-@c Copyright 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000,
-@c 2001, 2003, 2004
-@c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c Copyright (C) 1991-2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c This is part of the GAS manual.
@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
+@c man end
+
@ifset GENERIC
@page
@node i386-Dependent
@end ifclear
@cindex i386 support
-@cindex i80306 support
+@cindex i80386 support
@cindex x86-64 support
The i386 version @code{@value{AS}} supports both the original Intel 386
@menu
* i386-Options:: Options
-* i386-Syntax:: AT&T Syntax versus Intel Syntax
+* i386-Directives:: X86 specific directives
+* i386-Syntax:: Syntactical considerations
* i386-Mnemonics:: Instruction Naming
* i386-Regs:: Register Naming
* i386-Prefixes:: Instruction Prefixes
* i386-Jumps:: Handling of Jump Instructions
* i386-Float:: Floating Point
* i386-SIMD:: Intel's MMX and AMD's 3DNow! SIMD Operations
+* i386-LWP:: AMD's Lightweight Profiling Instructions
+* i386-BMI:: Bit Manipulation Instruction
+* i386-TBM:: AMD's Trailing Bit Manipulation Instructions
* i386-16bit:: Writing 16-bit Code
* i386-Arch:: Specifying an x86 CPU architecture
* i386-Bugs:: AT&T Syntax bugs
@cindex options for i386
@cindex options for x86-64
@cindex i386 options
-@cindex x86-64 options
+@cindex x86-64 options
The i386 version of @code{@value{AS}} has a few machine
dependent options:
-@table @code
+@c man begin OPTIONS
+@table @gcctabopt
@cindex @samp{--32} option, i386
@cindex @samp{--32} option, x86-64
+@cindex @samp{--x32} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{--x32} option, x86-64
@cindex @samp{--64} option, i386
@cindex @samp{--64} option, x86-64
-@item --32 | --64
-Select the word size, either 32 bits or 64 bits. Selecting 32-bit
-implies Intel i386 architecture, while 64-bit implies AMD x86-64
-architecture.
+@item --32 | --x32 | --64
+Select the word size, either 32 bits or 64 bits. @samp{--32}
+implies Intel i386 architecture, while @samp{--x32} and @samp{--64}
+imply AMD x86-64 architecture with 32-bit or 64-bit word-size
+respectively.
These options are only available with the ELF object file format, and
require that the necessary BFD support has been included (on a 32-bit
@item -n
By default, x86 GAS replaces multiple nop instructions used for
alignment within code sections with multi-byte nop instructions such
-as leal 0(%esi,1),%esi. This switch disables the optimization.
+as leal 0(%esi,1),%esi. This switch disables the optimization if a single
+byte nop (0x90) is explicitly specified as the fill byte for alignment.
@cindex @samp{--divide} option, i386
@item --divide
not disable @samp{/} at the beginning of a line starting a comment, or
affect using @samp{#} for starting a comment.
+@cindex @samp{-march=} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-march=} option, x86-64
+@item -march=@var{CPU}[+@var{EXTENSION}@dots{}]
+This option specifies the target processor. The assembler will
+issue an error message if an attempt is made to assemble an instruction
+which will not execute on the target processor. The following
+processor names are recognized:
+@code{i8086},
+@code{i186},
+@code{i286},
+@code{i386},
+@code{i486},
+@code{i586},
+@code{i686},
+@code{pentium},
+@code{pentiumpro},
+@code{pentiumii},
+@code{pentiumiii},
+@code{pentium4},
+@code{prescott},
+@code{nocona},
+@code{core},
+@code{core2},
+@code{corei7},
+@code{l1om},
+@code{k1om},
+@code{iamcu},
+@code{k6},
+@code{k6_2},
+@code{athlon},
+@code{opteron},
+@code{k8},
+@code{amdfam10},
+@code{bdver1},
+@code{bdver2},
+@code{bdver3},
+@code{bdver4},
+@code{znver1},
+@code{znver2},
+@code{btver1},
+@code{btver2},
+@code{generic32} and
+@code{generic64}.
