@ifinfo
@format
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
-* Binutils:: The GNU binary utilities "ar", "ld", "objcopy",
- "objdump", "nm", "size", "strings", "strip", and "ranlib".
+* Binutils: (binutils). The GNU binary utilities "ar", "objcopy",
+ "objdump", "nm", "nlmconv", "size",
+ "strings", "strip", and "ranlib".
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
@end format
@end ifinfo
@ifinfo
-Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
@setchapternewpage odd
@settitle GNU Binary Utilities
-@c @smallbook
-@c @cropmarks
@titlepage
@finalout
@title The GNU Binary Utilities
@sp 1
@subtitle May 1993
@author Roland H. Pesch
+@author Jeffrey M. Osier
@author Cygnus Support
@page
@end tex
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
-Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
@end titlepage
-@node Top, ar, (dir), (dir)
-@chapter Introduction
+@node Top
+@top Introduction
@cindex version
This brief manual contains preliminary documentation for the GNU binary
Generate index to archive contents
@item size
-List section sizes and total size
+List file section sizes and total size
@item strings
List printable strings from files
@item strip
Discard symbols
+
+@item c++filt
+Demangle encoded C++ symbols
+
+@item nlmconv
+Convert object code into a Netware Loadable Module
@end table
@end iftex
@menu
* ar:: Create, modify, and extract from archives
-* ld:(ld)Overview. Combine object and archive files
* nm:: List symbols from object files
* objcopy:: Copy and translate object files
* objdump:: Display information from object files
* strings:: List printable strings from files
* strip:: Discard symbols
* c++filt:: Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols
+* nlmconv:: Converts object code into an NLM
+* Selecting The Target System:: How these utilities determine the target.
* Index::
@end menu
-@node ar, nm, Top, Top
+@node ar
@chapter ar
@kindex ar
program.
@menu
-* ar-cmdline:: Controlling @code{ar} on the command line
-* ar-scripts:: Controlling @code{ar} with a script
+* ar cmdline:: Controlling @code{ar} on the command line
+* ar scripts:: Controlling @code{ar} with a script
@end menu
@page
-@node ar-cmdline, ar-scripts, ar, ar
+@node ar cmdline
@section Controlling @code{ar} on the command line
@smallexample
This modifier shows the version number of @code{ar}.
@end table
-@node ar-scripts, , ar-cmdline, ar
+@node ar scripts
@section Controlling @code{ar} with a script
@smallexample
@xref{Top,, Overview,, Using LD: the GNU linker}.
@end iftex
-@node nm, objcopy, ar, Top
+@node nm
@chapter nm
@cindex symbols
@kindex nm
@smallexample
nm [ -a | --debug-syms ] [ -g | --extern-only ]
- [ -B ] [ -C | --demangle ]
+ [ -B ] [ -C | --demangle ] [ -D | --dynamic ]
[ -s | --print-armap ] [ -A | -o | --print-file-name ]
[ -n | -v | --numeric-sort ] [ -p | --no-sort ]
[ -r | --reverse-sort ] [ -u | --undefined-only ]
makes C++ function names readable. @xref{c++filt}, for more information
on demangling.
+@item -D
+@itemx --dynamic
+@cindex dynamic symbols
+Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols. This is
+only meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
+libraries.
+
@item -f @var{format}
@itemx --format=@var{format}
@cindex @code{nm} format
@item --target=@var{bfdname}
@cindex object code format
Specify an object code format other than your system's default format.
-@xref{objdump}, for information on listing available formats.
+@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
@item -u
@itemx --undefined-only
Show a summary of the options to @code{nm} and exit.
