/* Low level packing and unpacking of values for GDB, the GNU Debugger.
- Copyright 1986, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997
+ Copyright 1986, 87, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 1998
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-This file is part of GDB.
+ This file is part of GDB.
-This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
-it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
-(at your option) any later version.
+ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ (at your option) any later version.
-This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-GNU General Public License for more details.
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ GNU General Public License for more details.
-You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
-Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
+ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */
#include "defs.h"
#include "gdb_string.h"
#include "scm-lang.h"
#include "demangle.h"
-/* Local function prototypes. */
+/* Prototypes for exported functions. */
-static value_ptr value_headof PARAMS ((value_ptr, struct type *,
- struct type *));
+void _initialize_values (void);
-static void show_values PARAMS ((char *, int));
+/* Prototypes for local functions. */
-static void show_convenience PARAMS ((char *, int));
+static value_ptr value_headof (value_ptr, struct type *, struct type *);
-static int vb_match PARAMS ((struct type *, int, struct type *));
+static void show_values (char *, int);
+
+static void show_convenience (char *, int);
+
+static int vb_match (struct type *, int, struct type *);
/* The value-history records all the values printed
by print commands during this session. Each chunk
#define VALUE_HISTORY_CHUNK 60
struct value_history_chunk
-{
- struct value_history_chunk *next;
- value_ptr values[VALUE_HISTORY_CHUNK];
-};
+ {
+ struct value_history_chunk *next;
+ value_ptr values[VALUE_HISTORY_CHUNK];
+ };
/* Chain of chunks now in use. */
/* Allocate a value that has the correct length for type TYPE. */
value_ptr
-allocate_value (type)
- struct type *type;
+allocate_value (struct type *type)
{
register value_ptr val;
struct type *atype = check_typedef (type);
VALUE_NEXT (val) = all_values;
all_values = val;
VALUE_TYPE (val) = type;
+ VALUE_ENCLOSING_TYPE (val) = type;
VALUE_LVAL (val) = not_lval;
VALUE_ADDRESS (val) = 0;
VALUE_FRAME (val) = 0;
VALUE_LAZY (val) = 0;
VALUE_OPTIMIZED_OUT (val) = 0;
VALUE_BFD_SECTION (val) = NULL;
+ VALUE_EMBEDDED_OFFSET (val) = 0;
+ VALUE_POINTED_TO_OFFSET (val) = 0;
val->modifiable = 1;
return val;
}
for COUNT repetitions type TYPE. */
value_ptr
-allocate_repeat_value (type, count)
- struct type *type;
- int count;
+allocate_repeat_value (struct type *type, int count)
{
- int low_bound = current_language->string_lower_bound; /* ??? */
+ int low_bound = current_language->string_lower_bound; /* ??? */
/* FIXME-type-allocation: need a way to free this type when we are
done with it. */
struct type *range_type
- = create_range_type ((struct type *) NULL, builtin_type_int,
- low_bound, count + low_bound - 1);
+ = create_range_type ((struct type *) NULL, builtin_type_int,
+ low_bound, count + low_bound - 1);
/* FIXME-type-allocation: need a way to free this type when we are
done with it. */
return allocate_value (create_array_type ((struct type *) NULL,
mark is obtained (except for those released) are subject to being freed
if a subsequent value_free_to_mark is passed the mark. */
value_ptr
-value_mark ()
+value_mark (void)
{
return all_values;
}
/* Free all values allocated since MARK was obtained by value_mark
(except for those released). */
void
-value_free_to_mark (mark)
- value_ptr mark;
+value_free_to_mark (value_ptr mark)
{
value_ptr val, next;
Called after each command, successful or not. */
void
-free_all_values ()
+free_all_values (void)
{
register value_ptr val, next;
so it will not be freed automatically. */
void
-release_value (val)
- register value_ptr val;
+release_value (register value_ptr val)
{
register value_ptr v;
/* Release all values up to mark */
value_ptr
-value_release_to_mark (mark)
- value_ptr mark;
+value_release_to_mark (value_ptr mark)
{
value_ptr val, next;
but it's a different block of storage. */
value_ptr
-value_copy (arg)
- value_ptr arg;
+value_copy (value_ptr arg)
{
- register struct type *type = VALUE_TYPE (arg);
- register value_ptr val = allocate_value (type);
+ register struct type *encl_type = VALUE_ENCLOSING_TYPE (arg);
+ register value_ptr val = allocate_value (encl_type);
+ VALUE_TYPE (val) = VALUE_TYPE (arg);
VALUE_LVAL (val) = VALUE_LVAL (arg);
VALUE_ADDRESS (val) = VALUE_ADDRESS (arg);
VALUE_OFFSET (val) = VALUE_OFFSET (arg);
VALUE_REGNO (val) = VALUE_REGNO (arg);
VALUE_LAZY (val) = VALUE_LAZY (arg);
VALUE_OPTIMIZED_OUT (val) = VALUE_OPTIMIZED_OUT (arg);
+ VALUE_EMBEDDED_OFFSET (val) = VALUE_EMBEDDED_OFFSET (arg);
+ VALUE_POINTED_TO_OFFSET (val) = VALUE_POINTED_TO_OFFSET (arg);
VALUE_BFD_SECTION (val) = VALUE_BFD_SECTION (arg);
val->modifiable = arg->modifiable;
if (!VALUE_LAZY (val))
{
- memcpy (VALUE_CONTENTS_RAW (val), VALUE_CONTENTS_RAW (arg),
- TYPE_LENGTH (VALUE_TYPE (arg)));
+ memcpy (VALUE_CONTENTS_ALL_RAW (val), VALUE_CONTENTS_ALL_RAW (arg),
+ TYPE_LENGTH (VALUE_ENCLOSING_TYPE (arg)));
+
}
return val;
}
value history index of this new item. */
int
-record_latest_value (val)
- value_ptr val;
+record_latest_value (value_ptr val)
{
int i;
if (i == 0)
{
register struct value_history_chunk *new
- = (struct value_history_chunk *)
- xmalloc (sizeof (struct value_history_chunk));
+ = (struct value_history_chunk *)
+ xmalloc (sizeof (struct value_history_chunk));
memset (new->values, 0, sizeof new->values);
new->next = value_history_chain;
value_history_chain = new;
/* Return a copy of the value in the history with sequence number NUM. */
value_ptr
-access_value_history (num)
- int num;
+access_value_history (int num)
{
register struct value_history_chunk *chunk;
register int i;
because the type pointers become invalid. */
void
-clear_value_history ()
+clear_value_history (void)
{
register struct value_history_chunk *next;
register int i;
{
for (i = 0; i < VALUE_HISTORY_CHUNK; i++)
if ((val = value_history_chain->values[i]) != NULL)
- free ((PTR)val);
+ xfree (val);
next = value_history_chain->next;
- free ((PTR)value_history_chain);
+ xfree (value_history_chain);
value_history_chain = next;
}
value_history_count = 0;
}
static void
-show_values (num_exp, from_tty)
- char *num_exp;
- int from_tty;
+show_values (char *num_exp, int from_tty)
{
register int i;
register value_ptr val;
if (num_exp)
{
- /* "info history +" should print from the stored position.
