\input texinfo
@setfilename ldint.info
-@c Copyright 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001,
-@c 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007
-@c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c Copyright (C) 1992-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-@ifinfo
-@format
-START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+@ifnottex
+@dircategory Software development
+@direntry
* Ld-Internals: (ldint). The GNU linker internals.
-END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
-@end format
-@end ifinfo
+@end direntry
+@end ifnottex
@copying
This file documents the internals of the GNU linker ld.
-Copyright @copyright{} 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2007
-Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1992-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Contributed by Cygnus Support.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
@end tex
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
-Copyright @copyright{} 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000
-Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1992-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
@chapter Some Architecture Specific Notes
This is the place for notes on the behavior of @code{ld} on
-specific platforms. Currently, only Intel x86 is documented (and
+specific platforms. Currently, only Intel x86 is documented (and
of that, only the auto-import behavior for DLLs).
@menu
@table @emph
@code{ld} can create DLLs that operate with various runtimes available
-on a common x86 operating system. These runtimes include native (using
+on a common x86 operating system. These runtimes include native (using
the mingw "platform"), cygwin, and pw.
-@item auto-import from DLLs
+@item auto-import from DLLs
@enumerate
@item
-With this feature on, DLL clients can import variables from DLL
+With this feature on, DLL clients can import variables from DLL
without any concern from their side (for example, without any source
-code modifications). Auto-import can be enabled using the
-@code{--enable-auto-import} flag, or disabled via the
+code modifications). Auto-import can be enabled using the
+@code{--enable-auto-import} flag, or disabled via the
@code{--disable-auto-import} flag. Auto-import is disabled by default.
@item
This is done completely in bounds of the PE specification (to be fair,
-there's a minor violation of the spec at one point, but in practice
+there's a minor violation of the spec at one point, but in practice
auto-import works on all known variants of that common x86 operating
-system) So, the resulting DLL can be used with any other PE
+system) So, the resulting DLL can be used with any other PE
compiler/linker.
@item
@item
Overhead (space): 8 bytes per imported symbol, plus 20 for each
-reference to it; Overhead (load time): negligible; Overhead
-(virtual/physical memory): should be less than effect of DLL
+reference to it; Overhead (load time): negligible; Overhead
+(virtual/physical memory): should be less than effect of DLL
relocation.
@end enumerate
Motivation
-The obvious and only way to get rid of dllimport insanity is
-to make client access variable directly in the DLL, bypassing
+The obvious and only way to get rid of dllimport insanity is
+to make client access variable directly in the DLL, bypassing
the extra dereference imposed by ordinary DLL runtime linking.
I.e., whenever client contains something like
@code{mov dll_var,%eax,}
-address of dll_var in the command should be relocated to point
-into loaded DLL. The aim is to make OS loader do so, and than
-make ld help with that. Import section of PE made following
-way: there's a vector of structures each describing imports
-from particular DLL. Each such structure points to two other
-parallel vectors: one holding imported names, and one which
-will hold address of corresponding imported name. So, the
-solution is de-vectorize these structures, making import
+address of dll_var in the command should be relocated to point
+into loaded DLL. The aim is to make OS loader do so, and than
+make ld help with that. Import section of PE made following
+way: there's a vector of structures each describing imports
+from particular DLL. Each such structure points to two other
+parallel vectors: one holding imported names, and one which
+will hold address of corresponding imported name. So, the
+solution is de-vectorize these structures, making import
locations be sparse and pointing directly into code.
Implementation
-For each reference of data symbol to be imported from DLL (to
-set of which belong symbols with name <sym>, if __imp_<sym> is
-found in implib), the import fixup entry is generated. That
-entry is of type IMAGE_IMPORT_DESCRIPTOR and stored in .idata$3
-subsection. Each fixup entry contains pointer to symbol's address
-within .text section (marked with __fuN_<sym> symbol, where N is
-integer), pointer to DLL name (so, DLL name is referenced by
-multiple entries), and pointer to symbol name thunk. Symbol name
-thunk is singleton vector (__nm_th_<symbol>) pointing to
-IMAGE_IMPORT_BY_NAME structure (__nm_<symbol>) directly containing
-imported name. Here comes that "om the edge" problem mentioned above:
-PE specification rambles that name vector (OriginalFirstThunk) should
-run in parallel with addresses vector (FirstThunk), i.e. that they
+For each reference of data symbol to be imported from DLL (to
+set of which belong symbols with name <sym>, if __imp_<sym> is
+found in implib), the import fixup entry is generated. That
+entry is of type IMAGE_IMPORT_DESCRIPTOR and stored in .idata$3
+subsection. Each fixup entry contains pointer to symbol's address
+within .text section (marked with __fuN_<sym> symbol, where N is
+integer), pointer to DLL name (so, DLL name is referenced by
+multiple entries), and pointer to symbol name thunk. Symbol name
+thunk is singleton vector (__nm_th_<symbol>) pointing to
+IMAGE_IMPORT_BY_NAME structure (__nm_<symbol>) directly containing
+imported name. Here comes that "om the edge" problem mentioned above:
+PE specification rambles that name vector (OriginalFirstThunk) should
+run in parallel with addresses vector (FirstThunk), i.e. that they
should have same number of elements and terminated with zero. We violate
-this, since FirstThunk points directly into machine code. But in
-practice, OS loader implemented the sane way: it goes thru
-OriginalFirstThunk and puts addresses to FirstThunk, not something
-else. It once again should be noted that dll and symbol name
-structures are reused across fixup entries and should be there
-anyway to support standard import stuff, so sustained overhead is
-20 bytes per reference. Other question is whether having several
-IMAGE_IMPORT_DESCRIPTORS for the same DLL is possible. Answer is yes,
-it is done even by native compiler/linker (libth32's functions are in
-fact resident in windows9x kernel32.dll, so if you use it, you have
-two IMAGE_IMPORT_DESCRIPTORS for kernel32.dll). Yet other question is
-whether referencing the same PE structures several times is valid.
-The answer is why not, prohibiting that (detecting violation) would
+this, since FirstThunk points directly into machine code. But in
+practice, OS loader implemented the sane way: it goes thru
+OriginalFirstThunk and puts addresses to FirstThunk, not something
+else. It once again should be noted that dll and symbol name
+structures are reused across fixup entries and should be there
+anyway to support standard import stuff, so sustained overhead is
+20 bytes per reference. Other question is whether having several
+IMAGE_IMPORT_DESCRIPTORS for the same DLL is possible. Answer is yes,
+it is done even by native compiler/linker (libth32's functions are in
+fact resident in windows9x kernel32.dll, so if you use it, you have
+two IMAGE_IMPORT_DESCRIPTORS for kernel32.dll). Yet other question is
+whether referencing the same PE structures several times is valid.
+The answer is why not, prohibiting that (detecting violation) would
require more work on behalf of loader than not doing it.
@end table
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