@end table
-@node objcopy, objdump, nm, Top
+@node objcopy
@chapter objcopy
@smallexample
-objcopy [ -F @var{format} | --format=@var{format} ]
- [ -I @var{format} | --input-format=@var{format} ]
- [ -O @var{format} | --output-format=@var{format} ]
+objcopy [ -F @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ]
+ [ -I @var{bfdname} | --input-target=@var{bfdname} ]
+ [ -O @var{bfdname} | --output-target=@var{bfdname} ]
[ -S | --strip-all ] [ -g | --strip-debug ]
[ -x | --discard-all ] [ -X | --discard-locals ]
- [ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ]
+ [ -b @var{byte} | --byte=@var{byte} ]
+ [ -i @var{interleave} | --interleave=@var{interleave} ]
+ [ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ]
@var{infile} [@var{outfile}]
@end smallexample
-The GNU @code{objcopy} utility copies the contents of an object file to
-another. @code{objcopy} uses the GNU BFD Library to read and write the
-object files. It can write the destination object file in a format
-different from that of the source object file. The exact behavior of
-@code{objcopy} is controlled by command-line options.
+The @sc{gnu} @code{objcopy} utility copies the contents of an object
+file to another. @code{objcopy} uses the @sc{gnu} @sc{bfd} Library to
+read and write the object files. It can write the destination object
+file in a format different from that of the source object file. The
+exact behavior of @code{objcopy} is controlled by command-line options.
@code{objcopy} creates temporary files to do its translations and
-deletes them afterward. @code{objcopy} uses BFD to do all its
-translation work; it knows about all the formats BFD knows about, and
-thus is able to recognize most formats without being told explicitly.
-@xref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD, the GNU linker}.
+deletes them afterward. @code{objcopy} uses @sc{bfd} to do all its
+translation work; it has access to all the formats described in @sc{bfd}
+and thus is able to recognize most formats without being told
+explicitly. @xref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}.
@table @code
@item @var{infile}
@itemx @var{outfile}
-The source and output files respectively.
+The source and output files, respectively.
If you do not specify @var{outfile}, @code{objcopy} creates a
temporary file and destructively renames the result with
-the name of the input file.
+the name of @var{infile}.
-@item -I @var{format}
-@itemx --input-format=@var{format}
-Consider the source file's object format to be @var{format}, rather than
-attempting to deduce it.
+@item -I @var{bfdname}
+@itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname}
+Consider the source file's object format to be @var{bfdname}, rather than
+attempting to deduce it. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
-@item -O @var{format}
-@itemx --output-format=@var{format}
-Write the output file using the object format @var{format}.
+@item -O @var{bfdname}
+@itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname}
+Write the output file using the object format @var{bfdname}.
+@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
-@item -F @var{format}
-@itemx --format=@var{format}
-Use @var{format} as the object format for both the input and the output
-file; i.e. simply transfer data from source to destination with no
-translation.
+@item -F @var{bfdname}
+@itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
+Use @var{bfdname} as the object format for both the input and the output
+file; i.e., simply transfer data from source to destination with no
+translation. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
@item -S
@itemx --strip-all
Do not copy compiler-generated local symbols.
(These usually start with @samp{L} or @samp{.}.)
+@item -b @var{byte}
+@itemx --byte=@var{byte}
+Keep only every @var{byte}th byte of the input file (header data is not
+affected). @var{byte} can be in the range from 0 to @var{interleave}-1,
+where @var{interleave} is given by the @samp{-i} or @samp{--interleave}
+option, or the default of 4. This option is useful for creating files
+to program @sc{rom}. It is typically used with an @code{srec} output
+target.
+
+@item -i @var{interleave}
+@itemx --interleave=@var{interleave}
+Only copy one out of every @var{interleave} bytes. Select which byte to
+copy with the @var{-b} or @samp{--byte} option. The default is 4.
+@code{objcopy} ignores this option if you do not specify either @samp{-b} or
+@samp{--byte}.
+
@item -V
@itemx --version
Show the version number of @code{objcopy}.
Show a summary of the options to @code{objcopy}.