+
+In addition to the basic instruction set, the assembler can be told to
+accept various extension mnemonics. For example,
+@code{-march=i686+sse4+vmx} extends @var{i686} with @var{sse4} and
+@var{vmx}. The following extensions are currently supported:
+@code{8087},
+@code{287},
+@code{387},
+@code{687},
+@code{no87},
+@code{no287},
+@code{no387},
+@code{no687},
+@code{cmov},
+@code{nocmov},
+@code{fxsr},
+@code{nofxsr},
+@code{mmx},
+@code{nommx},
+@code{sse},
+@code{sse2},
+@code{sse3},
+@code{ssse3},
+@code{sse4.1},
+@code{sse4.2},
+@code{sse4},
+@code{nosse},
+@code{nosse2},
+@code{nosse3},
+@code{nossse3},
+@code{nosse4.1},
+@code{nosse4.2},
+@code{nosse4},
+@code{avx},
+@code{avx2},
+@code{noavx},
+@code{noavx2},
+@code{adx},
+@code{rdseed},
+@code{prfchw},
+@code{smap},
+@code{mpx},
+@code{sha},
+@code{rdpid},
+@code{ptwrite},
+@code{cet},
+@code{gfni},
+@code{vaes},
+@code{vpclmulqdq},
+@code{prefetchwt1},
+@code{clflushopt},
+@code{se1},
+@code{clwb},
+@code{movdiri},
+@code{movdir64b},
+@code{enqcmd},
+@code{avx512f},
+@code{avx512cd},
+@code{avx512er},
+@code{avx512pf},
+@code{avx512vl},
+@code{avx512bw},
+@code{avx512dq},
+@code{avx512ifma},
+@code{avx512vbmi},
+@code{avx512_4fmaps},
+@code{avx512_4vnniw},
+@code{avx512_vpopcntdq},
+@code{avx512_vbmi2},
+@code{avx512_vnni},
+@code{avx512_bitalg},
+@code{avx512_bf16},
+@code{noavx512f},
+@code{noavx512cd},
+@code{noavx512er},
+@code{noavx512pf},
+@code{noavx512vl},
+@code{noavx512bw},
+@code{noavx512dq},
+@code{noavx512ifma},
+@code{noavx512vbmi},
+@code{noavx512_4fmaps},
+@code{noavx512_4vnniw},
+@code{noavx512_vpopcntdq},
+@code{noavx512_vbmi2},
+@code{noavx512_vnni},
+@code{noavx512_bitalg},
+@code{noavx512_vp2intersect},
+@code{noavx512_bf16},
+@code{noenqcmd},
+@code{vmx},
+@code{vmfunc},
+@code{smx},
+@code{xsave},
+@code{xsaveopt},
+@code{xsavec},
+@code{xsaves},
+@code{aes},
+@code{pclmul},
+@code{fsgsbase},
+@code{rdrnd},
+@code{f16c},
+@code{bmi2},
+@code{fma},
+@code{movbe},
+@code{ept},
+@code{lzcnt},
+@code{hle},
+@code{rtm},
+@code{invpcid},
+@code{clflush},
+@code{mwaitx},
+@code{clzero},
+@code{wbnoinvd},
+@code{pconfig},
+@code{waitpkg},
+@code{cldemote},
+@code{lwp},
+@code{fma4},
+@code{xop},
+@code{cx16},
+@code{syscall},
+@code{rdtscp},
+@code{3dnow},
+@code{3dnowa},
+@code{sse4a},
+@code{sse5},
+@code{svme},
+@code{abm} and
+@code{padlock}.
+Note that rather than extending a basic instruction set, the extension
+mnemonics starting with @code{no} revoke the respective functionality.
+
+When the @code{.arch} directive is used with @option{-march}, the
+@code{.arch} directive will take precedent.
+
+@cindex @samp{-mtune=} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-mtune=} option, x86-64
+@item -mtune=@var{CPU}
+This option specifies a processor to optimize for. When used in
+conjunction with the @option{-march} option, only instructions
+of the processor specified by the @option{-march} option will be
+generated.
+
+Valid @var{CPU} values are identical to the processor list of
+@option{-march=@var{CPU}}.
+
+@cindex @samp{-msse2avx} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-msse2avx} option, x86-64
+@item -msse2avx
+This option specifies that the assembler should encode SSE instructions
+with VEX prefix.
+
+@cindex @samp{-msse-check=} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-msse-check=} option, x86-64
+@item -msse-check=@var{none}
+@itemx -msse-check=@var{warning}
+@itemx -msse-check=@var{error}
+These options control if the assembler should check SSE instructions.
+@option{-msse-check=@var{none}} will make the assembler not to check SSE
+instructions, which is the default. @option{-msse-check=@var{warning}}
+will make the assembler issue a warning for any SSE instruction.
+@option{-msse-check=@var{error}} will make the assembler issue an error
+for any SSE instruction.
+
+@cindex @samp{-mavxscalar=} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-mavxscalar=} option, x86-64
+@item -mavxscalar=@var{128}
+@itemx -mavxscalar=@var{256}
+These options control how the assembler should encode scalar AVX
+instructions. @option{-mavxscalar=@var{128}} will encode scalar
+AVX instructions with 128bit vector length, which is the default.
+@option{-mavxscalar=@var{256}} will encode scalar AVX instructions
+with 256bit vector length.