- "info history <exp>" should print around value number <exp>. */
+ /* "info history +" should print from the stored position.
+ "info history <exp>" should print around value number <exp>. */
if (num_exp[0] != '+' || num_exp[1] != '\0')
- num = parse_and_eval_address (num_exp) - 5;
+ num = parse_and_eval_long (num_exp) - 5;
}
else
{
one is created, with a void value. */
struct internalvar *
-lookup_internalvar (name)
- char *name;
+lookup_internalvar (char *name)
{
register struct internalvar *var;
}
value_ptr
-value_of_internalvar (var)
- struct internalvar *var;
+value_of_internalvar (struct internalvar *var)
{
register value_ptr val;
#ifdef IS_TRAPPED_INTERNALVAR
if (IS_TRAPPED_INTERNALVAR (var->name))
return VALUE_OF_TRAPPED_INTERNALVAR (var);
-#endif
+#endif
val = value_copy (var->value);
if (VALUE_LAZY (val))
}
void
-set_internalvar_component (var, offset, bitpos, bitsize, newval)
- struct internalvar *var;
- int offset, bitpos, bitsize;
- value_ptr newval;
+set_internalvar_component (struct internalvar *var, int offset, int bitpos,
+ int bitsize, value_ptr newval)
{
register char *addr = VALUE_CONTENTS (var->value) + offset;
}
void
-set_internalvar (var, val)
- struct internalvar *var;
- value_ptr val;
+set_internalvar (struct internalvar *var, value_ptr val)
{
value_ptr newval;
something in the value chain (i.e., before release_value is
called), because after the error free_all_values will get called before
long. */
- free ((PTR)var->value);
+ xfree (var->value);
var->value = newval;
release_value (newval);
/* End code which must not call error(). */
}
char *
-internalvar_name (var)
- struct internalvar *var;
+internalvar_name (struct internalvar *var)
{
return var->name;
}
because that makes the values invalid. */
void
-clear_internalvars ()
+clear_internalvars (void)
{
register struct internalvar *var;
{
var = internalvars;
internalvars = var->next;
- free ((PTR)var->name);
- free ((PTR)var->value);
- free ((PTR)var);
+ xfree (var->name);
+ xfree (var->value);
+ xfree (var);
}
}
static void
-show_convenience (ignore, from_tty)
- char *ignore;
- int from_tty;
+show_convenience (char *ignore, int from_tty)
{
register struct internalvar *var;
int varseen = 0;
Does not deallocate the value. */
LONGEST
-value_as_long (val)
- register value_ptr val;
+value_as_long (register value_ptr val)
{
/* This coerces arrays and functions, which is necessary (e.g.
in disassemble_command). It also dereferences references, which
}
DOUBLEST
-value_as_double (val)
- register value_ptr val;
+value_as_double (register value_ptr val)
{
DOUBLEST foo;
int inv;
-
+
foo = unpack_double (VALUE_TYPE (val), VALUE_CONTENTS (val), &inv);
if (inv)
error ("Invalid floating value found in program.");
return foo;
}
-/* Extract a value as a C pointer.
- Does not deallocate the value. */
+/* Extract a value as a C pointer. Does not deallocate the value.
+ Note that val's type may not actually be a pointer; value_as_long
+ handles all the cases. */
CORE_ADDR
-value_as_pointer (val)
- value_ptr val;
+value_as_pointer (value_ptr val)
{
/* Assume a CORE_ADDR can fit in a LONGEST (for now). Not sure
whether we want this to be true eventually. */
/* ADDR_BITS_REMOVE is wrong if we are being called for a
non-address (e.g. argument to "signal", "info break", etc.), or
for pointers to char, in which the low bits *are* significant. */
- return ADDR_BITS_REMOVE(value_as_long (val));
+ return ADDR_BITS_REMOVE (value_as_long (val));
#else
- return value_as_long (val);
+ COERCE_ARRAY (val);
+ /* In converting VAL to an address (CORE_ADDR), any small integers
+ are first cast to a generic pointer. The function unpack_long
+ will then correctly convert that pointer into a canonical address
+ (using POINTER_TO_ADDRESS).
+
+ Without the cast, the MIPS gets: 0xa0000000 -> (unsigned int)
+ 0xa0000000 -> (LONGEST) 0x00000000a0000000
+
+ With the cast, the MIPS gets: 0xa0000000 -> (unsigned int)
+ 0xa0000000 -> (void*) 0xa0000000 -> (LONGEST) 0xffffffffa0000000.
+
+ If the user specifies an integer that is larger than the target
+ pointer type, it is assumed that it was intentional and the value
+ is converted directly into an ADDRESS. This ensures that no
+ information is discarded.
+
+ NOTE: The cast operation may eventualy be converted into a TARGET
+ method (see POINTER_TO_ADDRESS() and ADDRESS_TO_POINTER()) so
+ that the TARGET ISA/ABI can apply an arbitrary conversion.