@end table
-@node objdump, ranlib, objcopy, Top
+@node objdump
@chapter objdump
@cindex object file information
@kindex objdump
@smallexample
-objdump [ -a ] [ -b @var{bfdname} ] [ -d ] [ -f ]
- [ -h | --header ] [ -i ] [ -j @var{section} ] [ -l ]
- [ -m @var{machine} ] [ -r | --reloc ] [ -s ] [ --stabs ]
- [ -t | --syms ] [ -x ] [ --version ] [ --help ]
- @var{objfile}@dots{}
+objdump [ -a | --archive-headers ]
+ [ -b @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ]
+ [ -d | --disassemble ] [ -f | --file-headers ]
+ [ -h | --section-headers | --headers ] [ -i | --info ]
+ [ -j @var{section} | --section=@var{section} ]
+ [ -l | --line-numbers ]
+ [ -m @var{machine} | --architecture=@var{machine} ] [ -r | --reloc ]
+ [ -R | --dynamic-reloc ] [ -s | --full-contents ] [ --stabs ]
+ [ -t | --syms ] [ -T | --dynamic-syms ] [ -x | --all-headers ]
+ [ --version ] [ --help ] @var{objfile}@dots{}
@end smallexample
@code{objdump} displays information about one or more object files.
@table @code
@item -a
-@c print_arelt_descr
+@itemx --archive-header
@cindex archive headers
If any of the @var{objfile} files are archives, display the archive
header information (in a format similar to @samp{ls -l}). Besides the
information you could list with @samp{ar tv}, @samp{objdump -a} shows
the object file format of each archive member.
-@c suggest longname --target or --format or --bfd
@item -b @var{bfdname}
+@itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
@cindex object code format
Specify that the object-code format for the object files is
@var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @var{objdump} can
@file{fu.o}, which is explicitly identified (@samp{-m}) as a VAX object
file in the format produced by Oasys compilers. You can list the
formats available with the @samp{-i} option.
+@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
@item -d
+@itemx --disassemble
@cindex disassembling object code
@cindex machine instructions
-Disassemble. Display the assembler mnemonics for the machine
+Display the assembler mnemonics for the machine
instructions from @var{objfile}.
@item -f
+@itemx --file-header
@cindex object file header
-File header. Display summary information from the overall header of
+Display summary information from the overall header of
each of the @var{objfile} files.
@item -h
+@itemx --section-header
@itemx --header
@cindex section headers
-Header. Display summary information from the section headers of the
+Display summary information from the section headers of the
object file.
+File segments may be relocated to nonstandard addresses, for example by
+using the @samp{-Ttext}, @samp{-Tdata}, or @samp{-Tbss} options to
+@code{ld}. However, some object file formats, such as a.out, do not
+store the starting address of the file segments. In those situations,
+although @code{ld} relocates the sections correctly, using @samp{objdump
+-h} to list the file section headers cannot show the correct addresses.
+Instead, it shows the usual addresses, which are implicit for the
+target.
+
@item --help
Print a summary of the options to @code{objdump} and exit.
@item -i
+@itemx --info
@cindex architectures available
@cindex object formats available
Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available
for specification with @samp{-b} or @samp{-m}.
-@c suggest longname --section
@item -j @var{name}
+@itemx --section=@var{name}
@cindex section information
Display information only for section @var{name}.
-@c suggest longname --label or --linespec
@item -l
+@itemx --line-numbers
@cindex source filenames for object files
-Label the display (using debugging information) with the source filename
-and line numbers corresponding to the object code shown.
+Label the display (using debugging information) with the filename
+and source line numbers corresponding to the object code shown.
+Only useful with @samp{-d}.
-@c suggest longname --architecture
@item -m @var{machine}
+@itemx --architecture=@var{machine}
@cindex architecture
Specify that the object files @var{objfile} are for architecture
@var{machine}. You can list available architectures using the @samp{-i}
@item -r
@itemx --reloc
@cindex relocation entries, in object file
-Relocation. Print the relocation entries of the file.
+Print the relocation entries of the file.
+
+@item -R
+@itemx --dynamic-reloc
+@cindex dynamic relocation entries, in object file
+Print the dynamic relocation entries of the file. This is only
+meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
+libraries.
@item -s
+@itemx --full-contents
@cindex sections, full contents
@cindex object file sections
Display the full contents of any sections requested.
@item -t
@itemx --syms
@cindex symbol table entries, printing
-Symbol Table. Print the symbol table entries of the file.
+Print the symbol table entries of the file.
This is similar to the information provided by the @samp{nm} program.
+@item -T
+@itemx --dynamic-syms
+@cindex dynamic symbol table entries, printing
+Print the dynamic symbol table entries of the file. This is only
+meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
+libraries. This is similar to the information provided by the @samp{nm}
+program when given the @samp{-D} (@samp{--dynamic}) option.