+
+WARNING: Don't use this for production code - due to CPU errata the
+resulting code may not work on certain models.
+
+@cindex @samp{-mvexwig=} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-mvexwig=} option, x86-64
+@item -mvexwig=@var{0}
+@itemx -mvexwig=@var{1}
+These options control how the assembler should encode VEX.W-ignored (WIG)
+VEX instructions. @option{-mvexwig=@var{0}} will encode WIG VEX
+instructions with vex.w = 0, which is the default.
+@option{-mvexwig=@var{1}} will encode WIG EVEX instructions with
+vex.w = 1.
+
+WARNING: Don't use this for production code - due to CPU errata the
+resulting code may not work on certain models.
+
+@cindex @samp{-mevexlig=} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-mevexlig=} option, x86-64
+@item -mevexlig=@var{128}
+@itemx -mevexlig=@var{256}
+@itemx -mevexlig=@var{512}
+These options control how the assembler should encode length-ignored
+(LIG) EVEX instructions. @option{-mevexlig=@var{128}} will encode LIG
+EVEX instructions with 128bit vector length, which is the default.
+@option{-mevexlig=@var{256}} and @option{-mevexlig=@var{512}} will
+encode LIG EVEX instructions with 256bit and 512bit vector length,
+respectively.
+
+@cindex @samp{-mevexwig=} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-mevexwig=} option, x86-64
+@item -mevexwig=@var{0}
+@itemx -mevexwig=@var{1}
+These options control how the assembler should encode w-ignored (WIG)
+EVEX instructions. @option{-mevexwig=@var{0}} will encode WIG
+EVEX instructions with evex.w = 0, which is the default.
+@option{-mevexwig=@var{1}} will encode WIG EVEX instructions with
+evex.w = 1.
+
+@cindex @samp{-mmnemonic=} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-mmnemonic=} option, x86-64
+@item -mmnemonic=@var{att}
+@itemx -mmnemonic=@var{intel}
+This option specifies instruction mnemonic for matching instructions.
+The @code{.att_mnemonic} and @code{.intel_mnemonic} directives will
+take precedent.
+
+@cindex @samp{-msyntax=} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-msyntax=} option, x86-64
+@item -msyntax=@var{att}
+@itemx -msyntax=@var{intel}
+This option specifies instruction syntax when processing instructions.
+The @code{.att_syntax} and @code{.intel_syntax} directives will
+take precedent.
+
+@cindex @samp{-mnaked-reg} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-mnaked-reg} option, x86-64
+@item -mnaked-reg
+This option specifies that registers don't require a @samp{%} prefix.
+The @code{.att_syntax} and @code{.intel_syntax} directives will take precedent.
+
+@cindex @samp{-madd-bnd-prefix} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-madd-bnd-prefix} option, x86-64
+@item -madd-bnd-prefix
+This option forces the assembler to add BND prefix to all branches, even
+if such prefix was not explicitly specified in the source code.
+
+@cindex @samp{-mshared} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-mshared} option, x86-64
+@item -mno-shared
+On ELF target, the assembler normally optimizes out non-PLT relocations
+against defined non-weak global branch targets with default visibility.
+The @samp{-mshared} option tells the assembler to generate code which
+may go into a shared library where all non-weak global branch targets
+with default visibility can be preempted. The resulting code is
+slightly bigger. This option only affects the handling of branch
+instructions.
+
+@cindex @samp{-mbig-obj} option, x86-64
+@item -mbig-obj
+On x86-64 PE/COFF target this option forces the use of big object file
+format, which allows more than 32768 sections.
+
+@cindex @samp{-momit-lock-prefix=} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-momit-lock-prefix=} option, x86-64
+@item -momit-lock-prefix=@var{no}
+@itemx -momit-lock-prefix=@var{yes}
+These options control how the assembler should encode lock prefix.
+This option is intended as a workaround for processors, that fail on
+lock prefix. This option can only be safely used with single-core,
+single-thread computers
+@option{-momit-lock-prefix=@var{yes}} will omit all lock prefixes.
+@option{-momit-lock-prefix=@var{no}} will encode lock prefix as usual,
+which is the default.
+
+@cindex @samp{-mfence-as-lock-add=} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-mfence-as-lock-add=} option, x86-64
+@item -mfence-as-lock-add=@var{no}
+@itemx -mfence-as-lock-add=@var{yes}
+These options control how the assembler should encode lfence, mfence and
+sfence.
+@option{-mfence-as-lock-add=@var{yes}} will encode lfence, mfence and
+sfence as @samp{lock addl $0x0, (%rsp)} in 64-bit mode and
+@samp{lock addl $0x0, (%esp)} in 32-bit mode.
+@option{-mfence-as-lock-add=@var{no}} will encode lfence, mfence and
+sfence as usual, which is the default.