+
+ NOTE: In pure harvard architectures function and data pointers
+ can be different and may require different integer to pointer
+ conversions. */
+ if (TYPE_CODE (VALUE_TYPE (val)) == TYPE_CODE_INT
+ && TYPE_LENGTH (VALUE_TYPE (val)) <= TYPE_LENGTH (builtin_type_ptr))
+ {
+ val = value_cast (builtin_type_ptr, val);
+ }
+ return unpack_long (VALUE_TYPE (val), VALUE_CONTENTS (val));
#endif
}
\f
to an INT (or some size). After all, it is only an offset. */
LONGEST
-unpack_long (type, valaddr)
- struct type *type;
- char *valaddr;
+unpack_long (struct type *type, char *valaddr)
{
register enum type_code code = TYPE_CODE (type);
register int len = TYPE_LENGTH (type);
case TYPE_CODE_PTR:
case TYPE_CODE_REF:
/* Assume a CORE_ADDR can fit in a LONGEST (for now). Not sure
- whether we want this to be true eventually. */
-#ifdef GDB_TARGET_IS_D10V
- if (len == 2)
- return D10V_MAKE_DADDR(extract_address (valaddr, len));
-#endif
- return extract_address (valaddr, len);
+ whether we want this to be true eventually. */
+ if (GDB_TARGET_IS_D10V
+ && len == 2)
+ return D10V_MAKE_DADDR (extract_address (valaddr, len));
+ return extract_typed_address (valaddr, type);
case TYPE_CODE_MEMBER:
error ("not implemented: member types in unpack_long");
default:
error ("Value can't be converted to integer.");
}
- return 0; /* Placate lint. */
+ return 0; /* Placate lint. */
}
/* Return a double value from the specified type and address.
format, result is in host format. */
DOUBLEST
-unpack_double (type, valaddr, invp)
- struct type *type;
- char *valaddr;
- int *invp;
+unpack_double (struct type *type, char *valaddr, int *invp)
{
- register enum type_code code = TYPE_CODE (type);
- register int len = TYPE_LENGTH (type);
- register int nosign = TYPE_UNSIGNED (type);
+ enum type_code code;
+ int len;
+ int nosign;
*invp = 0; /* Assume valid. */
CHECK_TYPEDEF (type);
+ code = TYPE_CODE (type);
+ len = TYPE_LENGTH (type);
+ nosign = TYPE_UNSIGNED (type);
if (code == TYPE_CODE_FLT)
{
#ifdef INVALID_FLOAT
to an INT (or some size). After all, it is only an offset. */
CORE_ADDR
-unpack_pointer (type, valaddr)
- struct type *type;
- char *valaddr;
+unpack_pointer (struct type *type, char *valaddr)
{
/* Assume a CORE_ADDR can fit in a LONGEST (for now). Not sure
whether we want this to be true eventually. */
return unpack_long (type, valaddr);
}
+
\f
/* Get the value of the FIELDN'th field (which must be static) of TYPE. */
value_ptr
-value_static_field (type, fieldno)
- struct type *type;
- int fieldno;
+value_static_field (struct type *type, int fieldno)
{
CORE_ADDR addr;
asection *sect;
char *phys_name = TYPE_FIELD_STATIC_PHYSNAME (type, fieldno);
struct symbol *sym = lookup_symbol (phys_name, 0, VAR_NAMESPACE, 0, NULL);
if (sym == NULL)
- return NULL;
- addr = SYMBOL_VALUE_ADDRESS (sym);
- sect = SYMBOL_BFD_SECTION (sym);
+ {
+ /* With some compilers, e.g. HP aCC, static data members are reported
+ as non-debuggable symbols */
+ struct minimal_symbol *msym = lookup_minimal_symbol (phys_name, NULL, NULL);
+ if (!msym)
+ return NULL;
+ else
+ {
+ addr = SYMBOL_VALUE_ADDRESS (msym);
+ sect = SYMBOL_BFD_SECTION (msym);
+ }
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ addr = SYMBOL_VALUE_ADDRESS (sym);
+ sect = SYMBOL_BFD_SECTION (sym);
+ }
SET_FIELD_PHYSADDR (TYPE_FIELD (type, fieldno), addr);
}
return value_at (TYPE_FIELD_TYPE (type, fieldno), addr, sect);
FIELDNO says which field. */
value_ptr
-value_primitive_field (arg1, offset, fieldno, arg_type)
- register value_ptr arg1;
- int offset;
- register int fieldno;
- register struct type *arg_type;
+value_primitive_field (register value_ptr arg1, int offset,
+ register int fieldno, register struct type *arg_type)
{
register value_ptr v;
register struct type *type;
v = value_from_longest (type,
unpack_field_as_long (arg_type,
VALUE_CONTENTS (arg1)
- + offset,
+ + offset,
fieldno));
VALUE_BITPOS (v) = TYPE_FIELD_BITPOS (arg_type, fieldno) % 8;
VALUE_BITSIZE (v) = TYPE_FIELD_BITSIZE (arg_type, fieldno);
+ VALUE_OFFSET (v) = VALUE_OFFSET (arg1) + offset
+ + TYPE_FIELD_BITPOS (arg_type, fieldno) / 8;
+ }
+ else if (fieldno < TYPE_N_BASECLASSES (arg_type))
+ {
+ /* This field is actually a base subobject, so preserve the
+ entire object's contents for later references to virtual
+ bases, etc. */
+ v = allocate_value (VALUE_ENCLOSING_TYPE (arg1));
+ VALUE_TYPE (v) = arg_type;
+ if (VALUE_LAZY (arg1))
+ VALUE_LAZY (v) = 1;
+ else
+ memcpy (VALUE_CONTENTS_ALL_RAW (v), VALUE_CONTENTS_ALL_RAW (arg1),
+ TYPE_LENGTH (VALUE_ENCLOSING_TYPE (arg1)));
+ VALUE_OFFSET (v) = VALUE_OFFSET (arg1);
+ VALUE_EMBEDDED_OFFSET (v)
+ = offset +
+ VALUE_EMBEDDED_OFFSET (arg1) +