+
@item --version
Print the version number of @code{objdump} and exit.
@item -x
+@itemx --all-header
@cindex all header information, object file
@cindex header information, all
Display all available header information, including the symbol table and
@samp{-a -f -h -r -t}.
@end table
-@node ranlib, size, objdump, Top
+@node ranlib
@chapter ranlib
@kindex ranlib
Show the version number of @code{ranlib}.
@end table
-@node size, strings, ranlib, Top
+@node size
@chapter size
@kindex size
Here is an example of the Berkeley (default) format of output from
@code{size}:
@smallexample
-size --format Berkeley ranlib size
+size --format=Berkeley ranlib size
text data bss dec hex filename
294880 81920 11592 388392 5ed28 ranlib
294880 81920 11888 388688 5ee50 size
This is the same data, but displayed closer to System V conventions:
@smallexample
-size --format SysV ranlib size
+size --format=SysV ranlib size
ranlib :
section size addr
.text 294880 8192
@cindex object code format
Specify that the object-code format for @var{objfile} is
@var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @code{size} can
-automatically recognize many formats. @xref{objdump}, for information
-on listing available formats.
+automatically recognize many formats.
+@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
@item -V
@itemx --version
Display the version number of @code{size}.
@end table
-@node strings, strip, size, Top
+@node strings
@chapter strings
@kindex strings
@cindex listings strings
@smallexample
strings [-afov] [-@var{min-len}] [-n @var{min-len}] [-t @var{radix}] [-]
[--all] [--print-file-name] [--bytes=@var{min-len}]
- [--radix=@var{radix}] [--help] [--version] @var{file}@dots{}
+ [--radix=@var{radix}] [--target=@var{bfdname}]
+ [--help] [--version] @var{file}@dots{}
@end smallexample
For each @var{file} given, GNU @code{strings} prints the printable
character argument specifies the radix of the offset---@samp{o} for
octal, @samp{x} for hexadecimal, or @samp{d} for decimal.
+@item --target=@var{bfdname}
+@cindex object code format
+Specify an object code format other than your system's default format.
+@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
+
@item -v
@itemx --version
Print the program version number on the standard output and exit.
@end table
-@node strip, c++filt, strings, Top
+@node strip
@chapter strip
@kindex strip
@cindex symbols, discarding
@smallexample
-strip [ -F @var{format} | --format=@var{format} | --target=@var{format} ]
- [ -I @var{format} | --input-format=@var{format} ]
- [ -O @var{format} | --output-format=@var{format} ]
+strip [ -F @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ]
+ [ -I @var{bfdname} | --input-target=@var{bfdname} ]
+ [ -O @var{bfdname} | --output-target=@var{bfdname} ]
[ -s | --strip-all ] [ -S | -g | --strip-debug ]
[ -x | --discard-all ] [ -X | --discard-locals ]
[ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ]
rather than writing modified copies under different names.
@table @code
-@item -F @var{format}
-@itemx --format=@var{format}
-@itemx --target=@var{format}
+@item -F @var{bfdname}
+@itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object
-code format @var{format}, and rewrite it in the same format.
+code format @var{bfdname}, and rewrite it in the same format.
+@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
@item --help
Show a summary of the options to @code{strip} and exit.
-@item -I @var{format}
-@itemx --input-format=@var{format}
+@item -I @var{bfdname}
+@itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname}
Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object
-code format @var{format}.
+code format @var{bfdname}.
+@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
-@item -O @var{format}
-@itemx --output-format=@var{format}
-Replace @var{objfile} with a file in the output format @var{format}.
+@item -O @var{bfdname}
+@itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname}
+Replace @var{objfile} with a file in the output format @var{bfdname}.
+@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
@item -s
@itemx --strip-all
archives, @samp{strip -v} lists all members of the archive.
@end table
-@node c++filt, Index, strip, Top
+@node c++filt
@chapter c++filt
@kindex c++filt
@table @code
@item -_
-@item --strip-underscores
+@itemx --strip-underscores
On some systems, both the C and C++ compilers put an underscore in front
of every name. For example, the C name @code{foo} gets the low-level
name @code{_foo}. This option removes the initial underscore.