+
+@cindex @samp{-mrelax-relocations=} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-mrelax-relocations=} option, x86-64
+@item -mrelax-relocations=@var{no}
+@itemx -mrelax-relocations=@var{yes}
+These options control whether the assembler should generate relax
+relocations, R_386_GOT32X, in 32-bit mode, or R_X86_64_GOTPCRELX and
+R_X86_64_REX_GOTPCRELX, in 64-bit mode.
+@option{-mrelax-relocations=@var{yes}} will generate relax relocations.
+@option{-mrelax-relocations=@var{no}} will not generate relax
+relocations. The default can be controlled by a configure option
+@option{--enable-x86-relax-relocations}.
+
+@cindex @samp{-mx86-used-note=} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-mx86-used-note=} option, x86-64
+@item -mx86-used-note=@var{no}
+@itemx -mx86-used-note=@var{yes}
+These options control whether the assembler should generate
+GNU_PROPERTY_X86_ISA_1_USED and GNU_PROPERTY_X86_FEATURE_2_USED
+GNU property notes. The default can be controlled by the
+@option{--enable-x86-used-note} configure option.
+
+@cindex @samp{-mevexrcig=} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-mevexrcig=} option, x86-64
+@item -mevexrcig=@var{rne}
+@itemx -mevexrcig=@var{rd}
+@itemx -mevexrcig=@var{ru}
+@itemx -mevexrcig=@var{rz}
+These options control how the assembler should encode SAE-only
+EVEX instructions. @option{-mevexrcig=@var{rne}} will encode RC bits
+of EVEX instruction with 00, which is the default.
+@option{-mevexrcig=@var{rd}}, @option{-mevexrcig=@var{ru}}
+and @option{-mevexrcig=@var{rz}} will encode SAE-only EVEX instructions
+with 01, 10 and 11 RC bits, respectively.
+
+@cindex @samp{-mamd64} option, x86-64
+@cindex @samp{-mintel64} option, x86-64
+@item -mamd64
+@itemx -mintel64
+This option specifies that the assembler should accept only AMD64 or
+Intel64 ISA in 64-bit mode. The default is to accept both.
+
+@cindex @samp{-O0} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-O0} option, x86-64
+@cindex @samp{-O} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-O} option, x86-64
+@cindex @samp{-O1} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-O1} option, x86-64
+@cindex @samp{-O2} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-O2} option, x86-64
+@cindex @samp{-Os} option, i386
+@cindex @samp{-Os} option, x86-64
+@item -O0 | -O | -O1 | -O2 | -Os
+Optimize instruction encoding with smaller instruction size. @samp{-O}
+and @samp{-O1} encode 64-bit register load instructions with 64-bit
+immediate as 32-bit register load instructions with 31-bit or 32-bits
+immediates, encode 64-bit register clearing instructions with 32-bit
+register clearing instructions, encode 256-bit/512-bit VEX/EVEX vector
+register clearing instructions with 128-bit VEX vector register
+clearing instructions, encode 128-bit/256-bit EVEX vector
+register load/store instructions with VEX vector register load/store
+instructions, and encode 128-bit/256-bit EVEX packed integer logical
+instructions with 128-bit/256-bit VEX packed integer logical.
+
+@samp{-O2} includes @samp{-O1} optimization plus encodes
+256-bit/512-bit EVEX vector register clearing instructions with 128-bit
+EVEX vector register clearing instructions.
+
+@samp{-Os} includes @samp{-O2} optimization plus encodes 16-bit, 32-bit
+and 64-bit register tests with immediate as 8-bit register test with
+immediate. @samp{-O0} turns off this optimization.
+
+@end table
+@c man end
+
+@node i386-Directives
+@section x86 specific Directives
+
+@cindex machine directives, x86
+@cindex x86 machine directives
+@table @code
+
+@cindex @code{lcomm} directive, COFF
+@item .lcomm @var{symbol} , @var{length}[, @var{alignment}]
+Reserve @var{length} (an absolute expression) bytes for a local common
+denoted by @var{symbol}. The section and value of @var{symbol} are
+those of the new local common. The addresses are allocated in the bss
+section, so that at run-time the bytes start off zeroed. Since
+@var{symbol} is not declared global, it is normally not visible to
+@code{@value{LD}}. The optional third parameter, @var{alignment},
+specifies the desired alignment of the symbol in the bss section.
+
+This directive is only available for COFF based x86 targets.
+
+@cindex @code{largecomm} directive, ELF
+@item .largecomm @var{symbol} , @var{length}[, @var{alignment}]
+This directive behaves in the same way as the @code{comm} directive
+except that the data is placed into the @var{.lbss} section instead of
+the @var{.bss} section @ref{Comm}.
