ]
- [ -C | --demangle ]
+ [ -C | --demangle[=@var{style} ]
[ -e @var{filename} | --exe=@var{filename} ]
[ -f | --functions ] [ -s | --basename ]
[ -H | --help ] [ -V | --version ]
number are associated with a given address.
The executable to use is specified with the @code{-e} option. The
-default is @file{a.out}.
+default is the file @file{a.out}.
@code{addr2line} has two modes of operation.
@var{bfdname}.
@item -C
-@itemx --demangle
+@itemx --demangle[=@var{style}]
@cindex demangling in objdump
Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
-makes C++ function names readable. @xref{c++filt}, for more information
-on demangling.
+makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different
+mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to
+choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. @xref{c++filt},
+for more information on demangling.
@item -e @var{filename}
@itemx --exe=@var{filename}
files named in the @code{rc} file.
@item -D @var{target}
-@itemx --define @var{sym[=val]}
+@itemx --define @var{sym}[=@var{val}]
Specify a @code{-D} option to pass to the preprocessor when reading an
@code{rc} file.
@var{val} should be a hexadecimal language code. The low eight bits are
the language, and the high eight bits are the sublanguage.
+@item --use-temp-file
+Use a temporary file to instead of using popen to read the output of
+the preprocessor. Use this option if the popen implementation is buggy
+on the host (eg., certain non-English language versions of Windows 95 and
+Windows 98 are known to have buggy popen where the output will instead
+go the console).
+
+@item --no-use-temp-file
+Use popen, not a temporary file, to read the output of the preprocessor.
+This is the default behaviour.
+
@item --help
Prints a usage summary.
[ -S | --section-headers | --sections]
[ -e | --headers]
[ -s | --syms | --symbols]
+ [ -n | --notes]
[ -r | --relocs]
[ -d | --dynamic]
[ -V | --version-info]
@itemx --all
Equivalent to specifiying @samp{--file-header},
@samp{--program-headers}, @samp{--sections}, @samp{--symbols},
-@samp{--relocs}, @samp{--dynamic} and @samp{--version-info}.
+@samp{--relocs}, @samp{--dynamic}, @samp{--notes} and
+@samp{--version-info}.
@item -h
@itemx --file-header
@itemx --headers
Display all the headers in the file. Equivalent to @samp{-h -l -S}.
+@item -n
+@itemx --notes
+@cindex ELF core notes
+Displays the contents of the NOTE segment, if it exists.
+
@item -r
@itemx --relocs
@cindex ELF reloc information
@item -D
@itemx --use-dynamic
When displaying symbols, this option makes @code{readelf} use the
-symblol table in the file's dynamic section, rather than the one in the
+symbol table in the file's dynamic section, rather than the one in the
symbols section.
@item -x <number>
@samp{a.out-sunos-big}.
You can also specify a target using a configuration triplet. This is
-the same sort of name that is passed to configure to specify a target.
-When you use a configuration triplet as an argument, it must be fully
-canonicalized. You can see the canonical version of a triplet by
+the same sort of name that is passed to @file{configure} to specify a
+target. When you use a configuration triplet as an argument, it must be
+fully canonicalized. You can see the canonical version of a triplet by
running the shell script @file{config.sub} which is included with the
sources.
A complete input file, or set of input files, that will reproduce the
bug. If the utility is reading an object file or files, then it is
generally most helpful to send the actual object files, uuencoded if
-necessary to get them through the mail system. Making them available
-for anonymous FTP is not as good, but may be the only reasonable choice
-for large object files.
+necessary to get them through the mail system. Note that
+@samp{bug-gnu-utils@@gnu.org} is a mailing list, so you should avoid
+sending very large files to it. Making the files available for
+anonymous FTP is OK.
If the source files were produced exclusively using @sc{gnu} programs
(e.g., @code{gcc}, @code{gas}, and/or the @sc{gnu} @code{ld}), then it
a chance to make a mistake.
Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should still
-say so explicitly. Suppose something strange is going on, such as, your
+say so explicitly. Suppose something strange is going on, such as your
copy of the utility is out of synch, or you have encountered a bug in
the C library on your system. (This has happened!) Your copy might
crash and ours would not. If you told us to expect a crash, then when
If you wish to suggest changes to the source, send us context diffs, as
generated by @code{diff} with the @samp{-u}, @samp{-c}, or @samp{-p}
option. Always send diffs from the old file to the new file. If you
-even discuss something in the @code{ld} source, refer to it by context,
-not by line number.
+wish to discuss something in the @code{ld} source, refer to it by
+context, not by line number.
The line numbers in our development sources will not match those in your
sources. Your line numbers would convey no useful information to us.
things without first using the debugger to find the facts.