@end example
@end quotation
-@node Index, , c++filt, Top
+@node nlmconv
+@chapter nlmconv
+
+@code{nlmconv} converts a relocatable object file into a NetWare
+Loadable Module.
+
+@ignore
+@code{nlmconv} currently works with @samp{i386} object
+files in @code{coff}, @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format, and @sc{SPARC}
+object files in @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format@footnote{
+@code{nlmconv} should work with any @samp{i386} or @sc{sparc} object
+format in the Binary File Descriptor library. It has only been tested
+with the above formats.}.
+@end ignore
+
+@quotation
+@emph{Warning:} @code{nlmconv} is not always built as part of the binary
+utilities, since it is only useful for NLM targets.
+@end quotation
+
+@smallexample
+nlmconv [ -I @var{bfdname} | --input-target=@var{bfdname} ]
+ [ -O @var{bfdname} | --output-target=@var{bfdname} ]
+ [ -T @var{headerfile} | --header-file=@var{headerfile} ]
+ [ -d | --debug] [ -l @var{linker} | --linker=@var{linker} ]
+ [ -h | --help ] [ -V | --version ]
+ @var{infile} @var{outfile}
+@end smallexample
+
+@code{nlmconv} converts the relocatable @samp{i386} object file
+@var{infile} into the NetWare Loadable Module @var{outfile}, optionally
+reading @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions
+on writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see the
+@samp{linkers} section, @samp{NLMLINK} in particular, of the @cite{NLM
+Development and Tools Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software
+Developer's Kit (``NLM SDK''), available from Novell, Inc.
+@code{nlmconv} uses the @sc{gnu} Binary File Descriptor library to read
+@var{infile}; see @ref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}, for
+more information.
+
+@code{nlmconv} can perform a link step. In other words, you can list
+more than one object file for input if you list them in the definitions
+file (rather than simply specifying one input file on the command line).
+In this case, @code{nlmconv} calls the linker for you.
+
+@table @code
+@item -I @var{bfdname}
+@itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname}
+Object format of the input file. @code{nlmconv} can usually determine
+the format of a given file (so no default is necessary).
+@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
+
+@item -O @var{bfdname}
+@itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname}
+Object format of the output file. @code{nlmconv} infers the output
+format based on the input format, e.g. for a @samp{i386} input file the
+output format is @samp{nlm32-i386}.
+@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
+
+@item -T @var{headerfile}
+@itemx --header-file=@var{headerfile}
+Reads @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions on
+writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see@ see the
+@samp{linkers} section, of the @cite{NLM Development and Tools
+Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software Developer's Kit, available
+from Novell, Inc.
+
+@item -d
+@itemx --debug
+Displays (on standard error) the linker command line used by @code{nlmconv}.
+
+@item -l @var{linker}
+@itemx --linker=@var{linker}
+Use @var{linker} for any linking. @var{linker} can be an abosolute or a
+relative pathname.
+
+@item -h
+@itemx --help
+Prints a usage summary.
+
+@item -V
+@itemx --version
+Prints the version number for @code{nlmconv}.
+@end table
+
+@node Selecting The Target System
+@chapter Selecting the target system
+
+You can specify three aspects of the target system to the @sc{gnu}
+binary file utilities, each in several ways:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+the target
+
+@item
+the architecture
+
+@item
+the linker emulation (which applies to the linker only)
+@end itemize
+
+In the following summaries, the lists of ways to specify values are in
+order of decreasing precedence. The ways listed first override those
+listed later.
+
+The commands to list valid values only list the values for which the
+programs you are running were configured. If they were configured with
+@samp{--with-targets=all}, the commands list most of the available
+values, but a few are left out; not all targets can be configured in at
+once because some of them can only be configured @dfn{native} (on hosts
+with the same type as the target system).
+
+@menu
+* Target Selection::
+* Architecture Selection::
+* Linker Emulation Selection::
+@end menu
+
+@node Target Selection
+@section Target Selection
+
+A @dfn{target} is an object file format. A given target may be
+supported for multiple architectures (@pxref{Architecture Selection}).