+
+The directive is intended to be used for data which requires a large
+amount of space, and it is only available for ELF based x86_64
+targets.
+
+@c FIXME: Document other x86 specific directives ? Eg: .code16gcc,
+
@end table
@node i386-Syntax
-@section AT&T Syntax versus Intel Syntax
+@section i386 Syntactical Considerations
+@menu
+* i386-Variations:: AT&T Syntax versus Intel Syntax
+* i386-Chars:: Special Characters
+@end menu
+
+@node i386-Variations
+@subsection AT&T Syntax versus Intel Syntax
@cindex i386 intel_syntax pseudo op
@cindex intel_syntax pseudo op, i386
AT&T and Intel syntax use the opposite order for source and destination
operands. Intel @samp{add eax, 4} is @samp{addl $4, %eax}. The
@samp{source, dest} convention is maintained for compatibility with
-previous Unix assemblers. Note that instructions with more than one
-source operand, such as the @samp{enter} instruction, do @emph{not} have
-reversed order. @ref{i386-Bugs}.
+previous Unix assemblers. Note that @samp{bound}, @samp{invlpga}, and
+instructions with 2 immediate operands, such as the @samp{enter}
+instruction, do @emph{not} have reversed order. @ref{i386-Bugs}.
@cindex mnemonic suffixes, i386
@cindex sizes operands, i386
In AT&T syntax the size of memory operands is determined from the last
character of the instruction mnemonic. Mnemonic suffixes of @samp{b},
@samp{w}, @samp{l} and @samp{q} specify byte (8-bit), word (16-bit), long
-(32-bit) and quadruple word (64-bit) memory references. Intel syntax accomplishes
-this by prefixing memory operands (@emph{not} the instruction mnemonics) with
-@samp{byte ptr}, @samp{word ptr}, @samp{dword ptr} and @samp{qword ptr}. Thus,
-Intel @samp{mov al, byte ptr @var{foo}} is @samp{movb @var{foo}, %al} in AT&T
-syntax.
+(32-bit) and quadruple word (64-bit) memory references. Mnemonic suffixes
+of @samp{x}, @samp{y} and @samp{z} specify xmm (128-bit vector), ymm
+(256-bit vector) and zmm (512-bit vector) memory references, only when there's
+no other way to disambiguate an instruction. Intel syntax accomplishes this by
+prefixing memory operands (@emph{not} the instruction mnemonics) with
+@samp{byte ptr}, @samp{word ptr}, @samp{dword ptr}, @samp{qword ptr},
+@samp{xmmword ptr}, @samp{ymmword ptr} and @samp{zmmword ptr}. Thus, Intel
+syntax @samp{mov al, byte ptr @var{foo}} is @samp{movb @var{foo}, %al} in AT&T
+syntax. In Intel syntax, @samp{fword ptr}, @samp{tbyte ptr} and
+@samp{oword ptr} specify 48-bit, 80-bit and 128-bit memory references.
+
+In 64-bit code, @samp{movabs} can be used to encode the @samp{mov}
+instruction with the 64-bit displacement or immediate operand.
@cindex return instructions, i386
@cindex i386 jump, call, return
programs. Unix style systems expect all programs to be single sections.
@end itemize
+@node i386-Chars
+@subsection Special Characters
+
+@cindex line comment character, i386
+@cindex i386 line comment character
+The presence of a @samp{#} appearing anywhere on a line indicates the
+start of a comment that extends to the end of that line.
+
+If a @samp{#} appears as the first character of a line then the whole
+line is treated as a comment, but in this case the line can also be a
+logical line number directive (@pxref{Comments}) or a preprocessor
+control command (@pxref{Preprocessing}).
+
+If the @option{--divide} command-line option has not been specified
+then the @samp{/} character appearing anywhere on a line also
+introduces a line comment.
+
+@cindex line separator, i386
+@cindex statement separator, i386
+@cindex i386 line separator
+The @samp{;} character can be used to separate statements on the same
+line.
+
@node i386-Mnemonics
-@section Instruction Naming
+@section i386-Mnemonics
+@subsection Instruction Naming
@cindex i386 instruction naming
@cindex instruction naming, i386
@samp{wq} (from word to quadruple word), and @samp{lq} (from long to
quadruple word).
+@cindex encoding options, i386
+@cindex encoding options, x86-64
+
+Different encoding options can be specified via pseudo prefixes:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+@samp{@{disp8@}} -- prefer 8-bit displacement.
+
+@item
+@samp{@{disp32@}} -- prefer 32-bit displacement.
+
+@item
+@samp{@{load@}} -- prefer load-form instruction.
+
+@item
+@samp{@{store@}} -- prefer store-form instruction.