+ TYPE_FIELD_BITPOS (arg_type, fieldno) / 8;
}
else
{
+ /* Plain old data member */
+ offset += TYPE_FIELD_BITPOS (arg_type, fieldno) / 8;
v = allocate_value (type);
if (VALUE_LAZY (arg1))
VALUE_LAZY (v) = 1;
else
memcpy (VALUE_CONTENTS_RAW (v),
- VALUE_CONTENTS_RAW (arg1) + offset
- + TYPE_FIELD_BITPOS (arg_type, fieldno) / 8,
+ VALUE_CONTENTS_RAW (arg1) + offset,
TYPE_LENGTH (type));
+ VALUE_OFFSET (v) = VALUE_OFFSET (arg1) + offset;
}
VALUE_LVAL (v) = VALUE_LVAL (arg1);
if (VALUE_LVAL (arg1) == lval_internalvar)
VALUE_LVAL (v) = lval_internalvar_component;
VALUE_ADDRESS (v) = VALUE_ADDRESS (arg1);
- VALUE_OFFSET (v) = VALUE_OFFSET (arg1) + offset
- + TYPE_FIELD_BITPOS (arg_type, fieldno) / 8;
+ VALUE_REGNO (v) = VALUE_REGNO (arg1);
+/* VALUE_OFFSET (v) = VALUE_OFFSET (arg1) + offset
+ + TYPE_FIELD_BITPOS (arg_type, fieldno) / 8; */
return v;
}
FIELDNO says which field. */
value_ptr
-value_field (arg1, fieldno)
- register value_ptr arg1;
- register int fieldno;
+value_field (register value_ptr arg1, register int fieldno)
{
return value_primitive_field (arg1, 0, fieldno, VALUE_TYPE (arg1));
}
J is an index into F which provides the desired method. */
value_ptr
-value_fn_field (arg1p, f, j, type, offset)
- value_ptr *arg1p;
- struct fn_field *f;
- int j;
- struct type *type;
- int offset;
+value_fn_field (value_ptr *arg1p, struct fn_field *f, int j, struct type *type,
+ int offset)
{
register value_ptr v;
register struct type *ftype = TYPE_FN_FIELD_TYPE (f, j);
sym = lookup_symbol (TYPE_FN_FIELD_PHYSNAME (f, j),
0, VAR_NAMESPACE, 0, NULL);
- if (! sym)
- return NULL;
+ if (!sym)
+ return NULL;
/*
- error ("Internal error: could not find physical method named %s",
- TYPE_FN_FIELD_PHYSNAME (f, j));
-*/
-
+ error ("Internal error: could not find physical method named %s",
+ TYPE_FN_FIELD_PHYSNAME (f, j));
+ */
+
v = allocate_value (ftype);
VALUE_ADDRESS (v) = BLOCK_START (SYMBOL_BLOCK_VALUE (sym));
VALUE_TYPE (v) = ftype;
if (arg1p)
- {
- if (type != VALUE_TYPE (*arg1p))
- *arg1p = value_ind (value_cast (lookup_pointer_type (type),
- value_addr (*arg1p)));
-
- /* Move the `this' pointer according to the offset.
- VALUE_OFFSET (*arg1p) += offset;
- */
+ {
+ if (type != VALUE_TYPE (*arg1p))
+ *arg1p = value_ind (value_cast (lookup_pointer_type (type),
+ value_addr (*arg1p)));
+
+ /* Move the `this' pointer according to the offset.
+ VALUE_OFFSET (*arg1p) += offset;
+ */
}
return v;
TYPE is the type in which F is located. */
value_ptr
-value_virtual_fn_field (arg1p, f, j, type, offset)
- value_ptr *arg1p;
- struct fn_field *f;
- int j;
- struct type *type;
- int offset;
+value_virtual_fn_field (value_ptr *arg1p, struct fn_field *f, int j,
+ struct type *type, int offset)
{
value_ptr arg1 = *arg1p;
struct type *type1 = check_typedef (VALUE_TYPE (arg1));
- struct type *entry_type;
- /* First, get the virtual function table pointer. That comes
- with a strange type, so cast it to type `pointer to long' (which
- should serve just fine as a function type). Then, index into
- the table, and convert final value to appropriate function type. */
- value_ptr entry, vfn, vtbl;
- value_ptr vi = value_from_longest (builtin_type_int,
- (LONGEST) TYPE_FN_FIELD_VOFFSET (f, j));
- struct type *fcontext = TYPE_FN_FIELD_FCONTEXT (f, j);
- struct type *context;
- if (fcontext == NULL)
- /* We don't have an fcontext (e.g. the program was compiled with
- g++ version 1). Try to get the vtbl from the TYPE_VPTR_BASETYPE.
- This won't work right for multiple inheritance, but at least we
- should do as well as GDB 3.x did. */
- fcontext = TYPE_VPTR_BASETYPE (type);
- context = lookup_pointer_type (fcontext);
- /* Now context is a pointer to the basetype containing the vtbl. */
- if (TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (context) != type1)
- {
- arg1 = value_ind (value_cast (context, value_addr (arg1)));
- type1 = check_typedef (VALUE_TYPE (arg1));
- }
- context = type1;
- /* Now context is the basetype containing the vtbl. */
-
- /* This type may have been defined before its virtual function table
- was. If so, fill in the virtual function table entry for the
- type now. */
- if (TYPE_VPTR_FIELDNO (context) < 0)
- fill_in_vptr_fieldno (context);
-
- /* The virtual function table is now an array of structures
- which have the form { int16 offset, delta; void *pfn; }. */
- vtbl = value_ind (value_primitive_field (arg1, 0,
- TYPE_VPTR_FIELDNO (context),
- TYPE_VPTR_BASETYPE (context)));
-
- /* Index into the virtual function table. This is hard-coded because
- looking up a field is not cheap, and it may be important to save
- time, e.g. if the user has set a conditional breakpoint calling
- a virtual function. */
- entry = value_subscript (vtbl, vi);