+A target selection may also have variations for different operating
+systems or architectures.
+
+The command to list valid target values is @samp{objdump -i}
+(the first column of output contains the relevant information).
+
+Some sample values are: @samp{a.out-hp300bsd}, @samp{ecoff-littlemips},
+@samp{a.out-sunos-big}.
+
+@subheading @code{objdump} Target
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+command line option: @samp{-b} or @samp{--target}
+
+@item
+environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
+
+@item
+deduced from the input file
+@end enumerate
+
+@subheading @code{objcopy} and @code{strip} Input Target
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+command line options: @samp{-I} or @samp{--input-target}, or @samp{-F} or @samp{--target}
+
+@item
+environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
+
+@item
+deduced from the input file
+@end enumerate
+
+@subheading @code{objcopy} and @code{strip} Output Target
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+command line options: @samp{-O} or @samp{--output-target}, or @samp{-F} or @samp{--target}
+
+@item
+the input target (see ``@code{objcopy} and @code{strip} Input Target'' above)
+
+@item
+environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
+
+@item
+deduced from the input file
+@end enumerate
+
+@subheading @code{nm}, @code{size}, and @code{strings} Target
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+command line option: @samp{--target}
+
+@item
+environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
+
+@item
+deduced from the input file
+@end enumerate
+
+@subheading Linker Input Target
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+command line option: @samp{-b} or @samp{--format}
+(@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD})
+
+@item
+script command @code{TARGET}
+(@pxref{Option Commands,,Option Commands,ld.info,Using LD})
+
+@item
+environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
+(@pxref{Environment,,Environment,ld.info,Using LD})
+
+@item
+the default target of the selected linker emulation
+(@pxref{Linker Emulation Selection})
+@end enumerate
+
+@subheading Linker Output Target
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+command line option: @samp{-oformat}
+(@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD})
+
+@item
+script command @code{OUTPUT_FORMAT}
+(@pxref{Option Commands,,Option Commands,ld.info,Using LD})
+
+@item
+the linker input target (see ``Linker Input Target'' above)
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Architecture Selection
+@section Architecture selection
+
+An @dfn{architecture} is a type of @sc{cpu} on which an object file is
+to run. Its name may contain a colon, separating the name of the
+processor family from the name of the particular @sc{cpu}.
+
+The command to list valid architecture values is @samp{objdump -i} (the
+second column contains the relevant information).
+
+Sample values: @samp{m68k:68020}, @samp{mips:3000}, @samp{sparc}.
+
+@subheading @code{objdump} Architecture
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+command line option: @samp{-m} or @samp{--architecture}
+
+@item
+deduced from the input file
+@end enumerate
+
+@subheading @code{objcopy}, @code{nm}, @code{size}, @code{strings} Architecture
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+deduced from the input file
+@end enumerate
+
+@subheading Linker Input Architecture
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+deduced from the input file
+@end enumerate
+
+@subheading Linker Output Architecture
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+script command @code{OUTPUT_ARCH}
+(@pxref{Option Commands,,Option Commands,ld.info,Using LD})
+
+@item
+the default architecture from the linker output target
+(@pxref{Target Selection})
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Linker Emulation Selection
+@section Linker emulation selection
+
+A linker @dfn{emulation} is a ``personality'' of the linker, which gives
+the linker default values for the other aspects of the target system.
+In particular, it consists of
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+the linker script
+
+@item
+the target
+
+@item
+several ``hook'' functions that are run at certain stages of the linking
+process to do special things that some targets require
+@end itemize
+
+The command to list valid linker emulation values is @samp{ld -V}.
+
+Sample values: @samp{hp300bsd}, @samp{mipslit}, @samp{sun4}.
+
+Ways to specify:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+command line option: @samp{-m}
+(@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD})
+
+@item
+environment variable @code{LDEMULATION}
+
+@item
+compiled-in @code{DEFAULT_EMULATION} from @file{Makefile},
+which comes from @code{EMUL} in @file{config/@var{target}.mt}
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Index
@unnumbered Index
@printindex cp
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