+
+@item
+@samp{@{vex2@}} -- prefer 2-byte VEX prefix for VEX instruction.
+
+@item
+@samp{@{vex3@}} -- prefer 3-byte VEX prefix for VEX instruction.
+
+@item
+@samp{@{evex@}} -- encode with EVEX prefix.
+
+@item
+@samp{@{rex@}} -- prefer REX prefix for integer and legacy vector
+instructions (x86-64 only). Note that this differs from the @samp{rex}
+prefix which generates REX prefix unconditionally.
+
+@item
+@samp{@{nooptimize@}} -- disable instruction size optimization.
+@end itemize
+
@cindex conversion instructions, i386
@cindex i386 conversion instructions
@cindex conversion instructions, x86-64
AT&T syntax, but are @samp{call far} and @samp{jump far} in Intel
convention.
+@subsection AT&T Mnemonic versus Intel Mnemonic
+
+@cindex i386 mnemonic compatibility
+@cindex mnemonic compatibility, i386
+
+@code{@value{AS}} supports assembly using Intel mnemonic.
+@code{.intel_mnemonic} selects Intel mnemonic with Intel syntax, and
+@code{.att_mnemonic} switches back to the usual AT&T mnemonic with AT&T
+syntax for compatibility with the output of @code{@value{GCC}}.
+Several x87 instructions, @samp{fadd}, @samp{fdiv}, @samp{fdivp},
+@samp{fdivr}, @samp{fdivrp}, @samp{fmul}, @samp{fsub}, @samp{fsubp},
+@samp{fsubr} and @samp{fsubrp}, are implemented in AT&T System V/386
+assembler with different mnemonics from those in Intel IA32 specification.
+@code{@value{GCC}} generates those instructions with AT&T mnemonic.
+
@node i386-Regs
@section Register Naming
and @samp{%gs}.
@item
-the 3 processor control registers @samp{%cr0}, @samp{%cr2}, and
-@samp{%cr3}.
+the 5 processor control registers @samp{%cr0}, @samp{%cr2},
+@samp{%cr3}, @samp{%cr4}, and @samp{%cr8}.
@item
the 6 debug registers @samp{%db0}, @samp{%db1}, @samp{%db2},
@samp{%mm6} and @samp{%mm7}.
@item
-the 8 SSE registers registers @samp{%xmm0}, @samp{%xmm1}, @samp{%xmm2},
+the 8 128-bit SSE registers registers @samp{%xmm0}, @samp{%xmm1}, @samp{%xmm2},
@samp{%xmm3}, @samp{%xmm4}, @samp{%xmm5}, @samp{%xmm6} and @samp{%xmm7}.
@end itemize
the 8 extended registers @samp{%r8}--@samp{%r15}.
@item
-the 8 32-bit low ends of the extended registers: @samp{%r8d}--@samp{%r15d}
+the 8 32-bit low ends of the extended registers: @samp{%r8d}--@samp{%r15d}.
@item
-the 8 16-bit low ends of the extended registers: @samp{%r8w}--@samp{%r15w}
+the 8 16-bit low ends of the extended registers: @samp{%r8w}--@samp{%r15w}.
@item
-the 8 8-bit low ends of the extended registers: @samp{%r8b}--@samp{%r15b}
+the 8 8-bit low ends of the extended registers: @samp{%r8b}--@samp{%r15b}.
@item
the 4 8-bit registers: @samp{%sil}, @samp{%dil}, @samp{%bpl}, @samp{%spl}.
the 8 debug registers: @samp{%db8}--@samp{%db15}.
@item
-the 8 SSE registers: @samp{%xmm8}--@samp{%xmm15}.
+the 8 128-bit SSE registers: @samp{%xmm8}--@samp{%xmm15}.
+@end itemize
+
+With the AVX extensions more registers were made available:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+
+@item
+the 16 256-bit SSE @samp{%ymm0}--@samp{%ymm15} (only the first 8
+available in 32-bit mode). The bottom 128 bits are overlaid with the
+@samp{xmm0}--@samp{xmm15} registers.
+
+@end itemize
+
+The AVX2 extensions made in 64-bit mode more registers available:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+
+@item
+the 16 128-bit registers @samp{%xmm16}--@samp{%xmm31} and the 16 256-bit
+registers @samp{%ymm16}--@samp{%ymm31}.
+
+@end itemize
+
+The AVX512 extensions added the following registers:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+
+@item
+the 32 512-bit registers @samp{%zmm0}--@samp{%zmm31} (only the first 8
+available in 32-bit mode). The bottom 128 bits are overlaid with the
+@samp{%xmm0}--@samp{%xmm31} registers and the first 256 bits are
+overlaid with the @samp{%ymm0}--@samp{%ymm31} registers.