- entry_type = check_typedef (VALUE_TYPE (entry));
-
- if (TYPE_CODE (entry_type) == TYPE_CODE_STRUCT)
+ if (TYPE_HAS_VTABLE (type))
{
- /* Move the `this' pointer according to the virtual function table. */
- VALUE_OFFSET (arg1) += value_as_long (value_field (entry, 0));
-
- if (! VALUE_LAZY (arg1))
+ /* Deal with HP/Taligent runtime model for virtual functions */
+ value_ptr vp;
+ value_ptr argp; /* arg1 cast to base */
+ CORE_ADDR coreptr; /* pointer to target address */
+ int class_index; /* which class segment pointer to use */
+ struct type *ftype = TYPE_FN_FIELD_TYPE (f, j); /* method type */
+
+ argp = value_cast (type, *arg1p);
+
+ if (VALUE_ADDRESS (argp) == 0)
+ error ("Address of object is null; object may not have been created.");
+
+ /* pai: FIXME -- 32x64 possible problem? */
+ /* First word (4 bytes) in object layout is the vtable pointer */
+ coreptr = *(CORE_ADDR *) (VALUE_CONTENTS (argp)); /* pai: (temp) */
+ /* + offset + VALUE_EMBEDDED_OFFSET (argp)); */
+
+ if (!coreptr)
+ error ("Virtual table pointer is null for object; object may not have been created.");
+
+ /* pai/1997-05-09
+ * FIXME: The code here currently handles only
+ * the non-RRBC case of the Taligent/HP runtime spec; when RRBC
+ * is introduced, the condition for the "if" below will have to
+ * be changed to be a test for the RRBC case. */
+
+ if (1)
+ {
+ /* Non-RRBC case; the virtual function pointers are stored at fixed
+ * offsets in the virtual table. */
+
+ /* Retrieve the offset in the virtual table from the debug
+ * info. The offset of the vfunc's entry is in words from
+ * the beginning of the vtable; but first we have to adjust
+ * by HP_ACC_VFUNC_START to account for other entries */
+
+ /* pai: FIXME: 32x64 problem here, a word may be 8 bytes in
+ * which case the multiplier should be 8 and values should be long */
+ vp = value_at (builtin_type_int,
+ coreptr + 4 * (TYPE_FN_FIELD_VOFFSET (f, j) + HP_ACC_VFUNC_START), NULL);
+
+ coreptr = *(CORE_ADDR *) (VALUE_CONTENTS (vp));
+ /* coreptr now contains the address of the virtual function */
+ /* (Actually, it contains the pointer to the plabel for the function. */
+ }
+ else
{
- VALUE_LAZY (arg1) = 1;
- value_fetch_lazy (arg1);
+ /* RRBC case; the virtual function pointers are found by double
+ * indirection through the class segment tables. */
+
+ /* Choose class segment depending on type we were passed */
+ class_index = class_index_in_primary_list (type);
+
+ /* Find class segment pointer. These are in the vtable slots after
+ * some other entries, so adjust by HP_ACC_VFUNC_START for that. */
+ /* pai: FIXME 32x64 problem here, if words are 8 bytes long
+ * the multiplier below has to be 8 and value should be long. */
+ vp = value_at (builtin_type_int,
+ coreptr + 4 * (HP_ACC_VFUNC_START + class_index), NULL);
+ /* Indirect once more, offset by function index */
+ /* pai: FIXME 32x64 problem here, again multiplier could be 8 and value long */
+ coreptr = *(CORE_ADDR *) (VALUE_CONTENTS (vp) + 4 * TYPE_FN_FIELD_VOFFSET (f, j));
+ vp = value_at (builtin_type_int, coreptr, NULL);
+ coreptr = *(CORE_ADDR *) (VALUE_CONTENTS (vp));
+
+ /* coreptr now contains the address of the virtual function */
+ /* (Actually, it contains the pointer to the plabel for the function.) */
+
}
- vfn = value_field (entry, 2);
+ if (!coreptr)
+ error ("Address of virtual function is null; error in virtual table?");
+
+ /* Wrap this addr in a value and return pointer */
+ vp = allocate_value (ftype);
+ VALUE_TYPE (vp) = ftype;
+ VALUE_ADDRESS (vp) = coreptr;
+
+ /* pai: (temp) do we need the value_ind stuff in value_fn_field? */
+ return vp;
}
- else if (TYPE_CODE (entry_type) == TYPE_CODE_PTR)
- vfn = entry;
else
- error ("I'm confused: virtual function table has bad type");
- /* Reinstantiate the function pointer with the correct type. */
- VALUE_TYPE (vfn) = lookup_pointer_type (TYPE_FN_FIELD_TYPE (f, j));
+ { /* Not using HP/Taligent runtime conventions; so try to
+ * use g++ conventions for virtual table */
+
+ struct type *entry_type;
+ /* First, get the virtual function table pointer. That comes
+ with a strange type, so cast it to type `pointer to long' (which
+ should serve just fine as a function type). Then, index into
+ the table, and convert final value to appropriate function type. */
+ value_ptr entry, vfn, vtbl;
+ value_ptr vi = value_from_longest (builtin_type_int,
+ (LONGEST) TYPE_FN_FIELD_VOFFSET (f, j));
+ struct type *fcontext = TYPE_FN_FIELD_FCONTEXT (f, j);
+ struct type *context;
+ if (fcontext == NULL)
+ /* We don't have an fcontext (e.g. the program was compiled with
+ g++ version 1). Try to get the vtbl from the TYPE_VPTR_BASETYPE.