@end itemize
+@node GNU Free Documentation License
+@chapter GNU Free Documentation License
+@cindex GNU Free Documentation License
+
+ GNU Free Documentation License
+
+ Version 1.1, March 2000
+
+ Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+ of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+
+0. PREAMBLE
+
+The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
+written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
+the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
+modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily,
+this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
+credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
+modifications made by others.
+
+This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
+works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
+complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
+license designed for free software.
+
+We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
+software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
+program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
+software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
+it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
+whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
+principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
+
+
+1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
+
+This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
+notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
+under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any
+such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is
+addressed as "you".
+
+A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
+Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
+modifications and/or translated into another language.
+
+A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
+the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
+publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
+(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
+within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a
+textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
+mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
+connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
+commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
+them.
+
+The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
+are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
+that says that the Document is released under this License.
+
+The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
+as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
+the Document is released under this License.
+
+A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
+represented in a format whose specification is available to the
+general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and
+straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
+pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
+drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
+for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
+to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
+format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage
+subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is
+not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
+
+Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
+ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
+or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
+HTML designed for human modification. Opaque formats include
+PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only
+by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
+processing tools are not generally available, and the
+machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output
+purposes only.
+
+The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
+plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
+this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
+formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
+the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
+preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
+
+
+2. VERBATIM COPYING
+
+You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
+commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
+copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
+to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
+conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
+technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
+copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
+compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
+number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
+
+You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
+you may publicly display copies.
+
+
+3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
+
+If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
+and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose
+the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
+Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
+the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
+you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
+the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
+visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
+Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
+the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
+as verbatim copying in other respects.
+
+If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
+legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
+reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
+pages.
+
+If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
+more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
+copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
+a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete
+Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the
+general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
+charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter
+option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
+distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this
+Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location
+until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
+copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to
+the public.
+
+It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
+Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
+them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
+
+
+4. MODIFICATIONS
+
+You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
+the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
+the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
+Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
+and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
+of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
+
+A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
+ from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
+ (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
+ of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
+ if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
+B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
+ responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
+ Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
+ Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).
+C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
+ Modified Version, as the publisher.
+D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
+E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
+ adjacent to the other copyright notices.
+F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
+ giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
+ terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
+G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
+ and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
+H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
+I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to
+ it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
+ publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
+ there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one
+ stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
+ given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
+ Version as stated in the previous sentence.
+J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
+ public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
+ the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
+ it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.
+ You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
+ least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
+ publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
+K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
+ preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the
+ substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
+ and/or dedications given therein.
+L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
+ unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
+ or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
+M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
+ may not be included in the Modified Version.
+N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements"
+ or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
+
+If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
+appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
+copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
+of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
+list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
+These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
+
+You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
+nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
+parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
+been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
+standard.
+
+You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
+passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
+of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
+Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
+through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
+includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
+by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
+you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
+permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
+
+The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
+give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
+imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
+
+
+5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
+
+You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
+License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
+versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
+Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
+list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
+license notice.
+
+The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
+multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
+copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
+different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
+adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
+author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
+Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
+Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
+
+In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History"
+in the various original documents, forming one section entitled
+"History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements",
+and any sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
+entitled "Endorsements."
+
+
+6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
+
+You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
+released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
+License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
+the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
+verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
+
+You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
+it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
+License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
+other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
+
+
+7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
+
+A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
+and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
+distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version
+of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the
+compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this
+License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled
+with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they
+are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
+
+If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
+copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter
+of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
+covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate.
+Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.
+
+
+8. TRANSLATION
+
+Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
+distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
+Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
+permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
+translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
+original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
+translation of this License provided that you also include the
+original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement
+between the translation and the original English version of this
+License, the original English version will prevail.
+
+
+9. TERMINATION
+
+You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
+as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
+copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
+automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
+parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
+License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
+parties remain in full compliance.
+
+
+10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
+
+The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
+of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
+versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
+differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
+http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
+
+Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
+If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
+License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
+following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
+of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
+Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
+number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
+as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
+
+
+ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
+
+To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
+the License in the document and put the following copyright and
+license notices just after the title page:
+
+@smallexample
+ Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
+ Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+ under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
+ or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
+ with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
+ Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
+ A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
+ Free Documentation License".
+@end smallexample
+
+If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
+instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no
+Front-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of
+"Front-Cover Texts being LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
+
+If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
+recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
+free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
+to permit their use in free software.
+
@node Index
@unnumbered Index
projects / deliverable / binutils-gdb.git / blobdiff