+
+@item
+the 8 mask registers @samp{%k0}--@samp{%k7}.
+
@end itemize
@node i386-Prefixes
@code{@value{AS}} supports Intel's MMX instruction set (SIMD
instructions for integer data), available on Intel's Pentium MMX
processors and Pentium II processors, AMD's K6 and K6-2 processors,
-Cyrix' M2 processor, and probably others. It also supports AMD's 3DNow!
+Cyrix' M2 processor, and probably others. It also supports AMD's 3DNow!@:
instruction set (SIMD instructions for 32-bit floating point data)
available on AMD's K6-2 processor and possibly others in the future.
See Intel and AMD documentation, keeping in mind that the operand order in
instructions is reversed from the Intel syntax.
+@node i386-LWP
+@section AMD's Lightweight Profiling Instructions
+
+@cindex LWP, i386
+@cindex LWP, x86-64
+
+@code{@value{AS}} supports AMD's Lightweight Profiling (LWP)
+instruction set, available on AMD's Family 15h (Orochi) processors.
+
+LWP enables applications to collect and manage performance data, and
+react to performance events. The collection of performance data
+requires no context switches. LWP runs in the context of a thread and
+so several counters can be used independently across multiple threads.
+LWP can be used in both 64-bit and legacy 32-bit modes.
+
+For detailed information on the LWP instruction set, see the
+@cite{AMD Lightweight Profiling Specification} available at
+@uref{http://developer.amd.com/cpu/LWP,Lightweight Profiling Specification}.
+
+@node i386-BMI
+@section Bit Manipulation Instructions
+
+@cindex BMI, i386
+@cindex BMI, x86-64
+
+@code{@value{AS}} supports the Bit Manipulation (BMI) instruction set.
+
+BMI instructions provide several instructions implementing individual
+bit manipulation operations such as isolation, masking, setting, or
+resetting.
+
+@c Need to add a specification citation here when available.
+
+@node i386-TBM
+@section AMD's Trailing Bit Manipulation Instructions
+
+@cindex TBM, i386
+@cindex TBM, x86-64
+
+@code{@value{AS}} supports AMD's Trailing Bit Manipulation (TBM)
+instruction set, available on AMD's BDVER2 processors (Trinity and
+Viperfish).
+
+TBM instructions provide instructions implementing individual bit
+manipulation operations such as isolating, masking, setting, resetting,
+complementing, and operations on trailing zeros and ones.
+
+@c Need to add a specification citation here when available.
+
@node i386-16bit
@section Writing 16-bit Code
it also supports writing code to run in real mode or in 16-bit protected
mode code segments. To do this, put a @samp{.code16} or
@samp{.code16gcc} directive before the assembly language instructions to
-be run in 16-bit mode. You can switch @code{@value{AS}} back to writing
-normal 32-bit code with the @samp{.code32} directive.
+be run in 16-bit mode. You can switch @code{@value{AS}} to writing
+32-bit code with the @samp{.code32} directive or 64-bit code with the
+@samp{.code64} directive.
@samp{.code16gcc} provides experimental support for generating 16-bit
code from gcc, and differs from @samp{.code16} in that @samp{call},
@end smallexample
The same code in a 16-bit code section would generate the machine
-opcode bytes @samp{6a 04} (ie. without the operand size prefix), which
+opcode bytes @samp{6a 04} (i.e., without the operand size prefix), which
is correct since the processor default operand size is assumed to be 16
bits in a 16-bit code section.
-@node i386-Bugs
-@section AT&T Syntax bugs
-
-The UnixWare assembler, and probably other AT&T derived ix86 Unix
-assemblers, generate floating point instructions with reversed source
-and destination registers in certain cases. Unfortunately, gcc and
-possibly many other programs use this reversed syntax, so we're stuck
-with it.
-
-For example
-
-@smallexample
- fsub %st,%st(3)
-@end smallexample
-@noindent
-results in @samp{%st(3)} being updated to @samp{%st - %st(3)} rather
-than the expected @samp{%st(3) - %st}. This happens with all the
-non-commutative arithmetic floating point operations with two register
-operands where the source register is @samp{%st} and the destination
-register is @samp{%st(i)}.