+ This won't work right for multiple inheritance, but at least we
+ should do as well as GDB 3.x did. */
+ fcontext = TYPE_VPTR_BASETYPE (type);
+ context = lookup_pointer_type (fcontext);
+ /* Now context is a pointer to the basetype containing the vtbl. */
+ if (TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (context) != type1)
+ {
+ value_ptr tmp = value_cast (context, value_addr (arg1));
+ VALUE_POINTED_TO_OFFSET (tmp) = 0;
+ arg1 = value_ind (tmp);
+ type1 = check_typedef (VALUE_TYPE (arg1));
+ }
- *arg1p = arg1;
- return vfn;
+ context = type1;
+ /* Now context is the basetype containing the vtbl. */
+
+ /* This type may have been defined before its virtual function table
+ was. If so, fill in the virtual function table entry for the
+ type now. */
+ if (TYPE_VPTR_FIELDNO (context) < 0)
+ fill_in_vptr_fieldno (context);
+
+ /* The virtual function table is now an array of structures
+ which have the form { int16 offset, delta; void *pfn; }. */
+ vtbl = value_primitive_field (arg1, 0, TYPE_VPTR_FIELDNO (context),
+ TYPE_VPTR_BASETYPE (context));
+
+ /* With older versions of g++, the vtbl field pointed to an array
+ of structures. Nowadays it points directly to the structure. */
+ if (TYPE_CODE (VALUE_TYPE (vtbl)) == TYPE_CODE_PTR
+ && TYPE_CODE (TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (VALUE_TYPE (vtbl))) == TYPE_CODE_ARRAY)
+ {
+ /* Handle the case where the vtbl field points to an
+ array of structures. */
+ vtbl = value_ind (vtbl);
+
+ /* Index into the virtual function table. This is hard-coded because
+ looking up a field is not cheap, and it may be important to save
+ time, e.g. if the user has set a conditional breakpoint calling
+ a virtual function. */
+ entry = value_subscript (vtbl, vi);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ /* Handle the case where the vtbl field points directly to a structure. */
+ vtbl = value_add (vtbl, vi);
+ entry = value_ind (vtbl);
+ }
+
+ entry_type = check_typedef (VALUE_TYPE (entry));
+
+ if (TYPE_CODE (entry_type) == TYPE_CODE_STRUCT)
+ {
+ /* Move the `this' pointer according to the virtual function table. */
+ VALUE_OFFSET (arg1) += value_as_long (value_field (entry, 0));
+
+ if (!VALUE_LAZY (arg1))
+ {
+ VALUE_LAZY (arg1) = 1;
+ value_fetch_lazy (arg1);
+ }
+
+ vfn = value_field (entry, 2);
+ }
+ else if (TYPE_CODE (entry_type) == TYPE_CODE_PTR)
+ vfn = entry;
+ else
+ error ("I'm confused: virtual function table has bad type");
+ /* Reinstantiate the function pointer with the correct type. */
+ VALUE_TYPE (vfn) = lookup_pointer_type (TYPE_FN_FIELD_TYPE (f, j));
+
+ *arg1p = arg1;
+ return vfn;
+ }
}
/* ARG is a pointer to an object we know to be at least
return the most derived type we find. The caller must
be satisfied when the return value == DTYPE.
- FIXME-tiemann: should work with dossier entries as well. */
+ FIXME-tiemann: should work with dossier entries as well.
+ NOTICE - djb: I see no good reason at all to keep this function now that
+ we have RTTI support. It's used in literally one place, and it's
+ hard to keep this function up to date when it's purpose is served
+ by value_rtti_type efficiently.
+ Consider it gone for 5.1. */
static value_ptr
-value_headof (in_arg, btype, dtype)
- value_ptr in_arg;
- struct type *btype, *dtype;
+value_headof (value_ptr in_arg, struct type *btype, struct type *dtype)
{
/* First collect the vtables we must look at for this object. */
- /* FIXME-tiemann: right now, just look at top-most vtable. */
- value_ptr arg, vtbl, entry, best_entry = 0;
- int i, nelems;
- int offset, best_offset = 0;
+ value_ptr arg, vtbl;
struct symbol *sym;
- CORE_ADDR pc_for_sym;
char *demangled_name;
struct minimal_symbol *msymbol;
CHECK_TYPEDEF (btype);
arg = in_arg;
if (btype != dtype)
- arg = value_cast (lookup_pointer_type (btype), arg);
+ arg = value_cast (lookup_pointer_type (btype), arg);
+ if (TYPE_CODE (VALUE_TYPE (arg)) == TYPE_CODE_REF)
+ {
+ /*
+ * Copy the value, but change the type from (T&) to (T*).
+ * We keep the same location information, which is efficient,
+ * and allows &(&X) to get the location containing the reference.
+ */
+ arg = value_copy (arg);
+ VALUE_TYPE (arg) = lookup_pointer_type (TYPE_TARGET_TYPE (VALUE_TYPE (arg)));
+ }
+ if (VALUE_ADDRESS(value_field (value_ind(arg), TYPE_VPTR_FIELDNO (btype)))==0)
+ return arg;
+
vtbl = value_ind (value_field (value_ind (arg), TYPE_VPTR_FIELDNO (btype)));
+ /* Turn vtable into typeinfo function */
+ VALUE_OFFSET(vtbl)+=4;
- /* Check that VTBL looks like it points to a virtual function table. */
- msymbol = lookup_minimal_symbol_by_pc (VALUE_ADDRESS (vtbl));
+ msymbol = lookup_minimal_symbol_by_pc ( value_as_pointer(value_ind(vtbl)) );
if (msymbol == NULL
- || (demangled_name = SYMBOL_NAME (msymbol)) == NULL
- || !VTBL_PREFIX_P (demangled_name))
- {
- /* If we expected to find a vtable, but did not, let the user
- know that we aren't happy, but don't throw an error.
- FIXME: there has to be a better way to do this. */
- struct type *error_type = (struct type *)xmalloc (sizeof (struct type));
- memcpy (error_type, VALUE_TYPE (in_arg), sizeof (struct type));
- TYPE_NAME (error_type) = savestring ("suspicious *", sizeof ("suspicious *"));
- VALUE_TYPE (in_arg) = error_type;
- return in_arg;
- }
+ || (demangled_name = SYMBOL_NAME (msymbol)) == NULL)
+ {
+ /* If we expected to find a vtable, but did not, let the user
+ know that we aren't happy, but don't throw an error.
+ FIXME: there has to be a better way to do this. */
+ struct type *error_type = (struct type *) xmalloc (sizeof (struct type));
+ memcpy (error_type, VALUE_TYPE (in_arg), sizeof (struct type));
+ TYPE_NAME (error_type) = savestring ("suspicious *", sizeof ("suspicious *"));
+ VALUE_TYPE (in_arg) = error_type;
+ return in_arg;
+ }
+ demangled_name = cplus_demangle(demangled_name,DMGL_ANSI);
+ *(strchr (demangled_name, ' ')) = '\0';
- /* Now search through the virtual function table. */
- entry = value_ind (vtbl);
- nelems = longest_to_int (value_as_long (value_field (entry, 2)));
- for (i = 1; i <= nelems; i++)
- {
- entry = value_subscript (vtbl, value_from_longest (builtin_type_int,
- (LONGEST) i));
- /* This won't work if we're using thunks. */
- if (TYPE_CODE (check_typedef (VALUE_TYPE (entry))) != TYPE_CODE_STRUCT)
- break;
- offset = longest_to_int (value_as_long (value_field (entry, 0)));
- /* If we use '<=' we can handle single inheritance
- * where all offsets are zero - just use the first entry found. */
- if (offset <= best_offset)
- {
- best_offset = offset;
- best_entry = entry;
- }
- }
- /* Move the pointer according to BEST_ENTRY's offset, and figure
- out what type we should return as the new pointer. */
- if (best_entry == 0)
- {
- /* An alternative method (which should no longer be necessary).
- * But we leave it in for future use, when we will hopefully
- * have optimizes the vtable to use thunks instead of offsets. */
- /* Use the name of vtable itself to extract a base type. */
- demangled_name += 4; /* Skip _vt$ prefix. */
- }
- else
- {
- pc_for_sym = value_as_pointer (value_field (best_entry, 2));
- sym = find_pc_function (pc_for_sym);
- demangled_name = cplus_demangle (SYMBOL_NAME (sym), DMGL_ANSI);
- *(strchr (demangled_name, ':')) = '\0';
- }
sym = lookup_symbol (demangled_name, 0, VAR_NAMESPACE, 0, 0);
if (sym == NULL)
- error ("could not find type declaration for `%s'", demangled_name);
- if (best_entry)
- {
- free (demangled_name);
- arg = value_add (value_cast (builtin_type_int, arg),
- value_field (best_entry, 0));
- }
- else arg = in_arg;
+ error ("could not find type declaration for `%s'", demangled_name);
+
+ arg = in_arg;
VALUE_TYPE (arg) = lookup_pointer_type (SYMBOL_TYPE (sym));
return arg;
}
could actually be a pointer to. */
value_ptr
-value_from_vtable_info (arg, type)
- value_ptr arg;
- struct type *type;
+value_from_vtable_info (value_ptr arg, struct type *type)
{
/* Take care of preliminaries. */
if (TYPE_VPTR_FIELDNO (type) < 0)
pointer which is for the base class whose type is BASECLASS. */
static int
-vb_match (type, index, basetype)
- struct type *type;
- int index;
- struct type *basetype;
+vb_match (struct type *type, int index, struct type *basetype)
{
struct type *fieldtype;
char *name = TYPE_FIELD_NAME (type, index);
-1 is returned on error. */
int
-baseclass_offset (type, index, valaddr, address)
- struct type *type;
- int index;
- char *valaddr;
- CORE_ADDR address;
+baseclass_offset (struct type *type, int index, char *valaddr,
+ CORE_ADDR address)
{
struct type *basetype = TYPE_BASECLASS (type, index);
register int n_baseclasses = TYPE_N_BASECLASSES (type);
/* First look for the virtual baseclass pointer
- in the fields. */
+ in the fields. */
for (i = n_baseclasses; i < len; i++)
{
if (vb_match (type, i, basetype))
{
CORE_ADDR addr
- = unpack_pointer (TYPE_FIELD_TYPE (type, i),
- valaddr + (TYPE_FIELD_BITPOS (type, i) / 8));
+ = unpack_pointer (TYPE_FIELD_TYPE (type, i),
+ valaddr + (TYPE_FIELD_BITPOS (type, i) / 8));
return addr - (LONGEST) address;
}
}
/* Not in the fields, so try looking through the baseclasses. */
- for (i = index+1; i < n_baseclasses; i++)
+ for (i = index + 1; i < n_baseclasses; i++)
{
int boffset =
- baseclass_offset (type, i, valaddr, address);
+ baseclass_offset (type, i, valaddr, address);
if (boffset)
return boffset;
}
If the field is signed, we also do sign extension. */
LONGEST
-unpack_field_as_long (type, valaddr, fieldno)
- struct type *type;
- char *valaddr;
- int fieldno;
+unpack_field_as_long (struct type *type, char *valaddr, int fieldno)
{
ULONGEST val;
ULONGEST valmask;
int bitpos = TYPE_FIELD_BITPOS (type, fieldno);
int bitsize = TYPE_FIELD_BITSIZE (type, fieldno);
int lsbcount;
+ struct type *field_type;
val = extract_unsigned_integer (valaddr + bitpos / 8, sizeof (val));
+ field_type = TYPE_FIELD_TYPE (type, fieldno);
+ CHECK_TYPEDEF (field_type);
/* Extract bits. See comment above. */
{
valmask = (((ULONGEST) 1) << bitsize) - 1;
val &= valmask;
- if (!TYPE_UNSIGNED (TYPE_FIELD_TYPE (type, fieldno)))
+ if (!TYPE_UNSIGNED (field_type))
{
if (val & (valmask ^ (valmask >> 1)))
{
indicate which bits (in target bit order) comprise the bitfield. */
void
-modify_field (addr, fieldval, bitpos, bitsize)
- char *addr;
- LONGEST fieldval;
- int bitpos, bitsize;
+modify_field (char *addr, LONGEST fieldval, int bitpos, int bitsize)
{
LONGEST oword;
/* Warn if value is too big to fit in the field in question. */
if (bitsize < (8 * (int) sizeof (fieldval))
- && 0 != (fieldval & ~((1<<bitsize)-1)))
+ && 0 != (fieldval & ~((1 << bitsize) - 1)))
{
/* FIXME: would like to include fieldval in the message, but
- we don't have a sprintf_longest. */
+ we don't have a sprintf_longest. */
warning ("Value does not fit in %d bits.", bitsize);
/* Truncate it, otherwise adjoining fields may be corrupted. */
/* Mask out old value, while avoiding shifts >= size of oword */
if (bitsize < 8 * (int) sizeof (oword))
- oword &= ~(((((ULONGEST)1) << bitsize) - 1) << bitpos);
+ oword &= ~(((((ULONGEST) 1) << bitsize) - 1) << bitpos);
else
- oword &= ~((~(ULONGEST)0) << bitpos);
+ oword &= ~((~(ULONGEST) 0) << bitpos);
oword |= fieldval << bitpos;
store_signed_integer (addr, sizeof oword, oword);
/* Convert C numbers into newly allocated values */
value_ptr
-value_from_longest (type, num)
- struct type *type;
- register LONGEST num;
+value_from_longest (struct type *type, register LONGEST num)
{
register value_ptr val = allocate_value (type);
register enum type_code code;
register int len;
- retry:
+retry:
code = TYPE_CODE (type);
len = TYPE_LENGTH (type);
case TYPE_CODE_RANGE:
store_signed_integer (VALUE_CONTENTS_RAW (val), len, num);
break;
-
+
case TYPE_CODE_REF:
case TYPE_CODE_PTR:
- /* This assumes that all pointers of a given length
- have the same form. */
- store_address (VALUE_CONTENTS_RAW (val), len, (CORE_ADDR) num);
+ store_typed_address (VALUE_CONTENTS_RAW (val), type, (CORE_ADDR) num);
break;
-
+
default:
error ("Unexpected type (%d) encountered for integer constant.", code);
}
return val;
}
+
+/* Create a value representing a pointer of type TYPE to the address
+ ADDR. */
+value_ptr
+value_from_pointer (struct type *type, CORE_ADDR addr)
+{
+ value_ptr val = allocate_value (type);
+ store_typed_address (VALUE_CONTENTS_RAW (val), type, addr);
+ return val;
+}
+
+
+/* Create a value for a string constant to be stored locally
+ (not in the inferior's memory space, but in GDB memory).