-
@node i386-Arch
@section Specifying CPU Architecture
@item @samp{i8086} @tab @samp{i186} @tab @samp{i286} @tab @samp{i386}
@item @samp{i486} @tab @samp{i586} @tab @samp{i686} @tab @samp{pentium}
@item @samp{pentiumpro} @tab @samp{pentiumii} @tab @samp{pentiumiii} @tab @samp{pentium4}
-@item @samp{k6} @tab @samp{athlon} @samp{sledgehammer}
-@item @samp{.mmx} @samp{.sse} @samp{.sse2} @samp{.sse3} @samp{.3dnow}
+@item @samp{prescott} @tab @samp{nocona} @tab @samp{core} @tab @samp{core2}
+@item @samp{corei7} @tab @samp{l1om} @tab @samp{k1om} @tab @samp{iamcu}
+@item @samp{k6} @tab @samp{k6_2} @tab @samp{athlon} @tab @samp{k8}
+@item @samp{amdfam10} @tab @samp{bdver1} @tab @samp{bdver2} @tab @samp{bdver3}
+@item @samp{bdver4} @tab @samp{znver1} @tab @samp{znver2} @tab @samp{btver1}
+@item @samp{btver2} @tab @samp{generic32} @tab @samp{generic64}
+@item @samp{.cmov} @tab @samp{.fxsr} @tab @samp{.mmx}
+@item @samp{.sse} @tab @samp{.sse2} @tab @samp{.sse3}
+@item @samp{.ssse3} @tab @samp{.sse4.1} @tab @samp{.sse4.2} @tab @samp{.sse4}
+@item @samp{.avx} @tab @samp{.vmx} @tab @samp{.smx} @tab @samp{.ept}
+@item @samp{.clflush} @tab @samp{.movbe} @tab @samp{.xsave} @tab @samp{.xsaveopt}
+@item @samp{.aes} @tab @samp{.pclmul} @tab @samp{.fma} @tab @samp{.fsgsbase}
+@item @samp{.rdrnd} @tab @samp{.f16c} @tab @samp{.avx2} @tab @samp{.bmi2}
+@item @samp{.lzcnt} @tab @samp{.invpcid} @tab @samp{.vmfunc} @tab @samp{.hle}
+@item @samp{.rtm} @tab @samp{.adx} @tab @samp{.rdseed} @tab @samp{.prfchw}
+@item @samp{.smap} @tab @samp{.mpx} @tab @samp{.sha} @tab @samp{.prefetchwt1}
+@item @samp{.clflushopt} @tab @samp{.xsavec} @tab @samp{.xsaves} @tab @samp{.se1}
+@item @samp{.avx512f} @tab @samp{.avx512cd} @tab @samp{.avx512er} @tab @samp{.avx512pf}
+@item @samp{.avx512vl} @tab @samp{.avx512bw} @tab @samp{.avx512dq} @tab @samp{.avx512ifma}
+@item @samp{.avx512vbmi} @tab @samp{.avx512_4fmaps} @tab @samp{.avx512_4vnniw}
+@item @samp{.avx512_vpopcntdq} @tab @samp{.avx512_vbmi2} @tab @samp{.avx512_vnni}
+@item @samp{.avx512_bitalg} @tab @samp{.avx512_bf16} @tab @samp{.avx512_vp2intersect}
+@item @samp{.clwb} @tab @samp{.rdpid} @tab @samp{.ptwrite} @tab @item @samp{.ibt}
+@item @samp{.wbnoinvd} @tab @samp{.pconfig} @tab @samp{.waitpkg} @tab @samp{.cldemote}
+@item @samp{.shstk} @tab @samp{.gfni} @tab @samp{.vaes} @tab @samp{.vpclmulqdq}
+@item @samp{.movdiri} @tab @samp{.movdir64b} @tab @samp{.enqcmd}
+@item @samp{.3dnow} @tab @samp{.3dnowa} @tab @samp{.sse4a} @tab @samp{.sse5}
+@item @samp{.syscall} @tab @samp{.rdtscp} @tab @samp{.svme} @tab @samp{.abm}
+@item @samp{.lwp} @tab @samp{.fma4} @tab @samp{.xop} @tab @samp{.cx16}
+@item @samp{.padlock} @tab @samp{.clzero} @tab @samp{.mwaitx}
@end multitable
Apart from the warning, there are only two other effects on
.arch i8086,nojumps
@end smallexample
+@node i386-Bugs
+@section AT&T Syntax bugs
+
+The UnixWare assembler, and probably other AT&T derived ix86 Unix
+assemblers, generate floating point instructions with reversed source
+and destination registers in certain cases. Unfortunately, gcc and
+possibly many other programs use this reversed syntax, so we're stuck
+with it.
+
+For example
+
+@smallexample
+ fsub %st,%st(3)
+@end smallexample
+@noindent
+results in @samp{%st(3)} being updated to @samp{%st - %st(3)} rather
+than the expected @samp{%st(3) - %st}. This happens with all the
+non-commutative arithmetic floating point operations with two register
+operands where the source register is @samp{%st} and the destination
+register is @samp{%st(i)}.
+
@node i386-Notes
@section Notes
projects / deliverable / binutils-gdb.git / blobdiff