+ This is analogous to value_from_longest, which also does not
+ use inferior memory. String shall NOT contain embedded nulls. */
+
+value_ptr
+value_from_string (char *ptr)
+{
+ value_ptr val;
+ int len = strlen (ptr);
+ int lowbound = current_language->string_lower_bound;
+ struct type *rangetype =
+ create_range_type ((struct type *) NULL,
+ builtin_type_int,
+ lowbound, len + lowbound - 1);
+ struct type *stringtype =
+ create_array_type ((struct type *) NULL,
+ *current_language->string_char_type,
+ rangetype);
+
+ val = allocate_value (stringtype);
+ memcpy (VALUE_CONTENTS_RAW (val), ptr, len);
+ return val;
+}
+
value_ptr
-value_from_double (type, num)
- struct type *type;
- DOUBLEST num;
+value_from_double (struct type *type, DOUBLEST num)
{
register value_ptr val = allocate_value (type);
struct type *base_type = check_typedef (type);
0 when it is using the value returning conventions (this often
means returning pointer to where structure is vs. returning value). */
+/* ARGSUSED */
value_ptr
-value_being_returned (valtype, retbuf, struct_return)
- register struct type *valtype;
- char retbuf[REGISTER_BYTES];
- int struct_return;
- /*ARGSUSED*/
+value_being_returned (struct type *valtype, char *retbuf, int struct_return)
{
register value_ptr val;
CORE_ADDR addr;
-#if defined (EXTRACT_STRUCT_VALUE_ADDRESS)
/* If this is not defined, just use EXTRACT_RETURN_VALUE instead. */
- if (struct_return) {
- addr = EXTRACT_STRUCT_VALUE_ADDRESS (retbuf);
- if (!addr)
- error ("Function return value unknown");
- return value_at (valtype, addr, NULL);
- }
-#endif
+ if (EXTRACT_STRUCT_VALUE_ADDRESS_P)
+ if (struct_return)
+ {
+ addr = EXTRACT_STRUCT_VALUE_ADDRESS (retbuf);
+ if (!addr)
+ error ("Function return value unknown");
+ return value_at (valtype, addr, NULL);
+ }
val = allocate_value (valtype);
CHECK_TYPEDEF (valtype);
2.0-2.3.3. This is somewhat unfortunate, but changing gcc2_compiled
would cause more chaos than dealing with some struct returns being
handled wrong. */
-#if !defined (USE_STRUCT_CONVENTION)
-#define USE_STRUCT_CONVENTION(gcc_p, type)\
- (!((gcc_p == 1) && (TYPE_LENGTH (value_type) == 1 \
- || TYPE_LENGTH (value_type) == 2 \
- || TYPE_LENGTH (value_type) == 4 \
- || TYPE_LENGTH (value_type) == 8 \
- ) \
- ))
-#endif
-/* Some fundamental types (such as long double) are returned on the stack for
- certain architectures. This macro should return true for any type besides
- struct, union or array that gets returned on the stack. */
+int
+generic_use_struct_convention (int gcc_p, struct type *value_type)
+{
+ return !((gcc_p == 1)
+ && (TYPE_LENGTH (value_type) == 1
+ || TYPE_LENGTH (value_type) == 2
+ || TYPE_LENGTH (value_type) == 4
+ || TYPE_LENGTH (value_type) == 8));
+}
-#ifndef RETURN_VALUE_ON_STACK
-#define RETURN_VALUE_ON_STACK(TYPE) 0
+#ifndef USE_STRUCT_CONVENTION
+#define USE_STRUCT_CONVENTION(gcc_p,type) generic_use_struct_convention (gcc_p, type)
#endif
+
/* Return true if the function specified is using the structure returning
convention on this machine to return arguments, or 0 if it is using
the value returning convention. FUNCTION is the value representing
is the type returned by the function. GCC_P is nonzero if compiled
with GCC. */
+/* ARGSUSED */
int
-using_struct_return (function, funcaddr, value_type, gcc_p)
- value_ptr function;
- CORE_ADDR funcaddr;
- struct type *value_type;
- int gcc_p;
- /*ARGSUSED*/
+using_struct_return (value_ptr function, CORE_ADDR funcaddr,
+ struct type *value_type, int gcc_p)
{
register enum type_code code = TYPE_CODE (value_type);
function wants to return. */
void
-set_return_value (val)
- value_ptr val;
+set_return_value (value_ptr val)
{
struct type *type = check_typedef (VALUE_TYPE (val));
register enum type_code code = TYPE_CODE (type);
if (code == TYPE_CODE_ERROR)
error ("Function return type unknown.");
- if ( code == TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
+ if (code == TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
|| code == TYPE_CODE_UNION) /* FIXME, implement struct return. */
error ("GDB does not support specifying a struct or union return value.");
}
\f
void
-_initialize_values ()
+_initialize_values (void)
{
add_cmd ("convenience", no_class, show_convenience,
- "Debugger convenience (\"$foo\") variables.\n\
+ "Debugger convenience (\"$foo\") variables.\n\
These variables are created when you assign them values;\n\
thus, \"print $foo=1\" gives \"$foo\" the value 1. Values may be any type.\n\n\
A few convenience variables are given values automatically:\n\